Haystack is introducing a new mode called DASH7 XR Mode that can triple the range of LoRa networks. It utilizes advanced error correction techniques as well as automated receipt responses. Testing shows it can achieve 2-3x the range of LoRaWAN networks while preserving multi-year battery life. Private beta testing of XR Mode is now underway.
Recently published research (July 2019) has described a model for Bit Error Rate (BER) analysis of the LoRa PHY over a Rayleigh flat fading channel. Rayleigh flat fading channels are observable in environments where there’s a lot of multipath interference (e.g. dense urban, indoor, etc).
The LoRa PHY experiences significant degradation of sensitivity in Raleigh flat fading channels
Experimentation in an environment exhibiting Raleigh flat fading validates the model from the research.
Haystack XR2 encoding for LoRa was observed to yield roughly 30 dB gain to Packet Error Rate (PER) vs. default LoRaWAN encoding, in said experiment.
Haystack XR2 encoding for LoRa can yield enormous gains to efficiency, Quality of Service (QoS), and channel density for LoRa deployments in dense urban, indoor, or other environments where multipath dominates.
5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems is abbreviated as 5G, and proposed next telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G planning aims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of mobile broadband users, and supporting device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine communications. Its research and development also aims at lower latency than 4G equipment and lower battery consumption, for better implementation of the Internet of things.
Recently published research (July 2019) has described a model for Bit Error Rate (BER) analysis of the LoRa PHY over a Rayleigh flat fading channel. Rayleigh flat fading channels are observable in environments where there’s a lot of multipath interference (e.g. dense urban, indoor, etc).
The LoRa PHY experiences significant degradation of sensitivity in Raleigh flat fading channels
Experimentation in an environment exhibiting Raleigh flat fading validates the model from the research.
Haystack XR2 encoding for LoRa was observed to yield roughly 30 dB gain to Packet Error Rate (PER) vs. default LoRaWAN encoding, in said experiment.
Haystack XR2 encoding for LoRa can yield enormous gains to efficiency, Quality of Service (QoS), and channel density for LoRa deployments in dense urban, indoor, or other environments where multipath dominates.
5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems is abbreviated as 5G, and proposed next telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G planning aims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of mobile broadband users, and supporting device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine communications. Its research and development also aims at lower latency than 4G equipment and lower battery consumption, for better implementation of the Internet of things.
Tutorial at IEEE 802 LMSC Plenary Session, Dallas, TX, USA, Nov. 13, 2006 (with W. Steven Conner, Intel Corp., Jan Kruys, Cisco Systems, and Juan Carlos Zuniga, InterDigital Comm. Corp.).
Intermediate: 5G Applications Architecture - A look at Application Functions ...3G4G
In this tutorial we look at the 5G Applications architecture. We discuss 5G applications, application functions and application servers and how they fit together in a 5G Service Based Architecture
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
This SON tutorial is part of the 3GPP Self-Organizing Networks series (#3GPPSONSeries). In this part we will look at ANR or Automatic Neighbour Relationship. As part of ANR functionality, the base station asks the UE to report the cells even if the cells are not in the list of neighbouring cells. These ‘detected cells’ reported by the UE is used by the base station to maintain an updated neighbouring cells list.
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Overview of standardisation status and 3GPP technology evolution trend3G4G
Presented by Sylvia Lu, Senior Engineer, Cellular Technology, u-blox UK at Cambridge Wireless event Radio technology for 5G – making it work on 18 Sep 2018
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Presented by Tobias Engel <tobias@ccc.de>
Available to download from: https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf
Shared with permission
Overview of Haystack's DASH7 technology, features, & applications. Includes information on real-time outdoor and indoor location. Discussion of Haystack support for Semtech's LoRa LPWAN radio.
An overview of Haystack's security features for low power IoT networks. Unlike most IoT stacks, when Haystack invented DASH7, security was an a priori principle and led to the most secure networking stack available in the low power, wide area networking (LPWAN) space today.
Tutorial at IEEE 802 LMSC Plenary Session, Dallas, TX, USA, Nov. 13, 2006 (with W. Steven Conner, Intel Corp., Jan Kruys, Cisco Systems, and Juan Carlos Zuniga, InterDigital Comm. Corp.).
Intermediate: 5G Applications Architecture - A look at Application Functions ...3G4G
In this tutorial we look at the 5G Applications architecture. We discuss 5G applications, application functions and application servers and how they fit together in a 5G Service Based Architecture
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
This SON tutorial is part of the 3GPP Self-Organizing Networks series (#3GPPSONSeries). In this part we will look at ANR or Automatic Neighbour Relationship. As part of ANR functionality, the base station asks the UE to report the cells even if the cells are not in the list of neighbouring cells. These ‘detected cells’ reported by the UE is used by the base station to maintain an updated neighbouring cells list.
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Overview of standardisation status and 3GPP technology evolution trend3G4G
Presented by Sylvia Lu, Senior Engineer, Cellular Technology, u-blox UK at Cambridge Wireless event Radio technology for 5G – making it work on 18 Sep 2018
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Presented by Tobias Engel <tobias@ccc.de>
Available to download from: https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf
Shared with permission
Overview of Haystack's DASH7 technology, features, & applications. Includes information on real-time outdoor and indoor location. Discussion of Haystack support for Semtech's LoRa LPWAN radio.
An overview of Haystack's security features for low power IoT networks. Unlike most IoT stacks, when Haystack invented DASH7, security was an a priori principle and led to the most secure networking stack available in the low power, wide area networking (LPWAN) space today.
The final thesis defense presentation for my master's project. The purpose of this thesis was to compare alternative wireless links for transfer of data from sink motes of remote wireless sensor networks to a central repository. A few different protocol stacks to be implemented in the WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) uplink gateway and along with them a few implementation environments based on open source software and low-power hardware were discussed. To facilitate measurements and experimental validation, some of the alternatives have been implemented. Experiments have been made using two of the amateur radio bands, the 144 MHz band (VHF) and the 433 MHz band (UHF). The parameters studied include throughput, range, power-requirements, portability and compatibility with standards.
Using different protocol stacks, different bands and sometimes different hardware 5 solutions were designed, implemented, tested and experimented with. Namely these solutions are called Radiotftp, Radiotftp_process, Radiotunnel, Soundmodem and APRX in this thesis.
After the implementation phase, there was an open-field experimentation to measure the aforementioned parameters. The tests were conducted in Riddarholmen, Stockholm of Sweden. These open-field experiments helped us obtain real-life measurements about power, throughput, stability etc. Experiments were conducted in a range of from a minimum of 2 meters to a maximum of 2.1 kilometers with some of the solutions.
In the end, some of these solutions proved themselves to be viable for the purpose of data communications for remote wireless sensor networks. Radiotftp gave the best throughput in both bands where it proved itself to be difficult to develop further applications. Radiotftp_process removed the necessity for a Linux running gateway machine but it was unable to work with faster baud rates. Radiotunnel opened up the path for a range of network applications to use radio links, but it also proved that it was unstable. On the other hand Soundmodem and APRX which were based on standard and open-source software proved that they were stable but rather slow. It was proven that every approach to problem has its advantages and disadvantages from different aspects such as throughput, range, power-requirements, portability and compatibility.
Delivered a talk to discuss developer-perspective technical introduction, stories around LoRa/LoRaWAN, also the state in Indonesia.
Use this deck for a sharing session with Maker4Nation community, back then on Oct 3, 2018 in Jakarta.
Haystack's new hardware for Semtech's LoRa includes on-demand GPS, up to 36 mile range, 3-5 year battery life, and no subscriptions. Demo kits now available.
More details on implementing broadcast/multicast messaging in IoT networking running Haystack + DASH7 networking software. Also implementing CBOR to enable queries over MQTT.
Emerging LTE standards for IoT lack a networking stack for true real-time, low power networking. A simple add-on to the existing TCP/IP stack makes a difference.
Short overview on the evolution of NFC to accommodate broader IoT use cases including security, two-factor authentication and other applications of long range, low power wireless networking.
Wireless IoT connections fall into two low-power camps: local area and wide area. Historically the two have not overlapped but advances in networking technologies make it possible for wide area technologies to perform the same functions as local area technologies with no additional cost or feature "sacrifice".
How new Low Power Wireless Area Networks (LPWAN's) are aggressively challenging the Internet of Things status quo and how industry can exploit this opportunity. Specifically, the ability to query IoT endpoints in real time, improve network capacity and data rates, and the ability to deploy a filesystem in order to create a "Hadoop"-like real-time query capability at the edge of the network is explored.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
2. 2
Executive Summary
• Haystack is introducing a new DASH7 implementation for LoRa: XR Mode.
• Using software-only enhancements, DASH7 XR Mode for LoRa provides 2-3x range
improvements over comparable observed LoRaWAN performance at ground level while
preserving multiple year endpoint battery life.
• XR Mode utilizes 2-way LDPC Error Correction as well as Automated Receipt Response for
guaranteed message delivery. Shorter packet sizes and lower data rates than are typically
deployed with DASH7 are also utilized.
• XR Mode running at a higher data rate can achieve the same QoS as LoRaWAN running at a
much lower data rate. This translates to 10-20x the network density and 10-20x the battery
life vs. LoRaWAN, for a given QoS.
• Private beta testing for XR Mode is now underway.
3. 3
Background
• Some LoRa range test results make aggressive claims (“Up to 30 miles!”) which
often do not match real world customer results. These marketing claims are
typically based on “best case” outdoor testing environments and may result in
unhappy customers and harm long-term adoption.
• In comparison, testing LoRa at ground level yields very different results from
testing conducted in such ideal outdoor environments. Yet some Haystack
customer requirements include both gateways and endpoints deployed at or
near ground level.
• To improve range performance at all levels, but in particular at ground level, we
spent the last six months optimizing our OpenTag firmware stack for extended
range and reduced packet error rates over LoRa. The result: DASH7 XR Mode.
4. DASH7™
4
Technical Features
‣ 2-way LPWAN networking software
‣ Works across many different LPWAN radios
‣ Ultra-low power (years on coin cell)
‣ Low latency (<2 sec.) queries
‣ Broadcast, multicast, P2P messaging
‣ Two-way error correction
‣ Message delivery confirmation
‣ Real-time GPS, A-GPS support
‣ Indoor location via RSSI, TDOA, others
‣ AES128 private-key + public-key crypto
‣ OTA firmware updates, key refreshes
‣ Smart contract support at endpoint
‣ Invented by Haystack!
OSI Layer
7 Application UDP + OIC + NDEF + iOS, etc.
6 Presentation
DASH7 Core
low power
low latency
low cost
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical (Radio) LoRa, Other Options
DASH7: The Most Advanced
Networking Stack for Low Power
Wide Area Networks
5. LoRa®
5
For more information on LoRa:
https://www.semtech.com/lora/
LoRa is a radio, not a protocol.
To exploit its true potential and performance,
it requires an advanced protocol stack
Basic Attributes
‣ Popular low power, wide area networking radio
from Semtech
‣ Promises multi-year battery life and multi-
kilometer range
‣ Mostly intended for use in unlicensed spectrum
(915 MHz in USA)
‣ Low cost (~$3 in volume today)
‣ Modules available from Murata, Microchip, ST
Micro, others
6. 6
Today: Two DASH7 Options For LoRa
Option 1: DASH7 LAN Mode
Optimal for usage with most software & business logic.
Includes fully bidirectional data transfers, point-to-point,
broadcasting, and real-time (asynchronous) communication.
Typ. Ground-to-Ground Range: Light-Urban 0.20 miles / 0.33 km
Typical Data Rate 16 kbps
Typical “Real World” Link Budget 130 dB
Endpoint Default Operation Event-driven (asynchronous)
LDPC Error Correction (Coming Soon)
Message Delivery Confirmation Yes
Send Commands, Queries To Endpoint Yes
Real-Time Queries to Endpoint Yes
Packet Size Variable: up to 256 bytes
Multi-Year Battery Life Yes
GPS-based Geolocation (Low Power) Yes: OTA A-GPS
Geofencing Real-Time, Low Power
Broadcast, Multicast Messaging Yes
OTA Firmware Updates Yes
0.64 miles / 1 km Typ. Ground-to-Ground Range: Light-Urban
1.1 kbps Typical Data Rate
153 dB Typical “Real World” Link Budget
Periodic Msg (synchronous) Endpoint Default Operation
Yes LDPC Error Correction
Yes Message Delivery Confirmation
Limited Functionality Send Commands, Queries To Endpoint
No Real-Time Queries to Endpoint
Fixed: 16 bytes Packet Size
Yes Multi-Year Battery Life
Yes: Preloaded A-GPS GPS-based Geolocation (Low Power)
Beacon Geofencing
No Broadcast, Multicast Messaging
No OTA Firmware Updates
Option 2: DASH7 XR Mode
Optimized for delivering LPWAN pub-sub messaging at
maximum theoretical range.
7. 7
Today: Two DASH7 Options For LoRa
Option 1: DASH7 LAN Mode
Optimal for usage with most software & business logic.
Includes fully bidirectional data transfers, point-to-point,
broadcasting, and real-time (asynchronous) communication.
Typ. Ground-to-Ground Range: Light-Urban 0.20 miles / 0.33 km
Typical Data Rate 16 kbps
Typical “Real World” Link Budget 130 dB
Endpoint Default Operation Event-driven (asynchronous)
LDPC Error Correction (Coming Soon)
Message Delivery Confirmation Yes
Send Commands, Queries To Endpoint Yes
Real-Time Queries to Endpoint Yes
Packet Size Variable: up to 256 bytes
Multi-Year Battery Life Yes
GPS-based Geolocation (Low Power) Yes: OTA A-GPS
Geofencing Real-Time, Low Power
Broadcast, Multicast Messaging Yes
OTA Firmware Updates Yes
0.64 miles / 1 km Typ. Ground-to-Ground Range: Light-Urban
1.1 kbps Typical Data Rate
153 dB Typical “Real World” Link Budget
Periodic Msg (synchronous) Endpoint Default Operation
Yes LDPC Error Correction
Yes Message Delivery Confirmation
Limited Functionality Send Commands, Queries To Endpoint
No Real-Time Queries to Endpoint
Fixed: 16 bytes Packet Size
Yes Multi-Year Battery Life
Yes: Preloaded A-GPS GPS-based Geolocation (Low Power)
Beacon Geofencing
No Broadcast, Multicast Messaging
No OTA Firmware Updates
Option 2: DASH7 XR Mode
Optimized for delivering LPWAN pub-sub messaging at
maximum theoretical range.
8. DASH7 XR Mode for LoRa
• XR: “eXtended Range” DASH7 protocol
• Runs concurrently with DASH7 LAN Mode
• Improves real-world signal propagation over
LoRaWAN by 10-13 dB (10-20x)
• Retains essential features like real-time GPS
location and multi-year battery life
• Software-based approach:
No HW or antenna modifications required
• XR Mode delivers the longest range
connectivity for battery-powered LoRa
devices in the world today
8
Observed Sensitivity @ 1kbps
110
117.5
125
132.5
140
LoRaWAN DASH7 LAN DASH7 XR
-
-
-
-
-
dBm
How is this gain possible?
XR Mode algorithms come from very
recent technology for communicating
with probes in deep space.
9. XR Mode: Shorter Packet Lengths
9
• We reconfigured DASH7 frame
from the conventional, variable size
(up to 256 bytes), to a fixed size of
16 bytes.
• Most LPWANs use small packets,
so we picked a size that gives the
best efficiency for our deep space
error correction algorithm.
• The packet is small, but it is
sufficient for geolocation or sensor
data, and it can support strong
cryptography.
1 2 3 4 65 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Link
Info
Subnet
Info
Tokenized ID
Encrypted
Forward
CRC8
XR Mode 16 Byte Frame
7 16
Data
ID
Data Payload Data
CRC8
10. XR Mode: Lower Data Rate, Greater Range
10
• Basic Truth 1: lower data rate = more energy per bit = longer range
• Basic Truth 2: lower data rate = longer transmission = device drains more power
• We observed that roughly 1 kbps is the best data rate trade-off (using LoRa) for achieving
maximum range in an LPWAN device with multi-year battery requirement.
‣ DASH7 LAN Mode uses 16 kbps (LoRa SF7, 500 kHz)
‣ XR Mode uses 1.1 kbps (LoRa SF11, 500 kHz, + Haystack LDPC encoding)
• We observed a range improvement of XR Mode vs LAN Mode
‣ 3x: Ground-to-Ground with obstacles (extreme non-line-of-sight)
‣ 6x: Elevated antenna to ground endpoint, with obstacles (moderate non-line-of-sight)
‣ >20x: Line of Sight
11. XR Mode: More Efficient than LoRaWAN
11
• Basic Truth 1: lower data rate = more energy per bit = longer range
• Basic Truth 2: lower data rate = longer transmission = device drains
more power
• In order to determine energy use to send a message, we need to
establish a baseline QoS. In this case, it is 1% PER (packet loss) at
146 dB link budget.
• We observed that XR Mode performs significantly better than LoRaWAN
at any data rate. As result, if we set equal QoS, XR Mode is 22 times
more energy efficient than the longest-range LoRaWAN Mode.
‣ “LoRaWAN DR0” | 150 bps | -126 dBm @ PER 30% | 811 mJ per msg
‣ XR Mode | 1074 bps | - 132 dBm @ PER 1% | 36.5 mJ per msg
TPKT Packet Time-on-Air
PTX TX Power
PRX RX Power
XC Cumulative probability of error
EMSG Energy of message
EMSG = TPKT (PTX + PRX) * XC
TPKT 1254 ms
PTX 412.5 mW (@ 20 dBm)
PRX 42.9 mW
XC 1.42
EMSG 811 mJ
LoRaWAN DR0
TPKT 194 ms
PTX 145.2 mW (@ 14 dBm)
PRX 42.9 mW
XC 1.0
EMSG 36.5 mJ
DASH7 XR Mode
13. 1. Forward Error Correction (FEC), where sender encodes the data using an error-
correcting code prior to transmission. The additional information (redundancy) added
by the code is used by the receiver to recover the original data in the case of
corruption.
2. Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), which uses acknowledgements (messages sent by
the receiver indicating that it has correctly received a packet) and timeouts (specified
periods of time allowed to elapse before an acknowledgment is to be received) to
achieve reliable data transmission over an unreliable service. If the sender does not
receive an acknowledgment before the timeout, it usually re-transmits the packet until
the sender receives an acknowledgment or exceeds a predefined number of
retransmissions.
Two Types of LPWAN Error Correction
13
14. LPWANs & Forward Error Correction
14
LPWANs operating in unlicensed radio spectrum contend with high levels of noise,
unpredictable network congestion, or ground-level gateway deployments where
terrain and other objects negatively impact range.
Packet Error Rate (PER)
Percentage of packets not successfully received by a
gateway.
If we can find a way to reduce PER, we can increase the
range and/or Quality of Service (QoS) of the network.
RangePER QoS=
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
FEC is a common remedy to high PER in virtually all
contemporary wireless networking technologies, however
it is strangely crude or non-existent in most LPWAN
standards.
15. LoRa HW Built-in Forward Error Correction
15
• The LoRa radio includes a forward error correction (FEC) feature in
the radio hardware.
• The downside is that it is an outdated implementation, and it actually
does more harm than good in most usages (including LoRaWAN)
• The technical details of why it’s a poor design are beyond the scope
of this presentation, but the basics are:
‣ It is 1950’s-era technology. Better technology is available.
‣ LoRaWAN and all known usages of LoRa, apart from DASH7, use
suboptimal configurations of the built-in error correction.
‣ The actual implementation in HW seems to have some bugs that
result in occasional false positives.
• We have replaced LoRa’s HW FEC with our software implementation
of the most advanced FEC technology known to man (as of 2019)
Range
PER
No FEC
LoRa HW FEC
(Best config)
DASH7 XR
FEC
LoRaWAN
16. Mobile LPWANs Require Better PER
16
Environmental
Variables
Terrain
Diversity
Multipath/
Fading
Distance from
gateway
Distance
traveled/day
Frequency of
Movement
Elevation
We can see that robust error correction not only
makes range greater, but it improves the shape of
the PER curve.
• For LPWANs of fixed-position endpoints, the
endpoints can be adjusted at time-of-deployment
to achieve acceptable PER.
• Mobile LPWAN solutions must contend with
changing or unpredictable variables. PER must be
acceptable for worst-case scenarios.
• If the environmental variables are unpredictable,
you want a PER curve that is as flat as possible.
Range
PER
LoRa HW FEC
(Best config)
DASH7 XR
FEC
LoRaWAN
Robust FEC flattens the PER
curve, making XR Mode more
reliable than LoRaWAN when the
environment is unpredictable
17. XR Mode Error Correction
DASH7 XR Mode uses the most advanced FEC in conjunction with ARQ
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Automatic Repeat Requests (ARQ)
• Operates via DASH7 Networking Layer
‣ Devices know to retransmit incorrectly received
frames.
‣ Devices will automatically reduce transmission power
to suit the required link budget (saves energy and
creates less interference for others)
• DASH7 ARQ process operates until:
‣ Packet is corrected
‣ Time-out is reached
‣ Shannon limit reached
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
• Haystack proprietary implementation of CCSDS “Orange
Book” Non-binary LDPC coding
‣ Bidirectional: full decoder implemented on cheap ARM
Cortex M0+ endpoint, as well as gateway.
‣ Performance is very close to theoretical limit
(Shannon)
• Engineering challenge was to get it working in such a
RAM & CPU constrained environment.
• Similar tech is used to enable communication with space
probes out in deep space, and also in 5G Cellular.
18. 18
Important Note:
DASH7 Error Correction is Fully Bidirectional
2Way
• FEC Encoders are relatively simple to implement.
FEC Decoders are much harder to implement.
‣ For example, Sony Eltres implements uplink LDPC, but does not
implement a downlink to the endpoint.
‣ SigFox also has optional uplink FEC (Convolutional code)
• In order to have guaranteed message delivery, the gateway needs to be
able to send ARQ messages to the endpoint.
‣ Very important for broadcast-with-acknowledgement, which (for
example) Haystack uses to do real-time queries.
• If the endpoint cannot decode FEC, the gateway needs to compensate by
transmitting messages to endpoint with much greater power.
‣ In rare cases this is OK, but most of the time there are regulatory limits
that make it impossible for a gateway to compensate with enough
power to reach the endpoint.
19. 19
We have begun range testing
XR Mode in the SF Bay Area
and have some results to share
20. XR Mode Range Test #1
20
Hardware STMicro Discovery Kit (SX1276) with external dipole
TX Power 17 dBm
Environment Light-Urban (San Mateo, CA), mostly flat
Gateway Elevation 1 m / 3.3 feet
Endpoint Elevation 1 m / 3.3 feet
Results best range: 1 km / .64 miles
Gateway
(1m)
Endpoint
(1m)
Propagation Fading Profile for Test #1
< 1% LOS (line of sight)
74% NLOS (non-line of sight)
25% Obstructed
21. XR Mode Range Test #2
21
Hardware STMicro Discovery Kit (SX1276) with external dipole
TX Power 17 dBm
Environment Light-Urban (San Mateo, CA), subtle rolling terrain
Gateway Elevation 5 m / 16.4 feet
Endpoint Elevation 1 m / 3.3 feet
Results best range: 1.77 km / 1.1 mi
Gateway
(5m) Endpoint
(1m)
Propagation Fading Profile for Test #2
13% LOS (line of sight)
62% NLOS (non-line of sight)
25% Obstructed
22. XR Mode Range Test #3
22
Hardware STMicro Discovery Kit (SX1276) with external dipole
TX Power 17 dBm
Environment Hilltop, then over SF bay, then suburban
Gateway Elevation 360 m / 1181 feet
Endpoint Elevation 1 m / 3.3 feet
Results best range: 27.5 km / 17.03 miles
Gateway
(360m)
Endpoint
(1m)
Propagation Fading Profile for Test #3
80% LOS (line of sight)
10% NLOS (non-line of sight)
10% Obstructed
23. XR Mode Range Test #4
23
Hardware STMicro Discovery Kit (SX1276) with external dipole
TX Power 17 dBm
Environment Mountain and Valley
Gateway Elevation 1170 m / 3838 feet
Endpoint Elevation 1 m / 3.3 feet
Results best range: 57 km / 35.9 miles
Gateway
(1170m)
Endpoint
(1m)
Propagation Fading Profile for Test #4
93% LOS (line of sight)
6% NLOS (non-line of sight)
1% Obstructed
24. XR Mode Range Test Conclusions
24
Gateway
(1170m)
Endpoint
(1m)
Gateway
(360m)
Endpoint
(1m)
Gateway
(5m) Endpoint
(1m)
Gateway
(1m)
Endpoint
(1m)
1 km
1.77 km
27.5 km
57 km
• Increasing gateway elevation has a major
impact in improving range, because it increases
the amount of the link that is Line of Sight.
• LOS (Line of Sight) portions are shown in green.
• The ground itself is a major cause of signal
fading (attenuation). This is NLOS (Non-line-of-
Sight) and is shown in orange.
‣ Visible light (~566,000 GHz) is a much higher
frequency than LoRa (0.9 GHz).
‣ Lower frequencies can travel further, but they
have a larger wavefront that is more effected
by the ground.
• Obstructions cause even more attenuation of
the link. Obstructions are shown in red.
25. Antenna Design & Placement
• Gateway antenna placement makes a huge difference when optimizing for range.
• Nearly all LPWAN range tests with very long range claims (e.g., 10 miles+) use a
combination of:
1.High-gain antennas located very high above the ground,
2.Data rates that are too low to be suitable for low-power devices
3.Very sophisticated receiver hardware.
‣ Haystack XR Mode outperformed these systems despite being tested with higher data
rate, simple antennas, and low cost, low-power receivers
• Even a small increase in gateway height can make a significant difference in range
performance. In recent testing, the average difference between 2 meters and 5 meters was
nearly 200%.
• At these extreme sensitivities, it becomes very important to minimize electromagnetic
noise generated in the electronics. This is an engineering challenge. STMicro’s LoRa dev
kit, for example, is way too noisy. We needed to isolate the antenna in order to conduct
the tests.
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Option A Option B
Guess which gateway option results in
better range?
26. Final Thoughts
• Haystack enables not just the longest range LoRa connectivity available today, but also the most
reliable and the lowest power.
• Few LPWAN networking stacks appear to have been designed for mobile use cases as most are
only found being applied to fixed use cases and leave developers to “hack” mobile solutions or
ignore them altogether. LoRa’s utility in mobile use cases is limited without robust two-way error
correction and other features like multicast. Haystack XR Mode is directly targeted to mobile
developers.
• Haystack is offering XR mode demo software to a limited number of beta testers. Register here:
http://bit.ly/XRModebeta.
• Contact us: info@haystacktechnologies.com
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