HUMAN FLEA.pptx
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The human flea, Pulex irritans, is a minor pest that rarely lives in houses. It has four life stages - eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. As an adult, it is a hard-skinned, spiny insect with piercing mouthparts that jumps to bite humans. Flea bites cause irritation and soreness. Fleas can spread diseases like plague and typhus between rats and humans by regurgitating bacteria during feeding. Control methods include destroying rodent hosts, using cats, traps, and zinc phosphide pellets.
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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- 2. Human Flea
- 3. Introduction Scientific Name: Pulex irritans Family: Pulicidae Order: Siphonaptera Status: Minor pest Distribution: Rarely present in the houses.
- 4. Description of Stages Eggs: White, relatively large, ovoid and 1/50 inch long Larva: Slender, whitish about 1/6 to 1/4 inch long, with small pale brown head and without legs and eyes. Body is plainly segmented and covered with very long hairs. Chewing mouthparts Pupa: Small, oval and white silken cocoon Adult: Hard skinned, very spiny, extraordinary thin from side to side, with piercing sucking mouthparts, concealed antennae, no wings and very large legs for jumping
- 6. Damage Fleas bite is not felt immediately but it increases irritation and sore for several days or week Fleas spread plague from rat to man It is an important vector of it They transmit infection by regurgitating bacilli in stomach contents through proboscis during feeding Fleas are the principle vectors of Maurine or endemic typhus from rats to man
- 8. Control Destruction of rats and other rodents. The cats may be encouraged. Wire cages may be employed. Use of zinc phosphide pellets.