cell types function and parts

1. Cell – Basic
unit of life

2. Cells
•Smallest living unit
•Most are microscopic

3. Discovery of Cells
• Robert Hooke (1665)
• Observed sliver of cork
• Saw “row of empty boxes”
• Coined the term cell

4. Cell theory
• (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”
• (1855) Rudolf Virchow
“Omnis cellula e cellula ” all cells arise from pre-existing
cells

5. Principles of Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells
• Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is
the cell
• All cells arise from preexisting cells
(this principle discarded the idea of
spontaneous generation)

6. Cell Size

7. Cells Have Large Surface
Area-to-Volume Ratio

8. Cells have high surface area to volume ratio
• This allows them to rely on oxygen and materials diffusing in to the
cell (and wastes diffusing out) in order to survive.

9. Characteristics of All Cells
• A surrounding membrane
• Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
• Organelles – structures for cell function
• Control center with DNA

10. Cell Types
•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic

11. Prokaryotic Cells
 First cell type on earth
 Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
(kingdom Monera))

12. Prokaryotic Cells
• No membrane bound nucleus
• Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
• Organelles not bound by membranes

13. Eukaryotic Cells
• Nucleus bound by membrane
• Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
• Possess many organelles
Protozoan

15. THE UNIVERSE INSIDE OUR CELLS
• Zoom into your own body to see the
different cells that make up your
heart, brain and bones.
• These trillions building block of
cells are communicating with each
other every moment of our lives.
• As the house is made by BRICKS.

17. ANIMAL CELL

18. PLANT CELL

20. CELL ORGANELLES
 The cellular components are called the Cell Organelles.
 These cell organelles are membrane-bound, present within the cells
and are distinct in their structures and functions.
 They coordinate with their functions efficiently for the normal
functioning of the cell.
 There are various organelles present within the cell and
are classified into three categories based on the presence or
absence of membrane.
https://youtu.be/JL19uv7NT7s?si=TzMAAkD
l_8xKtN0e

21. TYPES OF CELL ORGANELLES
 Organelles without membrane: The Cell wall, Ribosomes, Centrosome and
Cytoskeleton are without membrane-bound cell organelles.
 Single membrane-bound organelles: Vacuole, Lysosome, Golgi Apparatus,
Endoplasmic Reticulum are single membrane-bound organelles present
only in a eukaryotic cell.
 Double membrane-bound organelles: Mitochondria and chloroplast are
double membrane-bound organelles present only in a eukaryotic cell.

22. CELL ORGANELLES

23. Movement Across the Plasma Membrane
• A few molecules move freely
• Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
• Carrier proteins transport some molecules
• Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
• Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins
https://youtu.be/qBCVVszQQNs?si=HZwyiLzhjdggQpeV

25. Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or transporters
• Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
• Recognize certain chemicals

26. Membrane Proteins
3. Glycoproteins
• Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
• Catalyze production of substances

27. CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION
• Passive Transport
• Active Transport
• Endocytosis
(phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
• Exocytosis

28. Passive Transport
• No energy required
• Move due to gradient
• differences in concentration, pressure, charge
• Move to equalize gradient
• High moves toward low

29. Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion

30. Diffusion
• Molecules move to equalize concentration

31. Osmosis
• Special form of diffusion
• Fluid flows from lower solute concentration
• Often involves movement of water
• Into cell
• Out of cell

32. Solution Differences & Cells
• solvent + solute = solution
• Hypotonic
• Solutes in cell more than outside
• Outside solvent will flow into cell And cell will swell
• Isotonic
• Solutes equal inside & out of cell no transport
• Hypertonic
• Solutes greater outside cell
• Fluid will flow out and shrink

34. Facilitated Diffusion
• Differentially permeable membrane
• Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell
• Channels usually are transport proteins
(aquaporins facilitate the movement of water)
• No energy is used

35. Process of Facilitated Transport
• Protein binds with molecule
• Shape of protein changes
• Molecule moves across membrane

36. Active Transport
• Molecular movement
• Requires energy (against gradient)
• Example is sodium-potassium pump

37. Endocytosis
• Movement of large material
• Particles
• Organisms
• Large molecules
• Movement is into cells
• Types of endocytosis
• bulk-phase (nonspecific)
• receptor-mediated (specific)

38. Process of Endocytosis
• Plasma membrane surrounds material
• Edges of membrane meet
• Membranes fuse to form vesicle

39. Forms of Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis – cell eating
• Pinocytosis – cell drinking

40. Exocytosis
• Reverse of endocytosis
• Cell discharges material

41. Exocytosis
• Vesicle moves to cell surface
• Membrane of vesicle fuses
• Materials expelled

42. Cell Walls
• Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
• Surrounds plasma membrane

43. Cell Wall Differences
 Plants – mostly cellulose
 Fungi – contain chitin
 Bactria- Peptidoglycon or Murin

44. Cytoplasm
• Viscous fluid containing organelles
• components of cytoplasm
• Interconnected filaments & fibers
• Fluid = cytosol
• Organelles (not nucleus)
• storage substances

45. Centrioles
• Pairs of microtubular structures
• Play a role in cell division

46. DNA
• Hereditary material
• Chromosomes
• DNA
• Protiens
• Form for cell division
• Chromatin

47. Nucleolus
• Most cells have 2 or more
• Directs synthesis of RNA
• Forms ribosomes

48. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Helps move substances within cells
• Network of interconnected membranes
• Two types
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

49. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Ribosomes attached to surface
• Manufacture protiens
• Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
• May modify proteins from ribosomes

50. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• No attached ribosome
• Has enzymes that help build molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids

51. Golgi Apparatus
• Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
• Packaging & shipping station of cell

52. Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi

53. Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued)
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents

55. Lysosomes
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Functions
• Aid in cell renewal
• Break down old cell parts
• Digests invaders

56. CELL ORGANELLES
1 NUCLEUS
2 GOLGI BODY
3 PLASMA MEMBRANE
4 CYTOPLASM
5 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
6 MITOCHONDRIA
7 LYSOSOME
8 VACUOLES
9 RIBOSOMES
10 MICROBODIES
(a) PEROXIXOMES
(b) GLYOXYSOME
DISCOVERY
1 ROBERT BROWN(1831)
2 CAMEILLIO GOLGI
3 SCHWANN(1838)
4 STRASBURGER(1882)
5 PORTER(1943)AND NAMED
IN(1953)
6 ALTAMAN(1894)AND NAMED BY
BENDA(1897)
7 de DUVE(1955)
8 SPALLANZONI
9 ROBINSON AND BROWN (1953)
IN PLANT CELL AND PALADE(1955)
IN ANIMAL CELL
10 RHODIN(1954)
(a)de DUVE(1965)
(b)BRIEDENBACH(1967)

58. Comparison between Plant cell and
Animal cell
PLANT CELL
Shape
Square or rectangular in shape
Size
40-100 micrometers
Cell wall
Present
Cell membrane
Present
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, Cytoplasm, ribosomes
Present
Lysosomes
Absent
ANIMAL CELL
Shape
Irregular or round in shape
Size
10-20 micrometers
Cell wall
Absent
Cell membrane
Present
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, Cytoplasm, ribosomes
Present
Lysosomes
Present

59. Contd…
Nucleus
Present and lies on one side of the
cell
Plastids
Present
Vacuoles
Few large or a single, centrally
positioned vacuole
Cilia
Absent
Mitochondria
Present but fewer in number
Centrioles and centrosomes
absent
Mode of Nutrition
Primarily autotrophic
Nucleus
Present and lies in the center of
the cell
Plastids
Absent
Vacuoles
usually small and numerous
Cilia
Present in most of the animal cells
Mitochondria
Present and are numerous
Centrioles and centrosomes
Present
Mode of nutrition
Heterotrophic

61. https://youtu.be/ApvxVtBJxd0?si
=LnERnZvxLB6UtW3T
https://www.liveworksheets.com
/w/en/natural-science/368668

62. End Chapter