- Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, including those with HIV. Common OIs include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, and infections caused by fungi such as Candida and Cryptococcus.
- As HIV infection progresses and the CD4 count declines below 200 cells/mm3, individuals are at greatest risk for developing OIs. However, some OIs can occur at CD4 counts below 500 cells/mm3.
- While OIs were more common in the early years of the HIV epidemic before effective antiretroviral therapy, many people with HIV still develop OIs if they are unaware of their
it is an acute highly contagious /infectious diseases caused by a varicella zoster virus. chicken pox is usually a mild self limiting illness and most healthy children recover with no complication.
Anyone who has had chickenpox in the past may develop shingles, you can only get shingles if you have previously had chicken pox as it is a recurrence or reactivation of the varicella zoster virus.it is not possible to develop shingles from exposure to a person with chickenpox it is possible however to develop chickenpox as a result of exposure to a person with shingles second attacks of chickenpox are rare but do occur.
AIDS is defined as a condition indicative of a defect in cell-mediated immunity occurring in a person with no known cause for immunodeficiency other than the presence of HIV.
CDC defined AIDS as
“The occurrence of one or more group of life-threatening opportunistic infections, malignancies, neurologic diseases and other specific illness in patients with HIV infection or with CD4 counts less than 200/cu mm”
Discuss etio-pathogenesis of important vector borne disease and at least all these diseases should be covered:(Leishmaniasis, Dengue, Yellow fever, Filariasis).
Diseases-Cause and Prevention Chp-5 General Science 9th 10thKamran Abdullah
Subject : General Science
Teacher: Mr Ehtisham Ul Haq
Class: BS EDUCATION
Semester: 2nd (Spring(2023-2027)
Date Of Starting Of Semester : 4 September 2023
Date Of End Of Semester : 20 January 2024
University Of Sargodha
Institute of Education
These are the presentation slides that we prepare by our own research and work!
it is an acute highly contagious /infectious diseases caused by a varicella zoster virus. chicken pox is usually a mild self limiting illness and most healthy children recover with no complication.
Anyone who has had chickenpox in the past may develop shingles, you can only get shingles if you have previously had chicken pox as it is a recurrence or reactivation of the varicella zoster virus.it is not possible to develop shingles from exposure to a person with chickenpox it is possible however to develop chickenpox as a result of exposure to a person with shingles second attacks of chickenpox are rare but do occur.
AIDS is defined as a condition indicative of a defect in cell-mediated immunity occurring in a person with no known cause for immunodeficiency other than the presence of HIV.
CDC defined AIDS as
“The occurrence of one or more group of life-threatening opportunistic infections, malignancies, neurologic diseases and other specific illness in patients with HIV infection or with CD4 counts less than 200/cu mm”
Discuss etio-pathogenesis of important vector borne disease and at least all these diseases should be covered:(Leishmaniasis, Dengue, Yellow fever, Filariasis).
Diseases-Cause and Prevention Chp-5 General Science 9th 10thKamran Abdullah
Subject : General Science
Teacher: Mr Ehtisham Ul Haq
Class: BS EDUCATION
Semester: 2nd (Spring(2023-2027)
Date Of Starting Of Semester : 4 September 2023
Date Of End Of Semester : 20 January 2024
University Of Sargodha
Institute of Education
These are the presentation slides that we prepare by our own research and work!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. FR
• It is a sexually transmitted infection(STI).
• AIDS is a chronic, potentially life threatening condition
caused by the HIV.
• It can spread by contact with the infected blood or from
mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or
breastfeeding.
3. FR
oOI are infections that occur more frequently & are more severe in individuals with
weakened immune systems, including people with HIV or people receiving
chemotherapy.
oThese infections can caused by any pathogens.
oPeople are at greatest risk for OI when their CD4 count falls below 200.
oBut some people can get some OI when the CD4 count is below 500.
4. FR
Contd…..
• As HIV infection progresses, the no. of these cells declines.
• When the CD4 falls below 200 person is diagnosed with AIDS.
• Normal Range 500-15000
5. FRAre OIs are common in people with
HIV????
• OIs are less common now than they were in the early days of HIV &
AIDS coz better treatments reduce the amount of HIV in a person’s
body &keep a person’s immune system stronger.
• However many people with HIV still develop OIs coz they didn’t know
they had HIV for years after they were infected.
• Other people who know they’ve HIV can get OI coz they are not
taking ART. If they are on ART, but it is failing & the virus has
weakened their immune system; or they’ve AIDS but are not taking
medication to prevent OI’s.
6. FR
OIs causing Factors:-
• OI are caused by a variety of germs. It may be virus, bacteria, fungus or
parasites.
• OI causing germs spread in a variety of ways for e.g. in the air, in body
fluids, or contaminated food or water.
9. FRCommon Opportunistic Infections
• Candidiasis of bronchi trachea & lungs
• Invasive cervical cancer
• Coccidioidomycosis
• Cryptococcosis
• Cryptosporidiosis
• Cryptomegalovirus (CMV)
• Encephalopathy HIV related
• HSV
• Histoplasmosis
• Isosporiasis
• Kaposi’s Sarcoma
• Lymphoma
• Tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium Avium Complex
• Pneumocystitis carinii Pneumonia PCP
• Pneumonia Recurrent
• Progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy
• Salmonella Septicemia, Recurrent
• Toxoplasmosis of Brain
• Wasting Syndrome due to HIV
10. FR
Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, oesophagus, or
lungs
• This illness is caused by infection with a common (and usually harmless) type of fungus
called Candida. Candidiasis, or infection with Candida, can affect the skin, nails, and
mucous membranes throughout the body. Persons with HIV infection often have trouble
with Candida, especially in the mouth and vagina. However, candidiasis is only
considered an OI when it infects the esophagus (swallowing tube) or lower respiratory
tract, such as the trachea and bronchi (breathing tube), or deeper lung tissue.
11. FR
Invasive cervical cancer
• This is a cancer that starts within the cervix, which is the lower part
of the uterus at the top of the vagina, and then spreads (becomes
invasive) to other parts of the body. This cancer can be prevented by
having your care provider perform regular examinations of the cervix
12. FR
Coccidioidomycosis
• This illness is caused by the fungus Coccidioides immitis. It most
commonly acquired by inhaling fungal spores, which can lead to a
pneumonia that is sometimes called desert fever, San Joaquin
Valley fever, or valley fever. The disease is especially common in
hot, dry regions of the southwestern United States, Central
America, and South America.
13. FR
Cryptococcosis
• This illness is caused by infection with the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans.
The fungus typically enters the body through the lungs and can cause
pneumonia. It can also spread to the brain, causing swelling of the brain. It
can infect any part of the body, but (after the brain and lungs) infections of
skin, bones, or urinary tract are most common.
14. FR
Cryptosporidiosis
• This diarrheal disease is caused by the protozoan parasite
Cryptosporidium. Symptoms include abdominal cramps and severe,
chronic, watery diarrhea.
15. FRCytomegalovirus diseases
(particularly retinitis) (CMV)
• This virus can infect multiple parts of the body and cause pneumonia,
gastroenteritis (especially abdominal pain caused by infection of the colon),
encephalitis (infection) of the brain, and sight-threatening retinitis (infection of the
retina at the back of eye). People with CMV retinitis have difficulty with vision
that worsens over? time. CMV retinitis is a medical emergency because it can cause
blindness if not treated promptly.
16. FR
Encephalopathy, HIV-related
• This brain disorder is a result of HIV infection. It can occur as part of
acute HIV infection or can result from chronic HIV infection. Its exact
cause is unknown but it is thought to be related to infection of the brain
with HIV and the resulting inflammation.
17. FR
Herpes simplex (HSV)
• Herpes simplex (HSV): chronic ulcer(s) (greater than one month’s
duration); or bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis Herpes
simplex virus (HSV) is a very common virus that for most people
never causes any major problems. HSV is usually acquired sexually
or from an infected mother during birth. In most people with
healthy immune systems, HSV is usually latent (inactive). However,
stress, trauma, other infections, or suppression of the immune
system, (such as by HIV), can reactivate the latent virus and
symptoms can return. HSV can cause painful cold sores (sometime
called fever blisters) in or around the mouth, or painful ulcers on
or around the genitals or anus. In people with severely damaged
immune systems, HSV can also cause infection of the bronchus
(breathing tube), pneumonia (infection of the lungs), and
esophagitis (infection of the esophagus, or swallowing tube).
18. FR
Histoplasmosis
• This illness is caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Histoplasma
most often infects the lungs and produces symptoms that are similar to
those of influenza or pneumonia. People with severely damaged immune
systems can get a very serious form of the disease called progressive
disseminated histoplasmosis. This form of histoplasmosis can last a long time
and involves organs other than the lungs.
19. FR
Isosporiasis
• This infection is caused by the parasite Isospora belli, which can enter
the body through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include
diarrhea, fever, headache, abdominal pain, vomiting, and weight loss.
20. FR
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)
• This cancer, also known as KS, is caused by a virus called Kaposi’s
sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). KS causes
small blood vessels, called capillaries, to grow abnormally. Because
capillaries are located throughout the body, KS can occur anywhere.
KS appears as firm pink or purple spots on the skin that can be
raised or flat. KS can be life-threatening when it affects organs
inside the body, such the lung, lymph nodes, or intestines.
21. FR
Lymphoma, multiple forms
• Lymphoma refers to cancer of the lymph nodes and other
lymphoid tissues in the body. There are many different kinds of
lymphomas. Some types, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma and
Hodgkin lymphoma, are associated with HIV infection.
22. FR
Tuberculosis (TB)
• Tuberculosis (TB) infection is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB can be
spread through the air when a person with active TB coughs, sneezes, or speaks. Breathing in the
bacteria can lead to infection in the lungs. Symptoms of TB in the lungs include cough, tiredness,
weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Although the disease usually occurs in the lungs, it may also
affect other parts of the body, most often the larynx, lymph nodes, brain, kidneys, or bones.
23. FR
Mycobacterium avium complex
(MAC)
• MAC is caused by infection with different types of mycobacterium:
Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, or Mycobacterium
kansasii. These mycobacteria live in our environment, including in soil
and dust particles. They rarely cause problems for persons with healthy
immune systems. In people with severely damaged immune systems,
infections with these bacteria spread throughout the body and can be
life-threatening.
24. FR
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
• This lung infection, also called PCP, is caused by a fungus, which used to
be called Pneumocystis carinii, but now is named Pneumocystis jirovecii.
PCP occurs in people with weakened immune systems, including people
with HIV. The first signs of infection are difficulty breathing, high
fever, and dry cough.
25. FR
Pneumonia, recurrent
• Pneumonia is an infection in one or both of the lungs. Many germs, including
bacteria, viruses, and fungi can cause pneumonia, with symptoms such as a
cough (with mucous), fever, chills, and trouble breathing. In people with
immune systems severely damaged by HIV, one of the most common and
life-threatening causes of pneumonia is infection with the bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae, also called Pneumococcus. There are now
effective vaccines that can prevent infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae
and all persons with HIV infection should be vaccinated.
26. FR
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy• This rare brain and spinal cord disease is caused by the JC
(John Cunningham) virus. It is seen almost exclusively in
persons whose immune systems have been severely damaged by
HIV. Symptoms may include loss of muscle control, paralysis,
blindness, speech problems, and an altered mental state. This
disease often progresses rapidly and may be fatal.
27. FR
Salmonella septicemia
• Salmonella are a kind of bacteria that typically enter the body through
ingestion of contaminated food or water. Infection with salmonella
(called salmonellosis) can affect anyone and usually causes a self-limited
illness with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Salmonella septicemia is a
severe form of infection in which the bacteria circulate through the
whole body and exceeds the immune system’s ability to control it.
28. FR
Toxoplasmosis of brain
• This infection, often called toxo, is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The
parasite is carried by warm-blooded animals including cats, rodents, and birds and
is excreted by these animals in their feces. Humans can become infected with it by
inhaling dust or eating food contaminated with the parasite. Toxoplasma can also
occur in commercial meats, especially red meats and pork, but rarely poultry.
Infection with toxo can occur in the lungs, retina of the eye, heart, pancreas, liver,
colon, testes, and brain. Although cats can transmit toxoplasmosis, litter boxes can
be changed safely by wearing gloves and washing hands thoroughly with soap and
water afterwards. All raw red meats that have not been frozen for at least 24 hours
should be cooked through to an internal temperature of at least 150oF.
29. FR
Wasting syndrome due to HIV
• Wasting is defined as the involuntary loss of more than 10% of
one’s body weight while having experienced diarrhea or weakness
and fever for more than 30 days. Wasting refers to the loss of
muscle mass, although part of the weight loss may also be due to
loss of fat.
30. FR
Preventing OI
• Avoid all kinds of sexual exposure.
• Get vaccinated against hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
• Avoid raw or undercooked eggs, poultry, meat.
• Avoid unpasteurized dairy products and fruit juice.
• Thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables before eating.
• Avoid all kinds of pet exposure.
• Don’t share drug injection equipment.
• The best ways to prevent getting an OI are to get into care and to
take HIV medications as prescribed. Sometimes, your health care
provider will also prescribe medications specifically to prevent
certain OIs.