This document discusses human relations and motivation. It defines human relations as the integration of people into work situations in a way that motivates productive and cooperative work with satisfaction. Effective human relations require skills like communication, respect, and teamwork. Motivation is defined as desires that stimulate action and is a complex, continuous process influenced by theories like expectancy theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Motivation comes from intrinsic and extrinsic factors and can be impacted by frustration from environmental forces, personal limitations, or conflicting motives.

1. HUMAN RELATIONS
UMA KOLE

2. Definition
• Human relation is an area of management practice which is
concerned with the integration of people into a work situation in a
way that motivate them to work productively, cooperatively & with
economic, psychological & social satisfaction. (Keith Davis)
• Human relations are the relations between human being that are
affected by many other factors & helps in the accomplishment of
goals of an organization.
• Human relation in nursing refer to the relationship of nurses with
colleagues & other department personnel & of nurses with patient. •
It is interdepartmental, interdepartmental & interpersonal relationship
to provide the quality care to their patients.

3. Purpose of human relations
• To remove conflict between individual and organization
• To remove individual differences
• To achieve the goals of institution
• To make a coordination between different sections
• To increase quality & quantity of products & services

4. Effective human relationship
Adaptive
leadership
Be Interested
Effective
communicatio
n
Help others
Be optimistic
Smile with
sense of
humor
Conditioning
behavior
Think & act
Be positive Respect others Listen actively
Positive
attitude
Be concern
with workers
satisfaction
Promote team
work
Decision
making
Effective
social skills

5. ADVANTAGES
• Help to:
Contribute to peoples skill building
Understand people
Predict about people
Motivate for effective work
Promote adjustment mechanism
Understand individual differences
Improve inter personal skill
Develop positive attitude
Access needs & desire

6. LIMITATIONS
• Undue emphasis
• Over dependency
• Manipulation of people
• Lack of confidence but linking people
• Unrealistic removal of conflicts
• A case of introversion & shortsightedness

7. UNDERSTANDING OF SELF
• DEFINITION
Self concept consists of the physical self or body
image, the personal self or personal identity, & the
self esteem.

8. DIMENSIONS OF SELF
Physical self-image Personal body image
Self esteem Psychological self-image
DIMENSIONS OF
SELF

9. Self concept
Self concept is the composite of beliefs & feelings that
one holds about oneself at a given time, formed from
perceptions particularly of others, reactions & directing
one’s behavior

10. Factors affecting self concept
1. Early bonding experience
2. Physical, cognitive & interpersonal development & maturation
3. Personality characteristic
4. Culture
5. Environment
6. Socio economic status
7. The persons sense of a place in time
8. Physical attributes & capabilities, including present health status
9. Interpersonal relationships
10. Professional & personal roles

11. Self Esteem
Self esteem refers to a complete subjective emotional
appraisal of one’s own worth.
• Parenting in childhood
• Academic achievements

12. Motivation
• Motivation –motive-active form of desire, craving or
need that must be satisfied
• Motivation is the desire within an individual that
stimulates him or her to action
• Motivation is the willingness to exert high levels of
effort toward organizational goals, conditioned by the
efforts ability to satisfy some individual needs.

13. Nature of motivation
Motivation is a
Psychological concept-intrinsic force
Dynamic & continuous process
Complex & difficult-need satisfaction
Circular process-unsatisfied need-tension-action to reduce
tension
Different from satisfaction-process of stimulating to take
desired action

14. Theories of motivation
1. Drive reduction theory
2. Optimum level of arousal theory
3. Cognitive theories
4. Cognitive dissonance theory
5. Expectancy theory
6. Psychoanalytic theory of modification
7. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
8. Hertzberg’s two factor theory
9. MC Clelland's needs theory
10. Carrot & stick approach of motivation

16. Optimum level of arousal theory
• The law was first described in 1908 by psychologists Robert
Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson.
• They discovered that mild electrical shocks could be used to
motivate rats to complete a maze, but when the electrical shocks
became too strong, the rats would scurry around in random
directions to escape.
• The experiment demonstrated that increasing stress and arousal
levels could help focus motivation and attention on the task at hand,
but only up to a certain point.

17. Cognitive theories
• Theory emphasizes on some sort of understanding or
anticipation of events through perception or thought or
judgment as in the estimation of probabilities or in
making a choice on the basis of relative value
• According to cognitive theory, motivated goal seeking
behavior comes to be regulated by these conditions,
which are based on the past, modified by circumstances
of the present & includes expectations about the future

18. Expectancy theory
• This theory emphasizes the importance of rewards & goals as
well as how persons expectations of consequences can influence
his behavior
• This theory stresses ‘pull’ rather than ‘push’
• According to theory, the hunger drive is only part of the reason a
hungry rat is motivated to find its way through a maze.
• It is also motivated because of previous learning experiences in
which it has come to expect a bit of food at the end
• Motivation is composed of two major features: the valence or
attractiveness of the goal & the expectancy or the likelihood that
its behavior will lead to the goal

20. Motive
motive Force
Motive
works
Creates
tension
Engages in
activity

21. Definitions
• Caroll, a need give rise to one or more motives. A motive
is a rather specific process which has been learned. It
directed towards a goal.
• Fisher, a motive is an inclination or impulsion to action
plus some degree of orientation or direction.
• Rosen, Fox & Gregory, a motive may be defined as a
readiness or disposition to respond in some ways & not
others to a variety of situations

22. Classification of motives
Physiological motives
• Temperature
regulation
• Pain
• Sleep
• Hunger
• Thirst
• Sex drive
• Maternal drive
General motives
• Activity
• Exploratory
drive
• Curiosity
• Manipulation
• Affectional
motive
• Fear
Social motives
• Affiliation
• Social
approval
• Status
• The need for
power &
prestige
• Security
• Achievements

23. Classification of motives
Unconscious motives
Instinctive & motives
Hierarchy of motives

24. Frustration
• Frustration is defined as the blocking of a desire or need.
It also refers to failure to satisfy a basic need because of
conditions, either in the individual or external obstacles

25. Sources of Frustration
Environmental forces-contagious disease, death of a
friend or beloved relative, rains & storms or floods
Personal inadequacies-poor ability or skill, any physical
handicap
Conflict of motives-sexual behavior in society

26. Conflict
It is a state when two or more incompatible motivations or
behavioral impulses compete for expression .
In other words, the individual is faced with more than two
incompatible demands, opportunities, goals or needs

27. Types of conflict
1. Approach-approach conflict
2. Avoidance-avoidance conflict
3. Approach-avoidance conflict
4. Resolution of conflicts-conflict