Hpai class 15 - genes, mini-modules, and learning

CIIC 5995-100 / ICOM 5995-100
Human Perspective in Artificial Intelligence
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“Each of us is what we have allowed the world to create us to be.”
– Dr. José Meléndez (https://perspectivescience.com/about-1)
CIIC 5995-100 / ICOM 5995-100
Human Perspective in Artificial Intelligence
(HPAI)
Professor José Meléndez, PhD

Next Up
• Genes
• Mini-Modules
• Learning

Cells - Generally
https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/what-is-cytosol-how-is-it-different-from-cytoplasm.html
• Cytosol is fluid inside living cell
• Cytoplasm consists of cytosol and insoluble suspended
particles (e.g., ribosomes)

Cells - Cytosol
• Cytosol is the host of almost all chemical reactions and
metabolic processes that take place within the cell
• Cytosol is the site for cell communication

Cells - Generally
• Cytosol is fluid inside living cell
• Cytoplasm consists of cytosol and insoluble suspended
particles (e.g., ribosomes)
120 nm
COVID-19

Chromosomes
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/chromosome
• The DNA molecule is
packaged into thread-like
structures called
chromosomes.
• Each chromosome is made up
of DNA tightly coiled many
times around proteins called
histones that support its
structure.
• The DNA that makes up
chromosomes becomes more
tightly packed during cell
division and is then visible
under a microscope.
• Each chromosome has a
constriction point called the
centromere, which divides
the chromosome into two
sections, or “arms.”

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/dna
• Hereditary material in humans and other organisms
• Nearly every cell in a person’s body has nearly the same DNA
• Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus
• The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four
chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and
thymine (T).
• DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to
form units called base pairs
• The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the
information available for building and maintaining an
organism
• Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than
99 percent of those bases are the same in all people.
• Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern
for duplicating the sequence of bases

Base 4 Numerical System - Encoding
• A, C, G, T corresponding to 0, 1, 2, 3
• AGTAACGT = 02300123
• Base 2 is Binary
• A, C, G, T corresponding to 00, 01, 10, 11
• AGTAACGTT = 0010110000011011
• If 0s and 1s can store any image, sound or other data, then so
can DNA
• In Hexadecimal AGTAACGTT = 2C1B
• But DNA appears to “act” through Genes which are comprised
of many more base pairs (from ~102 to ~105)

Genes
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene
• Genes are made up of DNA
• Only about 1 percent of DNA is made of protein-coding genes
• Noncoding DNA does not provide instructions for making proteins
• Noncoding DNA is not “junk”.

Genes
https://www.genome.gov/dnaday/q.cfm?aid=639&year=2010
• DNA is characterized by long term memory
• DNA acts through Genes which are comprised of many base
pairs (from ~102 to ~106)
• The smallest gene(s) are the tRNA's that are 76 base pairs long
• A larger gene in the human genome is Titin (80,781 base pairs)
• Approximately 25,000 Human Genes in each cell
• Gene “expression” is variable è

What is Noncoding DNA?
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/noncodingdna
• 99 percent of DNA is noncoding
• Integral to cellular function and the control of gene activity
• Determine when and where genes are turned on and off
• Examples of Noncoding DNA regulatory types:
• Promoters provide binding sites for the protein machinery that carries
out transcription.
• Promoters are typically found just ahead of the gene on the DNA
strand.
• Enhancers provide binding sites for proteins that help activate
transcription.
• Enhancers can be found on the DNA strand before or after the gene
they control, sometimes far away.
• Silencers provide binding sites for proteins that repress transcription.
• Like enhancers, silencers can be found before or after the gene they
control and can be some distance away on the DNA strand.

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
https://cdn.technologynetworks.com/tn/images/thumbs/jpeg/640_360/what-are-the-key-differences-between-dna-and-rna-296719.jpg
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transcribes DNA Genes
• RNA is comprised of Uracil instead of Thymine

Ribosomes
• Ribosomes manufacture proteins based on mRNA instructions
• Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) decodes mRNA sequence

Covid-19 “free” RNA Instructions
Ribosomes manufacture proteins based on mRNA instructions

Cellular Biology Summary
• Brain Cells have a Nucleus
• The Nucleus has Chromosomes
• The Chromosomes are comprised of DNA
• DNA is comprised of Genes (and noncoding DNA)
• Genes encode mRNA
• mRNA is used in Ribosomes with tRNA to make proteins.
• Proteins are the spice of life.
• Memory could be formed by any or all of the cell parts
starting from the DNA to the proteins to the dendrites/axons -
either in composition, concentrations, connections, or even in
physical shape.
• Cellular memory could be digital, analog, or both.

Next Up
• Mini-Modules
• Applied Learning ScanQR Code to Verify your Class Attendance

Modular Thinking Collective
His search to understand intelligence
led him to think of people as
machines—which Xiao says he viewed
as a good thing. In one essay, by
imagining human thought as
“modules,” he envisions people
becoming more in touch with their
internal processes. Instead of thinking,
“I want a piece of cake,” people could
think, “One of my modules wants a
piece of cake,” thus leaving room for
other modules to disagree (perhaps
because you already ate a piece of
cake and don’t really need another).

Required Reading
An electronic version of the book is available online at:
http://www.acad.bg/ebook/ml/Society%20of%20Mind.pdf
p. 20: The Society of Mind
p. 40: One Self or Many?
p. 44: Self-Control
p. 288: Minds and Machines
Chapter 30: Mental Models (pp. 300-308)

Remember the HSI Model
• Human Systems Interconnection (HSI) Model
• The 7 Layers of the Hierarchical HSI Model
• Host Layers 6-7 & Importance of Simulated Reality
• Mini-Modules Layers 4-5 & Importance of Pre-Conceptions
• Media Layers 1-3 & Extensiveness of Human Communication

Mini-Modules of the HSI Model
Layer # Layer Group Layer Name Layer Description
7 Host Conscious Thought
The Conscious Thought Layer within the host provides a human's sense of self
including awareness and the sense of experiencing (inclusive of emotions ). Its
information regarding the world is as presented by Layer 6.
6 Host Presentation (Simulated Reality)
The Presentation Layer creates a human's representation of the world as a
simulated, virtual reality. It selects and transforms conceptual information from
Layer 5 for the consideration of the Host's Consciousness and transfers Host
directives to Mini-Modules for further action.
5 Mini-Module Subconscious Thought
The Subconscious Thought Layer applies learned concepts to incoming pre-
processed signal data from Layer 4 to simplify and otherwise reduce the amount
of information otherwise sent to the Host Layers for consideration. It also
deconstructs concept requests from the Host into requests for Layer 4.
4 Mini-Module Subconscious Processing
The Subconscious Processing Layer receives and pre-processes bioelectric signals
of both external and internal (memory) origin. It also formats and transfers
directives received from Layer 5 to the appropriate bioelectrical signaling channels
of Layer 3.
3 Media Bioelectrical Signaling
The Bioelectric Signaling layer essentially consists of the interbody pathways of
the human nervous system that transmit action signals to and receive sensory
signals from Layer 2. It forwards sensory information to and receives directives
from Layer 4.
2 Media Actuators / Receptors
The Actuators / Receptors Layer functions to produce forces and motion in
accordance with the directives of the signals received from Layer 3 and also
responds to the interactions with the sensible energies of Layer 1.
1 Media Occurrences
The Occurrences Layer functions as the first level of interaction with that which is
made to happen, or happens and can ultimately be felt, heard, seen, tasted, or
smelled. Occurrences may arise outside of and/or inside of the body.

Human Systems Interconnection (HSI) Model
HOST LAYERS
Layer 7
Conscious Thought
Layer 6
Presentation
(Simulated Reality)
MINI-MODULE LAYERS
Layer 5
Subconscious Thought
(Concept Application)
Layer 4
Subconscious Processing
MEDIA LAYERS
Layer 3
Bioelectrical Signaling
Layer 2
Actuators / Receptors
Layer 1
Occurrences
(Sensible Energies)
Typically Aware of Simulated Reality
Instance 1 Instance NA7

HOST LAYERS
Layer 7
Conscious Thought
Layer 6
Presentation
(Simulated Reality)
MINI-MODULE LAYERS
Layer 5
Layer 4
MEDIA LAYERS
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Occurrences
(Sensible Energies)
Typically Aware of Simulated Reality
EVEN WHEN WRONG

Mini Mind Modules
HOST LAYERS
Layer 7
Conscious Thought
Layer 6
Presentation
(Simulated Reality)
MINI-MODULE LAYERS
Layer 5
Layer 4
MEDIA LAYERS
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Occurrences
(Sensible Energies)
What is going on in here?
How do we find out?

Internal Host to Mini-Module Communication
HOST LAYERS
Layer 7
Conscious Thought
Layer 6
Presentation
(Simulated Reality)
MINI-MODULE LAYERS
Layer 5
Layer 4
MEDIA LAYERS
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Occurrences
(Sensible Energies)
How do we find out?

“Automatic Responses” to External Stimuli
HOST LAYERS
Layer 7
Conscious Thought
Layer 6
Presentation
(Simulated Reality)
MINI-MODULE LAYERS
Layer 5
Layer 4
MEDIA LAYERS
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Occurrences
(Sensible Energies)
How do we find out?

HOST LAYERS
Layer 7
Conscious Thought
Layer 6
Presentation
(Simulated Reality)
MINI-MODULE LAYERS
Layer 5
Layer 4
MEDIA LAYERS
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Occurrences
(Sensible Energies)
Screen
How do we find out?

“Reading” People
What adjectives best describe this person?

Are you biased?
SET A:
• Supportive
• Emotional
• Helpful
• Sensitive
• Fragile
SET B:
• Leader
• Provider
• Assertive
• Strong
• Driven
Image from www.Pixabay.com
Which set of adjectives best describes each person?

Flip It to Test It®
https://udallas.edu/cob/cob-news/flip-it-to-test-it

Artificial Neural Networks
Mini Mind Modules – Inner Robots & Bias
HOST LAYERS
Layer 7
Conscious Thought
Layer 6
Presentation
(Simulated Reality)
MINI-MODULE LAYERS
Layer 5
Layer 4
MEDIA LAYERS
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Occurrences
(Sensible Energies)
Inputs of Data, Images, Text…
Mountain
Lake
Sky
How do we find out?
AI “Black Box”

Artificial Neural Networks
HOST LAYERS
Layer 7
Conscious Thought
Layer 6
Presentation
(Simulated Reality)
MINI-MODULE LAYERS
Layer 5
Layer 4
MEDIA LAYERS
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Occurrences
(Sensible Energies)Inputs of Data, Images, Text…
Leader
Assertive
Driven
Identify & Explore
Processes
Under Specific Sets
Of Circumstances

HOST LAYERS
Layer 7
Conscious Thought
Layer 6
Presentation
(Simulated Reality)
MINI-MODULE LAYERS
Layer 5
Layer 4
MEDIA LAYERS
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Occurrences
(Sensible Energies)
Choose a topic for your project report
relevant to
For example, further related to:
Artificial Intelligence,
Learning,
Flip It to Test It,
Gender Bias,
And more.
Demonstration of software
is otherwise optional,
but provided for as an opportunity
for those students who would like
to exercise their programming skills
Screens of Data, Images, Text…

Homework #6: Project Report Brief
• Project Report Brief (Monday, April 13, 2020)
• Project Title
• Relevancy to Topic
• Explain how your project is especially relevant to the topic:
• Detailed Project Description
• Minimum 500 words
• And a Model
• At least 3 literature references you have reviewed.
• Will you have a software demonstration? Yes/No
• This HW#6 is already available in Moodle.

Next Up
• Learning
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Hpai class 15 - genes, mini-modules, and learning

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