World history & geog presentation feudalismJoseph Oloba
The Middle Ages or medieval time is believed to have started with the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 and to have lasted about 1,000 years until about 1450.
The beginning of the Middle Ages is called the Dark Ages because the great civilizations of Rome and Greece had been conquered.
The adjective feudal was coined in the 17th century, and the noun feudalism, often used in a political and propaganda context, was not coined until the 19th century (Elizabeth A. R. Brown, 1974) .
Since at least the 1960s, when Marc Bloch's Feudal Society (1939) was first translated into English in 1961, many medieval historians have included a broader social aspect that includes not only the nobility but all three estates of the realm, adding the peasantry bonds of manorialism and the estates of the Church; this is sometimes referred to as "feudal society" since it encompasses all members of society into the feudal system.
World history & geog presentation feudalismJoseph Oloba
The Middle Ages or medieval time is believed to have started with the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 and to have lasted about 1,000 years until about 1450.
The beginning of the Middle Ages is called the Dark Ages because the great civilizations of Rome and Greece had been conquered.
The adjective feudal was coined in the 17th century, and the noun feudalism, often used in a political and propaganda context, was not coined until the 19th century (Elizabeth A. R. Brown, 1974) .
Since at least the 1960s, when Marc Bloch's Feudal Society (1939) was first translated into English in 1961, many medieval historians have included a broader social aspect that includes not only the nobility but all three estates of the realm, adding the peasantry bonds of manorialism and the estates of the Church; this is sometimes referred to as "feudal society" since it encompasses all members of society into the feudal system.
Interactive Lecture- Life After the Western Roman EmpireDanielleBennett26
Lecture regarding the rise of feudalism including subtopics on the invasions of the barbarians, rise of manors, adoption of Roman aspects of civilization, and European geography
Interactive Lecture- Life After the Western Roman EmpireDanielleBennett26
Lecture regarding the rise of feudalism including subtopics on the invasions of the barbarians, rise of manors, adoption of Roman aspects of civilization, and European geography
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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1. World Civilizations and Cultures
HS 201
Lecture 011
Circumstances Responsible for
the Emergence of Feudalism
Western Europe
IIT Gandhinagar
2. What is Feudalism?
• Concept is relatively a modern one, did not appear until the 19th
century CE
• The medieval society consisted of nobles and vassals and
peasant and slaves; however the actual sense of feudal theory
was not realized
• Feudal theory: a set of feudal principles to construct a social
and political framework
• The broader picture is that feudalism emerged during the
course of evolution of societies under certain environmental and
political conditions
3. What is Feudalism?
• Concept is relatively a modern one, did not appear until the 19th
century CE
• The medieval society consisted of nobles and vassals and
peasant and slaves; however the actual sense of feudal theory
was not realized
• Feudal theory: a set of feudal principles to construct a social
and political framework
• The broader picture is that feudalism emerged during the
course of evolution of societies under certain environmental and
political conditions
4. What is Feudalism?
• H.A. Cronne lists four broad elements that went into the making
of feudalism
• personal element
• tenurial element
• judicial element
• military element
5. What is Feudalism?
• “Feudal” referred to an economy and society
• marked by wide contrasts between rich and poor, a
miserable and exploited peasantry, and an unresponsive,
unproductive economy
• workers moved to their labours not by incentive production,
but by force and coercion by state, for benefit of rich
6. What is Feudalism?
• Marx and Engels characterize the human development as:
• Primitive communism, poor and unproductive in the
beginning;
• Slavery, allowed greater wealth at the cost of human
degradation;
• Feudalism;
• Capitalism
• Return of communism, triumphant and wealthy
• Economic Historians
• ‘Feudal Rent’, a valid and cornerstone in the social and
economic structure of medieval society
• Marc Bloch: characteristics of a society to be ‘feudal’:
A subject peasantry; widespread use of the service tenement (i.e. the
fief) instead of salary; supremacy of a class of specialized warriors;
ties of obedience and protection which bind man to man;
fragmentation of authority; and, in the midst of all this, survival of
other forms of association, family and State
Primitive communism, poor and
unproductive in the beginning
Slavery, allowed greater wealth
at the cost of human
degradation
Feudalism
Capitalism
Return of communism,
triumphant and wealthy
Marx and Engels
7. Feudalism (explanations: Heinrich Brunner)
• Historians, tracing the antecedents of feudalism, identify a
similar system as early as Romans
• Identifying the lines along which the basic institutions, customs,
and traditions associated with it grew and changes
• Important also was the personal tie between the warriors and
their chiefs known as vassalage, and the distinct land grant
associated with it, known as fief
• Questions regarding the emergence, role and reasons for the
rise of Knights in the warfare of Europe or particularly Western
Europe; and, in society and governance
• Contrasting features of ancient and medieval warfare, the latter
replacing the foot soldiers of ancient period by mounted warrior
or knights as main support of armies
• When and why this change occurred?
• Heinrich Brunner (1877)
• King Pepin in 755, gave more fodder to the army; changed
the tribute received from cattle to horses in 758; indicating
need for horses
8th c. CE-King Pepin-took
measures for more horses
Reason: Rise of Arabs and their
reach up to Spain
Need for cavalry, expensive to maintain,
origin of fief, diversion of resources from
church and institutions
Mounted horsemen, given land grants,
condition to serve as vassals
People who could not afford,
peasantry and serfs
Heinrich Brunner
8. • Thus, the ninth century Europe acquired the basic traits of
feudal system:
• A dependent peasantry and warrior aristocracy
• Both tied to the king or chief, and in turn tied to peasantry
and aristocracy, by the bonds of fief and vassalage
• Later scholars disagree with Brunner’s hypothesis of domination
of Arab cavalry; instead, suggest there was a growing necessity
of cavalry and hence increase in horses
• Lynn White in his Medieval Technology and Social Change
replaces the Arab challenge with new tools like stirrups, but
followed the same sequence of Brunner
• Charles Martel adopted this system from the Arabs, which
helped in better manoeuvring on horseback and enabled
wielding the swords, launching arrows
• The warfare was revolutionized, mounted horsemen or Knight
gained supremacy
Feudalism (explanations: Lynn White)
Introduction of new tools like
stirrups, enabled better warfars
Charles Martel adopted this
system from the Arabs
Warfare revolutionised, mounted
horsemen or Knights gained supremacy
Origin of fiefs, to support the vassals and
serve them
Origin of chivalry
Lynn White
9. • Fiefs were introduced to basically support the warring elites;
personal obligations also imposed upon them
• The nobilities trained their lineage in the new warfare, along
with professional and educational experience, which created a
subculture, chivalry (derived from Latin word for horse cabillus)
• Henri Pirenne, proposed that due to the nature of
Mediterranean world and trade, unification was possible, and
Romans benefitted by this extensive trade and amassed wealth
• The bureaucracy and professional army could be maintained
successfully with the vast revenues available
• The arrival of Arabs in 7th century CE, broke the continuity of
trade, forced to return to agrarian practices
• Chalemagne (King of Franks, 768-814 CE) reorganised the
army in view of the threat of Arabs, engaged the army and
soldiers in return for land grants, due to lesser revenue, as fiefs
• According to Pirenne, medieval feudal society was
inconceivable without the Saracen expansion and destruction of
Mediterranean trade
Feudalism (explanations: Henri Pirenne)
Mediterranean trade enabled
amassing of wealth
Allowed maintenance of
bureaucracy, army, expeditions
Rise of Arabs and their
conquests led to disruption
To counter, creation of effective
army set up, land grants due to
lesser revenues
Main reasons: Saracen
expansion and disruption of
Mediterranean trade
Henri Pirenne
10. • March Bloch’s book on Feudal Society, translated into English
in 1965 offers explanations for reconstructing ‘past social
environment’
• Identifies two fundamentally different stages of feudal ages
• The first feudal age (9th & 10th c. CE) was marked by
• low density of populations, considerable lesser number of
individuals, in comparison to even 18th century CE
examples; large tracts of wastelands encroaching the
farmlands
• Difficulties in intercommunication due to vast neglect of
already available road networks; dangers in travel
• Slow economy due to disconnection in several trade routes,
balance of economy not in favour of Europe
• The second feudal age during 11th and 12th c. CE
• Marked by widespread repopulation, efforts to remove the
wastelands, create opportunities to expand agriculture and
economy
Feudalism (explanations: Marc Bloch)
First Feudal and Second Feudal
Ages
First: Low density of population,
difficulties in communication,
slow economy
Second: Increase in population,
effective practices increase in
revenue
Nobles and vassals played a
crucial role, land grants, tax
collection effective
Emergence of horsemen
warriors
March Bloch
11. • The second feudal age during 11th and 12th c. CE
• Kings and nobles ensured security of passages and roads,
improved the economy; themselves prospered through
levying taxes
• Contacts with other regions grew, extensive sea networks
and establishment of port towns, connected the hinterlands
• The balance of trade with east went a rapid change, now
export of cloth became an important commodity, which
favoured Europe
• The nobles or the vassals played a major role in this
transformation due to land grants and other benefits
extended to them
• The emergence of horseman warrior, cavalry and other
paraphernalia follows the writings of other historians and
scholars
• Heavy cavalry of Knights and light equipped horseman
known as ‘serjeants’
Feudalism (explanations: Marc Bloch)
First Feudal and Second Feudal
Ages
First: Low density of population,
difficulties in communication,
slow economy
Second: Increase in population,
effective practices increase in
revenue
Nobles and vassals played a
crucial role, land grants, tax
collection effective
Emergence of horsemen
warriors
March Bloch
