1. The document is a power point presentation by Omveer Singh on the topic of rights submitted to his teacher Sakshi mam. It discusses the meaning, definition, features, types and basis of rights. 2. The key types of rights discussed are natural rights, moral rights, legal rights, human rights, and fundamental rights. Legal rights are further divided into civil rights, political rights, and economic rights. 3. Citizenship can primarily be acquired by birth based on parentage (jus sanguine) or place of birth (jus soli). Citizenship can also be lost through marriage to a foreign national, resignation, long absence from the country, renouncing dual citizenship, application, adoption

1. Name : Omveer Singh
power point presentation (political science)
Topic : rights
Submitted to: sakshi mam

2. RIGHTS
Meaning and Definition:

3. Meaning & definations
In simple words, rights are the common claims of people which every civilized society
recognizes as essential claims for their development, and which are therefore enforced by the
state.
1. “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek in general, to be
himself at his best.” –Laski
2. 2. “Rights are powers necessary for the fulfillment of man’s vocation as a moral being.” -T. H.
Green
3. 3. “Rights are nothing more nor less than those social conditions which are necessary or
favourable to the development of personality” -Beni Prasad
Features/Nature of Rights:
1. Rights exist only in society. These are the products of social lilivin
2 Rights are claims of the individuals for their development in society.
3. Rights are recognized by the society as common claims of all the people.
4. Rights are rational and moral claims that the people make on their society.
5. Since rights in here only in society, these cannot be exercised against the society.
6. Rights are inseparably related with duties. There is a close relationship between them “No

4. TYPES OF RIGHTS:
1. Natural Rights:Faith in natural rights is strongly expressed by several
scholars. They hold that people inherit several rights from nature. Before
they came to live in society and state, they used to live in a state of nature.
In it, they enjoyed certain natural rights, like the right to life, right to liberty
and right to property. Natural rights are parts of human nature and
reason.However, several other scholars regard the concept of natural rights
as imaginary. Rights are the products of social living. These can be used
only in a society. Rights have behind them the recognition of society as
common claims for development, and that is why the state protects these
rights.
2. Moral Rights:Moral Rights are those rights which are based on human
consciousness. They are backed by moral force of human mind. These are
based on human sense of goodness and justice. These are not backed by
the force of law. Sense of goodness and public opinion are the sanctions
behind moral rights.If any person violates any moral right, no legal action
can be taken against him. The state does not enforce these rights. Its courts

5. 3.Legal Rights Legal rights are those rights which are recognized and enforced by the state.
Any violation of any legal right is punished by law. Law courts of the state enforce legal
rights. These rights can be enforced against individuals and also against the government. In
this way, legal rights are different from moral rights. Legal rights are equally available to all
the citizens. All citizens enjoy legal rights without any discrimination. They can go to the
courts for getting their legal rights enforced.

6. LEGAL RIGHTS ARE OF THESE TYPES:
1. 1. Civil Rights:Civil rights are those rights which provide opportunity to each person
to lead a civilized social life. These fulfill basic needs of human life in society. Right to
life, liberty and equality are civil rights. Civil rights are protected by the state.
2. Political Rights:Political rights are those rights by virtue of which citizens get a share
in the political process. These enable them to take an active part in the political
process. These rights include right to vote, right to get elected, right to hold public
office and right to criticise and oppose the government. Political rights are really
available to the people in a democratic state.
3. Economic Rights:Economic rights are those rights which provide economic security to
the people. These enable all citizens to make proper use of their civil and political
rights. The basic needs of every person are related to his food, clothing, shelter,
medical treatment etc. Without the fulfillment of these no person can really enjoy his
civil and political rights. It is therefore essential, that every person must get the right
to work, right to adequate wages, right to leisure and rest, and right to social security
in case of illness, physical disability and old age.

7. 4 .Human Rights Human rights are standards that allow all people to live with dignity, freedom, equality,
justice, and peace. Every person has these rights simply because they are human beings. They are
guaranteed to everyone without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political
or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status. Human rights are essential to the
full development of individuals and communities.
5.Fundamental Rights Fundamental rights are the basic human rights enshrined in the Constitution of India
which are guaranteed to all citizens.
Articles 12-35 of Indian Constitution deal with Fundamental Rights, six fundamental rights are as follows
Right to Equality (Article 14-18)
Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)
Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24)
Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28)
Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30)
Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32

8. Basis/Grounds for Getting Citizenship:
Citizenship is normally acquired by each person right at the time of his birth either on the basis of the
citizenship of his parents or on the basis of his place of birth. In both cases, it is called citizenship by
birth.
I. Citizenship by Birth. (Jus Sanguine and Jus Soil):
A vast majority of persons acquire citizenship by birth and seldom change it afterwards. It has been,
therefore regarded as the most prominent of all the methods of acquiring citizenship. Normally each
person gets a citizenship at birth either on the basis of parentage (Jus Sanguine) or on the basis of the
principle of Birth Place (Jus Soli) or on the basis of both of these principles.
(i) Citizenship on the basis of Parentage (Jus Sanguine):
States like Germany and France recognize parentage as the only decisive factor for the determination
of citizenship. This principle is termed as ‘Jus Sanguine’. It confers citizenship of the home state upon
the children born of their citizens at home or abroad. The illegitimate children, according to this rule,
acquire the nationality (citizenship) of their mother.

9. (ii) Citizenship on the basis of Birth Place (Jus Soli):On the other hand, Argentina recognises the principle
of ‘Jus Soli’ which implies that the territory, upon which the child is born, is exclusively the determining
factor of citizenship. It does not matter whether the parents are citizens or aliens of that territory.
Similarly, a child, born abroad, under this principle, is foreign although his parents may be
citizen.Fenwick observes that if both these principles are strictly adhered to separately, a conflict of
jurisdiction may arise. When a child is born in Argentina of French parents, he is an Argentinean citizen
(Jus Soli), but the child is, at the same time, a French citizen, (‘Jus Sanguine’).
In such a case, his effective citizenship will then depend upon the jurisdiction within which he happens
to be i.e. French in France and an Argentinean in Argentina. States like Great Britain and the USA,
keeping in view the difficulty of conflicting claims, have adopted a mixed principle. According to their
municipal laws, not only children of their citizens born at home or abroad become their citizens, but also
such children of alien parents as are born on their territory also become their subjects.
Even France, which was previously a staunch advocate of Jus Sanguine principle, later on recognised that
any person born in France of alien parents and domiciled in France, may by a declaration become a
Frenchman and automatically does so on attaining adulthood, unless he may refuse to do so.

10. Basis/Grounds for Exclusion from Citizenship:
When any person gets excluded from the citizenship of any state due to certain circumstances or
eventualities, it leads a situation of statelessness I, e, Non- Citizenship of any state.
Methods of Loosing Citizenship:
1. By Marriage:
After getting married to a foreign national, a person loses his parent citizenship and acquires the citizenship
of his/her suppose.
2. By Resignation:
One can renounce the citizenship of his state through a resignation.
3. By Long Absence:
If a citizen remains absent from his country for a long period, he loses the citizenship of the country of his
birth. The period of absence is different in different countries.

11. 4. Renouncing Citizenship in case of Double Citizenship:
Sometimes a person gets double citizenship. But a person cannot be the citizen of two states at the
same time. So, he has to renounce the citizenship of one state.
5. By Application:
By giving an application, an individual can also relinquish the citizenship of his state.
6. By Adoption:
When a child is adopted by a citizen of another country, he automatically loses the citizenship of
the country of his birth.
7. By Defeat:
When a state or some territory of the state is conquered by another state, the citizens of the
conquered state lose their citizenships.
8. By getting government service abroad:
When a citizen gets government service is another state, he loses the citizenship of the state of his
birth.

12. THE END