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2006-public-health-pests.ppt
- 1. PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION PLNT 1150 Alex Latchininsky Assistant Professor / Extension Entomologist Dept. of Renewable Resources January 2006
- 2. DISCLAIMER Trade or brand names used in this presentation are used only for educational purposes The information given herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement information of products is implied
- 3. LICE Order Phthiraptera, 3 types 1/8”
- 4. TREATMENT OF HEAD LICE • Permethrin or Pyrethrin shampoos • Malathion shampoos • Re-treat in 10 days (cannot kill eggs) • Louse or nit combs • Pets? No! Personal hygiene Do not share caps or combs Head lice are NOT disease vectors
- 5. BODY LICE • Less common in the U.S. • Larger than Head Lice – 1/7” • Hide in clothing seams • Vectors of epidemic typhus (rickettsiae) • Vectors of trench fever (World War I: 1.8 million cases in U.S. military)
- 6. PUBIC or CRAB LICE 1/16” Do not transmit disease agents Found only on humans – not on cats or dogs
- 7. FLEAS Order Siphonaptera Cat flea Size: 1/16” No wings
- 8. LIFE CYCLE OF A FLEA Total: 12-174 d (typical: 3 to 5 wks)
- 9. FLEAS: MEDICAL IMPORTANCE • Piercing mouthparts – feed exclusively on blood • Irritation from flea bites • Primary vector of bubonic plague (Oriental rat flea) Bacterium Yersinia pestis Mortality rate 90% - “Black Death” Middle Ages: killed 1/3 of Europe’s population in a few decades • Vector of Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi) • Intermediate hosts of dog tapeworms – may infect humans if the flea is inadvertently swallowed
- 10. MANAGEMENT OF FLEAS 1. Treat the pet 2. Treat the premises Pet treatments: Insect Growth Regulators (methoprene, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen), or Adulticides (fipronil, imidacloprid) Premises treatments: Steam clean; IGRs; Sanitation (vacuum to remove eggs)
- 11. Bed Bugs • Order Hemiptera – True Bugs • Piercing-sucking beak • One species – Cimex lectularius
- 15. Bed Bugs • Female produces up to 500 eggs • Can survive 1 year without blood meal • Hides during the day, active by night • Produces foul smelling substance when disturbed • Sanitation!
- 16. BLOOD SUCKING FLIES Order Diptera = “two wings” wings halteres
- 17. BLACK FLIES Family Simuliidae Adults can be black, gray or yellow Size: 1/8” Larva Pupa Larvae develop in flowing water
- 18. BLACK FLIES LIFE CYCLE Adult Eggs on a submerged water plant Larvae in feeding position Emerging adult in air bubble Pupae
- 19. BLACK FLIES • Attracted to dark colors and carbon dioxide • Vicious biters. Piercing, blade-like mouthparts • Bites are painful because of venom (saliva) • Do not attack indoors or at night • Extremely numerous in early Summer • May transmit diseases, even encephalitis • Protection: repellents (DEET)
- 20. STABLE FLY Stomoxys calcitrans adult Larva (maggot) Pupa
- 21. STABLE FLY Bayonet-like mouthparts Stable fly House fly • Both male and female are blood-sucking • Attracted to dark colors • Breeding sites: manure, straw • Control: similar to house flies • SANITATION!
- 22. HOUSE FLY A carrier of up to 40 diseases, including: typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, and anthrax. The fly transmits diseases by carrying disease organisms onto food. It picks up disease organisms on its leg hairs or eats them and then regurgitates them onto food (in the process of liquefying solid food) Sponging mouthparts
- 23. WYOMING MOSQUITOES At least 45 species Main genera: Culex, Aedes, Anopheles, Culiseta, Wyeomiya, Mansonia
- 24. MOSQUITO LIFE CYCLE adults eggs larva pupa
- 25. Mosquito larvae Mosquito pupae Aquatic stages
- 27. Male mosquito does not bite
- 28. MOSQUITOES AS DISEASE VECTORS #1 vectors of numerous devastating diseases worldwide -Encephalitis (5 types) Western Equine Encephalitis – Culex tarsalis -West Nile Virus – Culex pipiens (East), C. tarsalis (West) -Dengue – Aedes aegypti -Yellow fever – Aedes aegypti -Malaria – Anopheles spp. -Filariasis (nematodes) – Culex, Aedes, Anopheles spp. -Dog heartworm – Culex, Aedes spp.
- 29. MOSQUITO LIFE HISTORIES Four larval habitat types are used to group the mosquitoes: 1. Permanent Pool 2. Container 3. Floodwater 4. Transient water
- 31. Permanent Pool Habitat Group Need shallow water with emergent plants Eggs laid singly on water surface for Anopheles species Overwinter as adult mated females Not very important species as disease vectors or nuisance in Wyoming Anopheles species are only mosquitoes that can vector malaria
- 33. Container Habitat Group Need artificial or natural containers that hold water long enough to complete larval development Eggs laid singly at water line surface for Aedes species. Culex species sometimes use this habitat also Overwinter as eggs, multiple broods per season Important species as disease vectors worldwide, less so in Wyoming Often the target of urban mosquito control
- 34. Floodwater Habitat Eggs are deposited singly on damp soil which is intermittently flooded
- 35. Floodwater Group Aedes species dominate this habitat Eggs are laid singly where the mosquito female senses the area has been submerged in water before Several hatches per year - Ae. dorsalis, Ae. melanimon & Ae. vexans, most common species in WY Overwinter in egg stage When conditions are correct can rapidly develop - 6 days Capable of flying long distances
- 36. Transient Water Habitat Roadside ditches, irrigated lands etc.
- 37. Transient Water Group Culex species dominate this habitat, esp. mucky water. Culex tarsalis life history: Eggs are laid as rafts on water surface At 80 F, go from egg to adult in 10 days Overwinter as adult, fed and mated female Populations build through summer Month life span as adult, up to 4 blood meals possible Capable of flying 0.5 mile per night Feed at night, will enter buildings Prefers birds but will switch to horses and humans
- 38. Culex tarsalis
- 39. WEST NILE VIRUS CASES 2003 2004 2005 Year WY CA 2003 375 3 2004 10 760 2005 12 865
- 40. Culex tarsalis
- 41. MOSQUITO SURVEYS Adult surveys -CDC light traps -Dry ice traps (C. tarsalis) -Landing and biting collections -Insect sweep net collections -Truck trap collections Larval and pupal surveys -Dipping
- 42. MOSQUITO CONTROL Source reduction -Water management -Sanitation -Irrigation optimization -Drainage Biological control -Gambusia fish -Pathogens (Bti, Bs)
- 43. MOSQUITO CONTROL Chemical control -Larviciding (larval control) The most efficient control strategy Minimizes treated areas Avoids treating populated areas -Adulticiding (control of adults) Usually, consists of Ultra-Low Volume spraying in urban areas
- 45. I. LARVICIDES A.I. Trade name Formulation Pros Cons Temephos Abate G, EC Lowest cost Nontarget Methoprene Altosid G, B, P, LC Nontarget safe Cannot be certain of efficacy until too late to retreat Oils BVA, Golden Oil Acts on pupae Oil film Bear Subsurf. larvae Monomole- Agnique Liquid Acts on pupae Subsurf. cular film Larvae
- 46. I. LARVICIDES (contd.) A.I. Trade name Formulation Pros Cons Bacillus Aquabac Liquid Nontarget safe Short thuringiensis Bactimos WDG, AS, Briquets window israeliensis LarvX, Teknar P, G, B control 30+d of trtmt., (Bti) Dunks pupae Bacillus VectoLex G, WDG Nontarget safe Pupae sphaericus (Bs) AS – Aqueous Suspension; B – Briquets; EC – Emulsifiable Concentrate; G – granules; LC – Liquid Concentrate; P – Pellets; WDG – Water-Dispersible Granules
- 47. II. ADULTICIDES A.I. Trade name Formulation Pros Cons Malathion Fyfanon, ULV, Tolerances OP, some Atrapa, thermal fog resistance Prentox Naled Dibrom, ULV, EC, Tolerances OP, Trumpetthermal fog corrosive Fenthion Batex ULV None OP, FL Permethrin Permanone, ULV, Low vertebrate None AquaResilin, thermal fog, toxicity Biomist, clothing Mosquito treatment beater ULV – Ultra Low Volume; OP – Organophosphate insecticide
- 48. II. ADULTICIDES (contd.) A.I. Trade name Formulation Pros Cons Resmethrin Scourge ULV, Low vertebrate RUP thermal fog toxicity Sumithrin Anvil ULV, Low vertebrate No thermal fog toxicity tolerance Pyrethrins Pyrenone ULV, EC Natural May be Pyronyl pyrethrum, costly tolerances, larvicide also ULV – Ultra Low Volume; RUP – Restricted Use Pesticide
- 49. MOSQUITO CONTROL WORKSHOP Organized by WMMA Lander, 18-19 April 2006 Contact: Nancy Webber, Fremont Co. Weed and Pest (307) 332-1052
- 50. OTHER STINGING AND BITING INSECTS
- 51. Imported Fire Ants Solenopsis invicta (Red) & Solenopsis richteri (Black)
- 52. Vicious Attackers Blisters and pustules following Fire Ant sting
- 53. Control Chemical: Single mound or area-wide broadcast treatments (granular insecticides or baits)
- 55. Wasps and Bees Yellow jacket wasp Honey bee with a stinger
- 56. Bumble Bees
- 57. OTHER ARTHROPODS Class Arachnida SPIDERS – Order Aranea TICKS – Order Acari
- 58. BLACK WIDOW SPIDER FEMALE “Hourglass” pattern on the abdomen
- 59. BLACK WIDOW SPIDERS Mature female Immature female Mature male
- 60. HOBO SPIDER
- 61. BROWN RECLUSE SPIDER EYES 2 2 2
- 62. WIND SCORPION
- 63. TICKS • Close relatives of spiders, and NOT insects: adults have 8 legs • Blood-sucking parasites of mammals, birds and reptiles • Both males and females feed on blood • Efficient vectors of diseases (#2 after mosquitoes)
- 65. ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOOD TICK • Hosts: Small rodents, porcupines, deer and large domestic animals • Most common species that bites people • Vector of: Colorado tick fever*, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Tick paralysis (rare), Tularemia (rare) • Not a vector of Lyme disease, which is transmitted by Ixodes scapularis Dermacentor andersoni adult *American dog tick is also a vector of CTF
- 66. RM WOOD TICK LIFE CYCLE: 3 hosts Small mammal host Small mammal host (Large mammal host)
- 67. ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOOD TICK PREVENTION: • Avoid tick habitats • Use tick repellents (DEET) • Wear protective clothes • Clothing treatment with Permethrin (Permanone) • Tick checks after visiting possible habitats HOW TO REMOVE A TICK: • Use blunt tweezers • Pull the tick slowly • Treat the feeding place with disinfectant