HAZARD COMMUNICATION environmental standard

Dealing with Hazardous Chemicals

COURSE AIM
 The aim of this course is to give the basic information about the properties of
hazardous materials and the methods that are most appropriate for handling the
various kinds of accidents that can occur with these substances.

Course Objective
 The objective of this course is to protect workers from the
hazards of chemicals, to prevent or reduce the incidence of
chemically induced illnesses and injuries resulting from the use
of chemicals at work and consequently to enhance the protection
of the general public and the environment by providing
guidelines for:

 Ensuring that all chemicals for use at work, including impurities, by-
products and intermediates, and wastes that may be formed, are
evaluated to determine their hazards.
 Ensuring that employers are provided with a mechanism for obtaining
from their suppliers information about the chemicals used at work to
enable them to implement effective programs to protect workers from
chemical hazards.
Course Objective

 Providing workers with information about the chemicals at their
workplaces and about appropriate preventive measures to enable
them to participate effectively in safety programs.
 Establishing principles for such programs' to ensure that chemicals
are used safely.
 Making special provision to protect confidential information whose
disclosure to a competitor would be liable to cause harm to an
employer's business so long as the safety and health of workers are
not compromised thereby.
Course Objective

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL
Training staff will appraise the delegates performance against the stated Training
Outcomes.

Learning Outcomes
Trainees will explain / identify
• Identification of chemical hazards
• Material safety data sheet
• Safe handling of chemical
• PPE Requirements
• Role of Safe storage of chemical
• Emergency plan Procedures

Module 1
Understanding and Managing Risks
Objection:
A substance or material that can pose an unreasonable risk to health,
safety, and the environment "Know what you are working with and
how to protect yourself and others“
Content :
Introduction
 What is risk & Hazards?
 How do we operate systems to reduce risks?
 How do we design systems to reduce risks?
 What are acceptable risks?

Module 2
Chemical hazard
Objection:
Chemical safety is… "Know what you are working with”
Content :
 introduction
 Health Hazards
 Local effects
 Systemic effects
 Toxicity Grading
How poisonous is a material.
 Method of Entry Into the Body
 Route Of Exposure
How much of the material is in contact with the person.
 Length Of Exposure
 Routes of entry:
Injection (least common);
Ingestion (easily avoidable);
Skin absorption (frequent);
Inhalation (most common).
 Length Of Exposure

Module 3
Hazardous Material Communication
Objection:
Provides employees with information about the materials being used.
Content :
There are 5 parts to the HazCom Standard:
 A written program;
 Inventory and appropriate storage;
 Labeling;
 Material Safety Data Sheets;
 Training.

Module 4
Safe handling of chemical
Objection:
Many kinds and types of chemicals used in our operations, it is not feasible to
detail the specific hazards involved and the safety precautions necessary to
protect against them.
Content :
 Lifting and moving gallon barrels
 Sack handling system
 Zone one fork-lift truck
 Radiation carrying shield
 Paint and solvent container handling
 Chemical transfer
 Chemical drum handling Training.

Module 5
Practical in work area
Objection:
Training is required for all employees who are exposed
to hazardous chemicals in their work area.
Content :
 Explanation of the HazCom Program, including information on labels,
MSDSs, and how to obtain and use available hazard information
 Hazards of chemicals and how to detect the presence or release of
chemical
 Protective measures such as engineering controls, work practices and
use of PPE

Module 1
Understanding and Managing Risks

IDENTIFYING HAZARDS
It takes a hazard and someone exposed to
the hazard to produce an accident.
Hazard + Exposure a Accident

An U
C
and it’s P !
that could
cause an I
to an E .
P
I
(Extra Credit)
or
or
What is a "hazard?" Complete the sentence below.
nsafe
ondition
ractice
njury
llness
mployee
reventable

M
E
E
E
What are the four categories of hazards
in the workplace?
Materials
Environment
Equipment
Employees

• Conditions account for _____ % of all
workplace accidents.
• Behaviors account for _____ % of all
• Uncontrollable acts account for ____ % of all
Therefore, The safety management system contributes to some degree to
_____ % of the causes for all accidents in the workplace!
3
95
2
98

1. Acceleration.
2. Vibration/Noise.
3. Toxics.
4. Radiation.
5. Ergonomics.
6. Pressure.
7. Mechanical.
Hazard Categories
8. Heat/Temperature.
9. Flammability/Fire.
10. Explosives.
11. Electrical contact.
12. Chemical reactions.
13. Biologicals.
14. Workplace Violence.

Types of Workplace Hazards
 Acceleration. When we speed up or slow down too quickly.
 Vibration/Noise. Produce adverse physiological and
psychological effects.
 Toxics. Poisonous substance that is toxic to skin and internal organs.

 Radiation. Non-ionizing - burns. Ionizing - destroys tissue.
 Ergonomics. Unsafe lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, twisting.
 Pressure. Increased pressure in hydraulic and pneumatic systems.

 Mechanical. sharp points and edges, weight, rotating parts, stability,
ejected parts and materials, impact.
 Heat/Temperature. Extremes in either can cause trauma, illness.
 Flammability/Fire. In order for combustion to take place, the fuel
and oxidizer must be present in gaseous form.
 Explosives. Explosions result in large amounts of gas, heat, noise,
light, pressure.
 Electrical contact. Caused by inadequate insulation, broken
electrical lines or equipment, lightning strike, static discharge, and so on.
 Chemical reactions. Chemical reactions can be violent, can cause
explosions, dispersion of materials and emission of heat.
Types of Workplace Hazards

First some terminology....
 Hazard - Something with the potential to cause harm to people,
property or the environment (can include substances, machines
methods of work and other aspects of the operation)
 Risk - The chance that someone will be impacted by the hazard and
the magnitude of that hazard
 Not always... Need to assess the risk
 What is the severity (the worst that can happen)?
 What is the likelihood (how often will it occur)?

Understanding Risk
Risk is comprised of both frequency (F) And consequence
(C), often expressed
as...
Risk = F x C
RISK UNDERSTANDINGE
How likely is
it?
What can
go wrong?
What are
the impacts?

Factors that increase risk
• The number of employees exposed;
• The frequency and duration of exposure;
• The proximity of employees to the point of danger;
• Potential severity of the injury or illness
• Factors that require work under stress;
• Factors that increase severity;
• Lack of proper training and supervision or improper workplace
design; or
• Other factors which may significantly affect the degree of
probability of an accident occurring.

Controlling the Risk
 When conditions arise that cause unusual or extraordinary hazards to
workers, additional means and precautions shall be taken to protect
workers or to control hazardous exposure.
 If the operation cannot be made reasonably safe, regular work shall be
discontinued while such abnormal conditions exist, or until adequate
safety of workers is ensured.

1. Engineering Controls
2. Management Controls
These controls focus on the source of the hazard, unlike other
types of controls that generally focus on the employee exposed
to the hazard.
The basic concept behind engineering controls is that, to the
extent feasible, the work environment and the job itself should
be designed to eliminate hazards or reduce exposure to
hazards
By following established safe work practices for accomplishing
a task safely (and using PPE in many cases), your employees
can further reduce their exposure to hazards.
Management controls attempt to change surface and root
cause behaviors.

3. Personal Protective Equipment
4. Interim Measures
When exposure to hazards cannot be completely
engineered out of normal operations or maintenance work,
and when safe work procedures and practices cannot
provide sufficient protection from exposure, personal
protective clothing and/or equipment may be required.
When a hazard is recognized, the preferred correction or
control cannot always be accomplished immediately.
However, in virtually all situations, temporary measures can
be taken to eliminate or reduce worker risk. Some
examples are:
1. Taping down wires that pose a tripping hazard
2. Shutting down an operation temporarily
3. Placing cones to redirect employees around a spill

Why are engineering controls considered superior to
management controls?
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
____
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
____
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
____
If you can get rid of the hazard, you don’t have to
manage exposure.

Barriers
 Guards or Shields: coatings, inhibitors, shutdowns
 Separation: time and/or space
 Control of Energy Release: safety valves, lower speeds, different fuel
source
 Administration: warnings, training, drills
 Procedural
 Preventative measures: alternative resources, re-cycling, process
integrated solutions, improved ergonomic conditions, health surveillance
 Repressive measures: end-of-pipe measures, ventilation, dust filtration
A protective measure put in place to prevent threats from releasing a
hazard.

Probability
• Unlikely to Certain
Severity
• Other than serious -
• Serious physical harm -
• Death -
Assessing the Risk

Risk = Likelihood x Consequences
Magnitude of
Consequences
Likelihood of occurrence
Low
High
High
REDUCE
REDUCE
Manage
ALARP
REDUCE
ACCEPT
???
Avoid,
Reduce
Eliminate

ALARP = As Low As Reasonably
Practicable
Risk
reduction
Time,Cos
t
Trouble
ALARP Risk
is the point
where
Time, trouble, difficulty and
cost of further risk reduction
measures
becomes disproportionate
to additional risk reduction
obtained
$$$$$$ = How much money (effort) can you afford

Hazards Threats
Accidents
Incidents
Likelihood
Conseque
nces
Risk = Likelihood x Consequences
Mitigatio
n
Barriers
ALARP
Health, Safety, Environment
Scope: Safety Risk HSE Risk
Preventio
n
Barriers
Dealing with Hazardous Chemicals

Chemical hazard
What is a “hazardous chemical”?
• A hazardous chemical is any chemical that can do harm to your body.
Three Forms of Chemicals
– Solids
• Dust or powder – (Cutting, drilling, grinding, sanding, dry sweeping,
soaps, etc.)
• Fumes – (extremely small droplets when something is vaporized.
• Fibers – similar to dust, but has an elongated shape

– Liquids
• Liquids can come into direct contact with the skin and be absorbed into the
body.
• Liquids can be sprayed and form mists or evaporate and form vapors which
can be inhaled or settle on the skin
• Airborne mists can also settle out and contaminate food or drink
– Gases and Vapors
• Gases and vapors enter the body by inhalation
Chemical hazard

How do hazardous chemicals affect the body?
– The effect a certain chemical has on the body depends on several factors:
• The physical form of the chemical
• How the chemical enters the body
• The amount of chemical that actually enters the body – the dose.
• The amount of time exposed to the chemical (duration)
• How toxic (poisonous) the chemical is
Chemical hazard

Routes of Entry:
• There are four routes of entry
– Ingestion – swallowing the chemical
• Can rub off dirty hands or settle causing contaminated food, drinks or tobacco
products
– Inhalation – breathing in the chemical
• The size of the particles or droplets can affect where the chemical settles in the
respiratory tract and what symptoms or disease will develop
– Absorption – skin and eye contact
– Injection – penetration of the skin
Chemical hazard

Toxic Chemical Exposure
• Toxicity – how poisonous are chemicals?
• The chemical exposure limits.
– Many chemicals have exposure limits, or allowable amounts of a
chemical in the air.
– These limits are often called
• “PELs” (Permissible Exposure Limits or
• “TLVs” (Threshold Limit Values)
– They are based on 8-hour average exposure or ceiling or peak levels.
Levels must be kept below these limits for safety.
Chemical hazard

– Dosage
• The effects of any toxic chemical depends on the amount of a
chemical that actually enters the body during a certain time period.
• Acute Toxicity - immediate
– The measure of how toxic a chemical is in a single exposure over a short
period of time. (ammonia, carbon monoxide).
• Chronic Toxicity – over a period of time
– The measure of the toxicity of exposure to a chemical over a long period of
time (asbestos, carbon monoxide)
Chemical hazard

– Carcinogens
• Are known cancer-causing compounds, or suspected as carcinogens.
– Teratogens
• Compounds that can harm the developing fetus, causing birth defects or
death.
– Mutagens
• Cause genetic mutations or changes (birth defects or other problems in
following generations or may lead to cancer in the exposed person).
– Sensitizers
• Can “switch on” a reaction in an individual worker.
Chemical hazard

Corrosive Chemicals:
– Acids and bases are common corrosive chemicals.
– Are capable of damaging skin, eyes and the respiratory system.
– Can cause visible skin burns or damage.
– The extent of skin damage depends on how long the corrosive is on the skin
and how concentrated the corrosive is.
– Inhalation of corrosive mists or vapors can cause severe bronchial irritation
or damage.
– Corrosives are especially damaging to the eyes.
– Examples: sulfuric acid, ammonia, chromic acid, phenol, acetic acid,
Chemical hazard

Exposure to certain chemicals can result in permanent loss of skin
color.

Flammable Liquids
• Flammable liquids – flammability depends on its physical properties
– The vapor of a flammable liquid ignites and causes fire or explosion – not
the liquid itself.
• Vapor Pressure
– Is an indicator of how fast a liquid evaporates
– The higher the vapor pressure the more rapidly the liquid will evaporate,
– Is temperature dependent
• Flash point – is the lowest temperature that a flammable liquid can generate enough
vapor to form a mixture with air that will ignite.
Chemical hazard

• Limits of Flammability
– The limit is the range that a mixture of air and vapor is flammable.
– Mixtures can be too lean (not enough vapor) or too rich (too much vapor)
to ignite and burn.
– LEL _”lower explosive limit”
– UEL – “upper explosive limit”
• Vapor Density
– “Vapor Density” is a measure of how heavy a vapor is compared to air.
– Vapors with a density greater than 1.0 are heavier than air and can collect
near the floor, and “flow” like a liquid.
– Vapors with a density less than 1.0 are lighter than air and collect near the
ceiling and “flow”.
– “Flowing” vapors cause a fire/explosion hazard if they find an ignition
Chemical hazard

Module 3
Hazardous Material Communication

Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Introduction:
The Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is often called the
key to Hazard Communication Program. It is the basic
tool that organizations and their employees have
available to use as guide to safe practices and
emergency response.
The MSDS is the one place where you can find all the
important information on the chemical such as:
Physical hazards, health hazards, routes of entry,
exposure limits, precautions for safe handling and use,
spill clean up procedures, PPE, emergency and first aid
procedures and the name, address and telephone
number of the chemical manufacturer.
MSDS’s do not have to follow any specific format. But
they all have to provide the same kinds of information.

Introduction:
Some of the available MSDS, are divided into nine
sections and the new MSDS’s format are divided into 16
sections, which was developed by the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI).
The section titles and order of presentation of
information in the new ANSI material safety data sheets
are as follows:
MSDS’s do not have to follow any specific format. But
they all have to provide the same kinds of information.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

How to Read and Understand MSDS:
Section 1.Chemical Product and Company Identification.
Section 2.Composition, Information or Ingredients.
Section 3.Hazard Identification.
Section 4.First Aid Measures.
Section 5.Fire-Fighting Measures

Section 6.Accidental Release Measures.
Section 7.Handling and Storage.
Section 8.Exposure Controls and Personal Protection.
Section 9.Physical and Chemical Properties
Section 10. Stability and Reactivity
Section 11. Toxicological Information.

Section 12. Ecological Information.
Section 13. Disposal Considerations.
Section 14. Transport Information.
Section 15. Regulatory Information.
Section 16. Other Information.

Introduction:
 - Chemical manufactures or distributors
must provide the following information on
chemicals containers that leave their
facility:
 Identity of the hazardous chemical(s).
 Appropriate hazard warnings.
 Name and address of chemical
Containers Labeling for Hazard Communications

Different Types of Label System:
There are three different types of labeling systems:
• Right – To – Know (RTK).
• National Fire Rating (NFR).
• Hazardous Material Identification Guide (HMIG)

Other Types of Warning Labels:
Label Indication
Corrosive Substance
Flammable Substance
Toxic Substance

Other Types of Warning Labels:
Indication
Explosive
Oxidising
Harmful
Radioactive
Material

Hazardous Material Classes
 Radioactive materials
 Flammables/explosives, e.g. alcohols, gasoline, propane
 Corrosives, e.g. hydrochloric acid, caustic soda
 Toxicas, e.g. freon, nitrogen
 Reactives, e.g. peroxides, persulphates

Hazardous Material Labeling - HMIS

Hazardous Material Labeling – NFPA 740

Hazardous Material Labeling – Examples

Introduction
In many workplaces, exposure to or contact with harmful agents such as chemicals,
infectious agents, sharp objects, or extreme temperatures can create a potential for
injury to the body and skin. Wherever practicable, these hazards should be
eliminated or reduced through the use of engineering and/or administrative controls.
We can protect against those hazards that continue to exist by using appropriate
protective clothing for the job.
Personal protective equipments:

Examples of PPE
1. Eye - safety glasses, goggles
2. Face - face shields
3. Head - hard hats
4. Feet - safety shoes
5. Hands and arms - gloves
6. Bodies - vests
7. Hearing - earplugs, earmuffs
Personal Protective Equipments:

In many workplaces, flying particles, dusts, vapors, chemicals or harmful rays
can create a potential for eye or face injury. Whenever practicable, these
hazards shall be eliminated or minimized through the use of substitution or
engineering controls. To protect against those hazards which continue to exist
after all such control measures have been implemented, appropriate
protective eyewear or face wear must be used.
Eye Protection

Head injuries may be prevented by using the appropriate protective headwear for
the job. Appropriate headwear must protect against the specific hazard presented,
provide a comfortable and secure fit, and comply Standard
Head Protection

Exposure to high noise levels can cause hearing loss or impairment. It can create
physical and psychological stress. There is no cure for noise-induced hearing loss, so
the prevention of excessive noise exposure is the only way to avoid hearing damage.
Specifically designed protection is required, depending on the type of noise
encountered and the auditory condition of the employee. Preformed or molded
earplugs should be individually fitted by a professional. Waxed cotton, foam, or
fiberglass wool earplugs are self-forming. When properly inserted, they work as well
as most molded earplugs. Some earplugs are disposable, to be used one time and
then thrown away.
Ear Protection

In workplaces, falling or rolling objects, sharp objects, exposed energized electrical
conductors or other hazards can create a potential for foot injury. Whenever
practicable, these hazards shall be eliminated or reduced through the use of proper
engineering and/or administrative controls. To protect against those hazards which
continue to exist after all such control measures have been implemented,
appropriate protective footwear must be used.
Foot Protection

In many workplaces, exposure to chemicals, infectious agents, sharp objects,
extreme temperatures and other hazards can create a potential for injury to the
hand. Wherever practicable, these hazards should be eliminated or reduced through
the use of engineering and/or administrative controls. We can protect against those
hazards which continue to exist by using appropriate hand protection for the job.
Hand Protection

Where the chemical hazard results in a high level of skin protection required, an
appropriate chemical resistant apparel which provides an effective barrier between
the chemicals used and the area of the body to be protected must be worn. It is
important to note that no single material will protect against all chemicals, and that
no material is totally impermeable. Materials only temporarily resist chemical
breakthrough; even the most chemically resistant material will break down after
repeated chemical exposures.
Selecting the clothing material which best protects against a particular chemical must
be based on chemical resistance performance upon contact with the chemical.
Appropriate chemical resistant
Chemical Resistant
Clothing

Respirators shall be used in the following circumstances:
1. Where exposure levels exceed the permissible exposure limit (PEL), during the
time period necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work
practice controls;
2. In those maintenance and repair activities and during those brief or
intermittent operations where exposures exceed the PEL and engineering and
work practice controls are not feasible or are not required;
3. In regulated areas;
4. Where the employer has implemented all feasible engineering and work
practice controls and such controls are not sufficient to reduce exposures to or
below the PEL;
5. In emergencies.
Respiratory Protection
Personal protective
equipments:

Module 4
Safe handling of chemical

1. Task
2. Problem
3. Finding solutions
4. Results
LIFTING AND MOVING GALLON BARRELS
Safe Handling of Chemicals

1. Task
2. Problem
4. Results
IMPROVED HOPPER AREA FOR SACK HANDLING

1. Task
2. Problem
4. Results
ZONE ONE FORK-LIFT TRUCK

1. Task
2. Problem
4. Results
PAINT AND SOLVENT CONTAINER HANDLING

1. Task
2. Problem
4. Results
CHEMICAL TRANSFER

1. Task
2. Problem
4. Results
CHEMICAL DRUM HANDLING

HAZARD COMMUNICATION environmental standard

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