Hpai class 14 - brain cells and memory - 031620

1. CIIC 5995-100 / ICOM 5995-100
Human Perspective in Artificial Intelligence
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2. Next Up
• Perception
• Making sense of the senses
• Language - DEFERRED

3. CIIC 5995-100 / ICOM 5995-100
Human Perspective in Artificial Intelligence
(HPAI)
Professor José Meléndez, PhD
“My memories are impossible to hold, yet somehow they stay inside of my head.”
- Dr. José Meléndez

4. Next Up
• Artificial vs Human Memory
• Human Memory
• Mine and Yours – Virtual Round Table Discussion
• Mine and Yours – Learning in the Age of Google
• Exam, Report, and Homework
• Inside the Brain - Neurons, Glia and More
• Functional Descriptions
3D Rendered Neuron: http://cinpla.org/2015/02/10/creating-a-3d-neuron-scene-in-blender-3/

5. Human Memory
VIRTUAL ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION
• What we know about memory:

6. Human Memory – Descriptions
• Describe human memory – yours…

7. Human Memory – Attributes
• What are characteristics of your memories?

8. Human Memory – What We Remember
• Think about what types of memories you have…

9. Next Up
• Artificial vs Human Memory
• Human Memory
• Mine and Yours – Learning in the Age of Google
• Exam, Report, and Homework
• Inside the Brain - Neurons, Glia and More
• Functional Descriptions
3D Rendered Neuron: http://cinpla.org/2015/02/10/creating-a-3d-neuron-scene-in-blender-3/

10. Memory & Learning in the Google Age
What did you memorize as K-12 learners that is
information easily found on the internet?

11. Memory & Learning in the Google Age
If K-12 learners do not need to memorize as many
things, what should they spend that time learning?

12. Next Up
• Artificial vs Human Memory
• Human Memory
• Exam, Report, and Homework
• Inside the Brain - Neurons, Glia and More
• Functional Descriptions
3D Rendered Neuron: http://cinpla.org/2015/02/10/creating-a-3d-neuron-scene-in-blender-3/

13. Exam, Report, and Homework
• Homework #5 (postponed)
• Previously due on Monday, March 30, 2020, has been
postponed
• New due date to be announced at a future date.
• Exam #2 (unchanged)
• Scheduled as Planned for Wednesday, April 22, 2020
• Online as before, but this time no in-class portion.
• Project Report & Software
• Due Monday, May 6, 2020
• “Mini Mind Modules – Inner Robots & Bias”
• Homework #6 (unchanged)
• This is your Project Report Brief due Monday, April 13, 2020
by 11:59PM

14. Project Report & Software - Monday, May 6, 2020
In this course, students will choose a specific topic for their Project
Report that must be relevant to the course subject matter and especially
relevant to Mini Mind Modules – Inner Robots & Bias. It is important
to emphasize that the Project Report must be submitted on time, on or
before the date established. Project Reports submitted after the Final
Due Date will not be evaluated and will receive a zero. Exceptions to
this policy will be made only in exceptional evidenced situations where
timely communication is received, and still at the discretion of the
Instructor in accordance with the policy of UPRM. As such students are
encouraged to submit their Project Reports well in advance of the Due
Date. Reports are expected to be between 10-14 12-16 pages in PDF
format: double spaced and including figures and references.
Reports having 13 pages or less are expected to be accompanied with
an applicable software demonstration. Demonstration of software is
otherwise optional, but provided for as an opportunity for those students
who would like to exercise their programming skills. Students should
not take on software projects substantively beyond their skill levels.

15. Homework #6: Project Report Brief
• Project Report Brief (Monday, April 13, 2020)
• Project Title
• Relevancy to Topic
• Explain how your project is especially relevant to the topic:
Mini Mind Modules – Inner Robots & Bias
• Detailed Project Description
• At least 3 literature references.
• Will you have a software demonstration? Yes/No
• This HW#6 is already available in Moodle.

16. Required Reading
• Brain Basics: Genes At Work In The Brain
• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
• https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-
Education/Genes-Work-Brain
• How Emotions are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain
• Chapter 5: Concepts, Goals, and Words
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17. Next Up
• Artificial vs Human Memory
• Human Memory
• Inside the Brain - Neurons, Glia and More
• Functional Descriptions
3D Rendered Neuron: http://cinpla.org/2015/02/10/creating-a-3d-neuron-scene-in-blender-3/

18. Brain & Central Nervous System Structure
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Diencephalon
• Brain-Stem
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/78/32/e8/7832e8fa64810126a43f61c5f414e476.jpg

19. Brain Cells - Types
• Neurons
• ~1011 Neurons (nerve cells) in Human Brain
• Regarded as cellular substrate of cognitive abilities
• Action potential communicators
• Glia
• ~1011 Glia cells in Human Brain
• Support function for the nerve cells
• Involvement in tissue repair
• Three Types
• Astrocytes
• Oligodendrocytes
• Microglia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27187682

20. Brain Cells - Neurons
• Neurons consists of three main parts:
• The bulbous part of a neuron is called the soma and contains
the cell nucleus.
• From the soma, one axon ( a “cable-like” projection), often
myelinated, extends, which propagates signals to other cells
(neurons, muscle, etc.). The axon forms synapses at its
terminal part, when it its “contacting” other cells.
• The soma is also covered by dendrites, which in most case
are the “receiving” entity, which are connected to axon
terminals of other neurons.
https://www.body-and-brain.com/brain-cells.html

21. Brain Cells - Dendrites
• 3 Dimensional Geometry can Store Information
https://3dprint.nih.gov/discover/3dpx-000529
3D Printed Neurons
Encode a picture of yourself into some aspect of a Neuron
(Physical, biochemical, compositional, a “network”, …
3D Rendered Neuron: http://cinpla.org/2015/02/10/creating-a-3d-neuron-scene-in-blender-3/

22. Brain Cells - Dendrites
• 3 Dimensional geometry could store Information
• Also composition, length, width, connectivity,…
• Alternatively dendrites could comprise analog memory
0
1
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
Side View Top View

23. Brain Cells – About Astrocytes
• Memory formation during learning requires
some suppression of retrieval of past memories
to avoid interference.
• Acetylcholine (ACh) is released in the
hippocampus when animals learn, and
disruption of cholinergic signaling impairs
memory formation.
• Astrocytes perform various functions including
releasing neurotransmitter glutamate.
• Astrocytes promote experiential learning by
converting cholinergic input into glutamatergic
activation of inhibitory interneurons in the
hippocampus.
http://stke.sciencemag.org/content/9/430/ec126

24. Brain Cells - Characteristics
Cell Membrane and Transmembrane Proteins:
• The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid
bilayer
• Transmembrane proteins include different types of
channel proteins that serve as ion channels.
https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/12-4-the-action-potential/

25. Brain Cells - Neurotransmitters
Ligand-Gated Channels. When the ligand, in this case
the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), binds to a
specific location on the extracellular surface of the
channel protein, the pore opens to allow select ions
through. The ions, in this case, are cations of sodium,
calcium, and potassium.
https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/12-4-the-action-potential/

26. Brain Cells - Repolarization
Voltage-Gated Channels. Voltage-gated channels
open when the transmembrane voltage changes
around them. Amino acids in the structure of the
protein are sensitive to charge and cause the pore to
open to the selected ion.
https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/12-4-the-action-potential/

27. Brain Cells – Action Potential
Graph of Action Potential. Plotting voltage measured
across the cell membrane against time, the action
potential begins with depolarization, followed by
repolarization, which goes past the resting potential
into hyperpolarization, and finally the membrane
returns to rest.
https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/12-4-the-action-potential/
1 msec

28. Brain Cells – Action Potential
• Sodium-based action potentials usually last for
under one millisecond
• Calcium-based action potentials may last for 100
milliseconds or longer.
• Mean conduction velocity 1 m/s to over 100 m/s
https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/12-4-the-action-potential/

29. Cells - Generally
https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/what-is-cytosol-how-is-it-different-from-cytoplasm.html
• Cytosol is fluid inside living cell
• Cytoplasm consists of cytosol and insoluble suspended
particles (e.g., ribosomes)

30. Cells - Cytosol
https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/what-is-cytosol-how-is-it-different-from-cytoplasm.html
• Cytosol is the host of almost all chemical reactions and
metabolic processes that take place within the cell
• Cytosol is the site for cell communication

31. Nucleus
https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/what-is-cytosol-how-is-it-different-from-cytoplasm.html
• Nucleus contains the majority of cell's genetic material
• The DNA molecules, along with proteins, form chromosomes

32. Chromosomes
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/chromosome
• The DNA molecule is
packaged into thread-like
structures called
chromosomes.
• Each chromosome is made up
of DNA tightly coiled many
times around proteins called
histones that support its
structure.
• The DNA that makes up
chromosomes becomes more
tightly packed during cell
division and is then visible
under a microscope.
• Each chromosome has a
constriction point called the
centromere, which divides
the chromosome into two
sections, or “arms.”

33. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/dna
• Hereditary material in humans and other organisms
• Nearly every cell in a person’s body has nearly the same DNA
• Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus
• The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four
chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and
thymine (T).
• DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to
form units called base pairs
• The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the
information available for building and maintaining an
organism
• Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than
99 percent of those bases are the same in all people.
• Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern
for duplicating the sequence of bases

34. Base 4 Numerical System - Encoding
https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/what-is-cytosol-how-is-it-different-from-cytoplasm.html
• A, C, G, T corresponding to 1, 2, 3, 4
• AGTAACGT = 1341123
• Base 2 is Binary
• A, C, G, T corresponding to 00, 01, 10, 11
• AGTAACGTT = 0010110000011011
• If 0s and 1s can store any image, sound or other data, then so
can DNA
• In Hexadecimal AGTAACGTT = 2C1B
• But DNA appears to “act” through Genes which are comprised
of many more base pairs (from ~102 to ~105)

35. Genes
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene
• Genes are made up of DNA
• Only about 1 percent of DNA is made of protein-coding genes
• Noncoding DNA does not provide instructions for making proteins
• Noncoding DNA is not “junk”.

36. Genes
https://www.genome.gov/dnaday/q.cfm?aid=639&year=2010
• DNA is characterized by long term memory
• DNA acts through Genes which are comprised of many base
pairs (from ~102 to ~106)
• The smallest gene(s) are the tRNA's that are 76 base pairs long
• A larger gene in the human genome is Titin (80,781 base pairs)
• Approximately 25,000 Human Genes in each cell
• Gene “expression” is variable è

37. What is Noncoding DNA?
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/noncodingdna
• 99 percent of DNA is noncoding
• Integral to cellular function and the control of gene activity
• Determine when and where genes are turned on and off
• Examples of Noncoding DNA regulatory types:
• Promoters provide binding sites for the protein machinery that carries
out transcription.
• Promoters are typically found just ahead of the gene on the DNA
strand.
• Enhancers provide binding sites for proteins that help activate
transcription.
• Enhancers can be found on the DNA strand before or after the gene
they control, sometimes far away.
• Silencers provide binding sites for proteins that repress transcription.
• Like enhancers, silencers can be found before or after the gene they
control and can be some distance away on the DNA strand.

38. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
https://cdn.technologynetworks.com/tn/images/thumbs/jpeg/640_360/what-are-the-key-differences-between-dna-and-rna-296719.jpg
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transcribes DNA Genes
• RNA is comprised of Uracil instead of Thymine

39. Ribosomes
https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/what-is-cytosol-how-is-it-different-from-cytoplasm.html
• Ribosomes manufacture proteins based on mRNA instructions
• Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) decodes mRNA sequence

40. Cellular Biology Summary
• Brain Cells have a Nucleus
• The Nucleus has Chromosomes
• The Chromosomes are comprised of DNA
• DNA is comprised of Genes (and noncoding DNA)
• Genes encode mRNA
• mRNA is used in Ribosomes with tRNA to make proteins.
• Proteins are the spice of life.
• Memory could be formed by any or all of the cell parts
starting from the DNA to the proteins to the dendrites/axons -
either in composition, concentrations, connections, or even in
physical shape.
• Cellular memory could be digital, analog, or both.

41. Next Up
• Artificial vs Human Memory
• Human Memory
• Functional Descriptions
3D Rendered Neuron: http://cinpla.org/2015/02/10/creating-a-3d-neuron-scene-in-blender-3/

42. Human Memory – Functional Descriptions (2019)
• Types of Memory by Duration:
• Long Term – Weeks, Months, and Years
• Short Term Memory – Minutes, Hours, Days
• Working Memory - Seconds
• Memory is not an exact replica
• We don’t store everything
• Thoughts are created from what is remembered
• Recreated thoughts may be manipulated
• We recall our last recollection
• The subconscious also contains memories
• Reliance on what is remembered is fallible

43. Human Memory – Attributes (2019)
• Songs & smells can trigger memories
• Memories can trigger memories (“chains”)
• Memory creates and uses “patterns”
• We remember facts and processes (“how too”)
• Habits are like memories – tendencies
• Playing a guitar is like a subconscious memory
• We forget things
• Perception of time is altered by memory

44. Human Memory – What We Remember (2019)
• Concepts
• Events (unusual)
• Signs (symbols)
• Associated feelings
• People
• Attributes
• Senses? (not exactly)
• Interpretation / Take Aways / Summary
• Language
• Objects

45. Next Up
• Language
• Inner Voice