How do the atoms of metal and ceramic form solid structures? Use chemical bonding principles
to explain your answer. List the pros and cons of both metal and ceramic biomaterials
Solution
Metals
Ceramics
Type of bonding present
Compounds and their alloys formed primarily through metallic bonds
Either covalently or ionically bonded (sometimes a mixture of the two).
Formed from the elements
Metallic elements normally combines and form the metallic materials
These compounds are between metallic and nonmetallic elements
How do the atoms form solid structures
They have large number of electrons (forms sea of electrons or electron cloud.) which are non-
localized; i.e., these electrons are not bound to particular atoms.
Many properties of metals are due to these electrons.
Ionic bonding is most strong where + and – ions binds, where the outer valence shell is
completely occupied by the electrons through sharing process of electrons and thus forms solid
structure
Pros
Electricity and heat
extremely good conductors not transparent to visible light
Insulative to the passage
High temperatures and harsh environments
Resistant but less than ceramics so only they can be deformed
more resistant
Ex:
Metals like Tunsgen, etc.,
Most of them are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass
Metals
Ceramics
Type of bonding present
Compounds and their alloys formed primarily through metallic bonds
Either covalently or ionically bonded (sometimes a mixture of the two).
Formed from the elements
Metallic elements normally combines and form the metallic materials
These compounds are between metallic and nonmetallic elements
How do the atoms form solid structures
They have large number of electrons (forms sea of electrons or electron cloud.) which are non-
localized; i.e., these electrons are not bound to particular atoms.
Many properties of metals are due to these electrons.
Ionic bonding is most strong where + and – ions binds, where the outer valence shell is
completely occupied by the electrons through sharing process of electrons and thus forms solid
structure
Pros
Electricity and heat
extremely good conductors not transparent to visible light
Insulative to the passage
High temperatures and harsh environments
Resistant but less than ceramics so only they can be deformed
more resistant
Ex:
Metals like Tunsgen, etc.,
Most of them are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass.
Explain covalent bond- Explain Metallic bond and what important proper.docxtodd401
Explain covalent bond?
Explain Metallic bond and what important property derives from it in metals?
Solution
Covalent bonding occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms. Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which is gained by forming a full electron shell. By sharing their outer most (valence) electrons, atoms can fill up their outer electron shell and gain stability. Nonmetals will readily form covalent bonds with other nonmetals in order to obtain stability, and can form anywhere between one to three covalent bonds with other nonmetals depending on how many valence electrons they posses. Although it is said that atoms share electrons when they form covalent bonds, they do not usually share the electrons equally.
Link : http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Theoretical_Chemistry/Chemical_Bonding/General_Principles/Covalent_Bonds
Metallic bond is the reaction between molecules within metals called alkali reactive force. It was first discovered by K. Manishekar. It is the sharing of a sea of delocalised electrons amongst a lattice of positive ions, where the electrons act as a \"glue\" giving the substance a definite structure.
The electrons and the positive ions in the metal have a strong attractive force between them. Therefore metals often have high melting or boiling points. The principle is similar to that of ionic bonds.
The metallic bond accounts for many physical characteristics of metals, such as strength, malleability, ductility, luster, conduction of heat and electricity.
Because the electrons move independently of the positive ions in a sea of negative charge, the metal gains some electrical conductivity. It allows the energy to pass quickly through the electrons generating a current. Heat conduction works on the same principle - the free electrons can transfer the energy at a faster rate than other substances such as those which are covalently bonded, as these have their electrons fixed into position. There also are few non-metals which conduct electricity: graphite (because, like metals, they have free electrons), and molten and aqueous ionic compounds which have free moving ions
Link : https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bond
.
Explain covalent bond- Explain Metallic bond and what important proper.docxtodd401
Explain covalent bond?
Explain Metallic bond and what important property derives from it in metals?
Solution
Covalent bonding occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms. Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which is gained by forming a full electron shell. By sharing their outer most (valence) electrons, atoms can fill up their outer electron shell and gain stability. Nonmetals will readily form covalent bonds with other nonmetals in order to obtain stability, and can form anywhere between one to three covalent bonds with other nonmetals depending on how many valence electrons they posses. Although it is said that atoms share electrons when they form covalent bonds, they do not usually share the electrons equally.
Link : http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Theoretical_Chemistry/Chemical_Bonding/General_Principles/Covalent_Bonds
Metallic bond is the reaction between molecules within metals called alkali reactive force. It was first discovered by K. Manishekar. It is the sharing of a sea of delocalised electrons amongst a lattice of positive ions, where the electrons act as a \"glue\" giving the substance a definite structure.
The electrons and the positive ions in the metal have a strong attractive force between them. Therefore metals often have high melting or boiling points. The principle is similar to that of ionic bonds.
The metallic bond accounts for many physical characteristics of metals, such as strength, malleability, ductility, luster, conduction of heat and electricity.
Because the electrons move independently of the positive ions in a sea of negative charge, the metal gains some electrical conductivity. It allows the energy to pass quickly through the electrons generating a current. Heat conduction works on the same principle - the free electrons can transfer the energy at a faster rate than other substances such as those which are covalently bonded, as these have their electrons fixed into position. There also are few non-metals which conduct electricity: graphite (because, like metals, they have free electrons), and molten and aqueous ionic compounds which have free moving ions
Link : https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bond
.
Conditions for Formation of Ionic and Covalent BondsDamanpreet Singh
For Ionic Bond
1.It is generally formed of the metals and non-metals. The metal atom loses one or more electrons present in its valence shell and these electrons accept by the non-metallic atom.
2.One of the species is cation and the other is an anion.By losing electrons, the metal atom changes to (positive ion) cation.Similarly, the non-metal atom gaining the electrons, get change to (negative Ion) anion. The oppositely charged ions attract each other. Therefore, come closer resulting the formation of the ionic bond (Electrovalent Bond).
Solidification and microstructure of metals/certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
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# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
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A series RL circuit includes a 9.05-V battery, a resistance of R = 0.pdfarishmarketing21
A series RL circuit includes a 9.05-V battery, a resistance of R = 0.755 , and an inductance of L
= 2.97 H. What is the induced emf 1.33 s after the circuit has been closed?
So, basically, I tried solving this equation using an RL circuit formula: I = emf/R(1-e^-t/(L/R))
and used V=IR to solve for the current, for which I plugged it back in to obtain the emf. I got an
answer of about 31, which was wrong. If you could help me on this, it would make my day!
Solution
tau = L/R = 2.97/0.755 = 3.9337
V = V0*e^(-t/tau)
V = 9.05*e^(-1.33/3.9337)
V = 6.453 V.
What is the dangling pointer Explain with a proper example.Solut.pdfarishmarketing21
What is the dangling pointer? Explain with a proper example.
Solution
A dangling pointer is a pointer which nce pointed to some data, but because of memory
deallocation, points to an invalid or null data.
Example:
Suppose we declare and allocate some memory to a pointer:
char *temp = malloc(some_size);
Then we de-allocate the memory allocated to the pointer temp by,
free (temp);
After execution of the above statement, temp becomes a dangling pointer..
More Related Content
Similar to How do the atoms of metal and ceramic form solid structures Use che.pdf
Conditions for Formation of Ionic and Covalent BondsDamanpreet Singh
For Ionic Bond
1.It is generally formed of the metals and non-metals. The metal atom loses one or more electrons present in its valence shell and these electrons accept by the non-metallic atom.
2.One of the species is cation and the other is an anion.By losing electrons, the metal atom changes to (positive ion) cation.Similarly, the non-metal atom gaining the electrons, get change to (negative Ion) anion. The oppositely charged ions attract each other. Therefore, come closer resulting the formation of the ionic bond (Electrovalent Bond).
Solidification and microstructure of metals/certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
A series RL circuit includes a 9.05-V battery, a resistance of R = 0.pdfarishmarketing21
A series RL circuit includes a 9.05-V battery, a resistance of R = 0.755 , and an inductance of L
= 2.97 H. What is the induced emf 1.33 s after the circuit has been closed?
So, basically, I tried solving this equation using an RL circuit formula: I = emf/R(1-e^-t/(L/R))
and used V=IR to solve for the current, for which I plugged it back in to obtain the emf. I got an
answer of about 31, which was wrong. If you could help me on this, it would make my day!
Solution
tau = L/R = 2.97/0.755 = 3.9337
V = V0*e^(-t/tau)
V = 9.05*e^(-1.33/3.9337)
V = 6.453 V.
What is the dangling pointer Explain with a proper example.Solut.pdfarishmarketing21
What is the dangling pointer? Explain with a proper example.
Solution
A dangling pointer is a pointer which nce pointed to some data, but because of memory
deallocation, points to an invalid or null data.
Example:
Suppose we declare and allocate some memory to a pointer:
char *temp = malloc(some_size);
Then we de-allocate the memory allocated to the pointer temp by,
free (temp);
After execution of the above statement, temp becomes a dangling pointer..
Write a function in javascript that calculates the average element i.pdfarishmarketing21
Write a function in javascript that calculates the average element in a non-empty list.
Solution
function average(array)
{
var sum = 0;
for( var i = 0; i < array.length; i++ ){
sum += parseInt( array[i]); //don\'t forget to add the base
}
var avg = sum/array.length;
window.alert( \"The average of all the elements is: \" + avg);
}.
Which a not a likely location of a bacterial to be found Atheroscle.pdfarishmarketing21
Which a not a likely location of a bacterial to be found? Atherosclerotic plaque Dialysis
catheter Teeth Artificial heart value
Solution
Bacterial biofilm can easily found in teeth , in teeth bacteria staphylococcus aureus colonizes
and make biofilms . Its called the pallised arrangement. Bacteria can\'t form a colony in blood or
flowing paths of blood because of immune system. The dialysis catheter is a attractive place for
bacteria but generally doctors used a sterile catheter..
What’s Love Got To Do With ItThe Evolution of Human MatingB.pdfarishmarketing21
What’s Love Got To Do With It?
The Evolution of Human Mating
By Meredith F. Small
Reviewed By Michael S. Kimmel
When Tina Turner first bitterly asked “What’s love got to do with it?” her voice was so drenched
with pain and regret, the listener knew better than to believe her.
Not so Meredith Small. A physical anthropologist whose main research has been on primate
mating behavior, Small joins a coterie of such writers as Robert Ardrey, Desmond Morris and
Lionel Tiger, who have sought to make evolutionary biology the foundation of studies of sexual
behavior.
In “What’s Love Got To Do With It,” Small argues that we’re genetically programmed to
experience sexual pleasure; hard-wired to search for young, attractive mates; driven to copulate
“Way down deep, underneath all the love and lust, underlying the attachment and intimacy, is
DNA pushing us along”
Like those male writers, she claims that our genetic predisposition toward reproductive success is
the driving force of our sex-seeking behavior. And like them, she assumes that sex is a constant,
universal and relatively unchanging experience. But unlike them, Small places no value on
judgments on the strategies that individuals may adopt to achieve that reproductive success.
Women, she argues, are as sexual as men; homosexuality is as “normal” as heterosexuality.
Small exposes many of her colleagues’ conclusions as based more on myth than on evolution.
Take, for example, the familiar canard that men are “naturally” predisposed toward promiscuity,
while women are “naturally” monogamous. Males’ prodigious sperm production, the argument
goes, means that it is in men’s interest to fertilize as many women as possible. But women
produce only one egg at a time, and gestation and child care take an extraordinarily long time,
which means that it is in their interest to mate with only one man for life.
Not only do such arguments assume what they are trying to explain, but their assumptions are
wrong to begin with. Sperm and eggs do not have little personalities, complete with ambitions
and motivations. What’s more, the evidence actually tilts the other way. Female humans are
among the only mammals who conceal estrus; that is, they do not go into “heat” when they are
sexually receptive. They are potentially sexually receptive all through their cycle. What’s more, a
woman has a clitoris, which “exists only to receive and give off sexual pleasure.” What could be
the evolutionary function of that?
Small argues that it is just as likely that women may be designed to maximize their reproductive
chances by promiscuity. If they have sex with a large number of male partners, they can ensure
that their offspring will have a significant number of men who believe that they are the father,
and who will, therefore, protect the baby and provide it with food.
“The ability to move from male to male certainly improves a female’s chance of finding the best
genes for her future offspring,” Small writes.
Males, by contrast, wo.
What is the Surface characterization techniques of Fourier-transform.pdfarishmarketing21
What is the Surface characterization techniques of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) and Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy (microscopy, TIRF)
explain what are they measuring, their uniqueness, working principle briefly
Solution
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a powerful analysis tool for characterizing and
identifying organic molecules. It is the spectroscopic technique that is the most widely used for
determining the characteristics of new membranes. In attenuated total reflectance mode, this type
of spectroscopy enables functional groups present over a depth of about 1 m to be identified.
During ATR analysis, the sample is kept in contact with a crystal allowing total internal
reflection. An infrared ray arrives at the crystal where the material under study has been placed.
The internal reflection of the ray in the crystal gives rise to an evanescent wave which, at each
reflection, continues beyond the surface of the crystal and penetrates the sample over about 1 m.
The penetration depth depends on the wavelength, the angle of incidence of the beam on the
crystal, and the nature of the crystal.
Spectra are thus obtained (curves of absorbance vs. wavelength) that have absorption peaks
characteristic of the functions present at the membrane surface.
FTIR-ATR is a sensitive, nondestructive method that can be used qualitatively and
quantitatively. However, it requires prior drying of the membrane sample.
One of the applications of FTIR-ATR is the characterization of modified surfaces. In this case,
the spectra show bands characteristic of the basic membrane with, in most cases, bands
characteristic of the new functional groups related to the modification. FTIR-ATR also enables
the efficiency of membrane cleaning to be assessed .
This method can also be used to analyze the adsorption of macromolecules at the membrane
surface and to check whether the conformation of the adsorbed compounds (e.g., proteins) has
been modified by comparing the spectra of the adsorbed product with those of the same product
in solution . When the deposits are very small, however, it is difficult to determine the presence
of fouling agents; this necessitates the use of elaborate data-processing methods that eliminate
the contributions of the membrane and water from the raw spectra.
UNIQUENESS:
There are three principal advantages for an FT spectrometer compared to a scanning (dispersive)
spectrometer.
TIRF
Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy (TIRFM) is an elegant optical
technique that provides for the excitation of fluorophores in an extremely thin axial region
(‘optical section’). The method is based on the principle that when excitation light is totally
internally reflected in a transparent solid (e.g., coverglass) at its interface with liquid an
electromagnetic field, called the evanescent wave, is generated in the liquid at the solid-liquid
interface and is the same frequency as the excitation light. Since the inte.
What is the running time complexity and space complexity of the follo.pdfarishmarketing21
What is the running time complexity and space complexity of the following procedure (n = R -
L + 1). Explain your answer. def foo(V, L, R): if L==R: return V[L] mid = (L+R)//2 m1 = foo(V,
L, mid) m2 = foo(V, mid+1, R) if m1==m2: return ml count1, count2 = 0, 0 for i in range(L,
R+1): if V[i] == ml: count1 += 1 if V[i] == m2: count2 += 1 if count 1 > (R-L+D/2: return ml if
count2 > (R-L+D/2: return m2 return None
Solution
We are removing half the data at each turn so time complexity is O(log n).
We divide it into 2 till we find 1. Thus,
1= N/2x
2x = N
Thus x = log2 n.
A species has a diploid number of chromosomes of 6. If a cell from a.pdfarishmarketing21
A species has a diploid number of chromosomes of 6. If a cell from an individual of this species
undergoes meiosis, what is the probability that a gamete made from this diploid cell will inherit
only maternal copies of chromosomes (ie, that the gamete will not inherit any paternal
chromosomes)
a. 0 b. 1/4 c. 1/3 d. 1/8
Solution
b)1/4
1 diploid produces =4 haploid childs
=>6 diploid =>6*4=24 haploid childs
ratio:
diploid/haploid=6/24=1/4.
What are the security requirements and challenges of Grid and Cloud .pdfarishmarketing21
What are the security requirements and challenges of Grid and Cloud Computing?
Solution
security issues:
A. Policies:
1) Inside Threats: good supervision should be done for having trusted employees .
2) Access Control:Digital signature can be implemented
for access control.
3) System Portability: The problem of vendor lock-in
should be handled .
B. Software Security:
1) Virtualization technology: up to date version of
virtualization product should be installed for the
security reasons.
2) Host Operating System:should be up to date and
secure from hackers
3) Guest Operating System: should be up to date and
secure from hackers
4) Data Encryption:should be done on all the data for
its safety.
C)Physical security:
1) Backup:Either a backup plan should be provided
automatically for each customer, or they can use the
plans provided elsewhere in the cloud.
2) Server Location:It should be at appropriate place. Room should have adequate space and
isolated. A
Cooling System and Fire Suppression System should
be installed there.
3) Firewall: Cloud Computing service providers should
provide a complete firewall solution to their clients.
Challenges:
A)No clear standard:Grid computing
uses various standards, but all grids are
not use same standards. Example all grid
operating system such as Linux, Apache,and My SQL are using WSRF,
WWW, SOAP and XML standards.
B)Distributed computing Vs Grid
computing: Grid computing involves
dynamic virtual organisation, resource
sharing and peer to peer computing. The
Grid intends to make access to
computing power, scientific data
repositories and experimental facilities
as easy as the Web makes access to
information. Same all facilities provide
the grid computing. So it is a challenge
for grid computing.
C)Lack of grid enabled software: The
software, which are enabled the grid
computing are less, It has limited
software on Grid. Much software has
not copyright issues and source code of
licence. It is need for more company
developing grid-enabled version, need
more developers on grid development
and need to develop open source
software.
D)Sharing Resources between Various
types of Services:Grid used for
sharing resource from various sites and
grid hosts. It handles a massive amount
of data as a grid platform. A lot of sites
and multiple servers gathered there it is
so complex infrastructure. It provides
difficulty for hardware resource sharing
within virtual organisation..
Using the man command, determine which ls command option (flag) will.pdfarishmarketing21
Using the man command, determine which ls command option (flag) will list directory entries
instead of contents.
Which ls command option will do this?
Solution
* Using the man command, ls command option (flag) -d will list directory entries instead of
contents.
Explanation :-
* ls command option -d will list directory entries instead of contents..
There a six seats in a bar. Your friend took the second seat from th.pdfarishmarketing21
There a six seats in a bar. Your friend took the second seat from the left. Once he sits down, the
other five people slowly get up one by one, but in a random order. As soon as a seat opens up
next to your friend you got and sit next to him. Let A be the number of people who get up before
i can sit next to my friend. What is the PMF of A??
Solution
PMF will be 1/5,1/4,1/3,1/2,1/1.
The basic economic problem is that we only have so many resources, b.pdfarishmarketing21
The basic economic problem is that we only have so many resources, but we have a never-
ending list or wants. Select one: True False
Solution
Statement is True.
Scarcity arises when our (ever increasing) needs and demands cannot be fulfilled using existing
resources, even if there are many resources available. And Economics study scarcity..
The organization of interrupted genes is often conserved between spe.pdfarishmarketing21
The organization of interrupted genes is often conserved between species. What does this mean
and what is an example of this conservation (diagram/explain)?
Solution
First we have know about interrupted genes is often conserved between species,the intricate
cellular machinery that converts genetic information into functional protein and RNA molecules
and the many ways in which gene expression is regulated by the cell,we discuss some of the
ways that genes and genomes have evolved over time to produce the vast diversity of modern-
day life forms on our planet uncovering an astonishing wealth of information about the family
relationships among organisms and evolutionary mechanisms,but the great revelation of the past
20 years has been the discovery that the actual nucleotide sequences of many genes are
sufficiently well conserved that homologous genes.
The recognition of sequence homology has become a major tool for inferring gene and protein
function thus it is often possible to predict the function of a gene in humans for which no
biochemical or genetic information is available simply by comparing its sequence to that of an
intensively studied gene in another organism.
Gene sequences are often far more tightly conserved than is overall genome structure as
discussed features of genome organization such as genome size,cells do not have specialized
mechanisms for creating changes in the structures of their genomes evolution depends instead on
accidents and mistakes.
Introns can be detected by the presence of additional regions when genes are compared with their
RNA products by restriction mapping or electron microscopy
The positions of introns are usually conserved when homologous genes are compared between
different organisms but the lengths of the corresponding introns may vary greatly..
The daisy has which inflorescence morphology type campanulte tubul.pdfarishmarketing21
The daisy has which inflorescence morphology type? campanulte tubular cruciform rotate
ligulate The hibiscus has which inflorescence type? campanulte tubular cruciform rotate
ligulate The ixora has which inflorescence type? campanulte tubular cruciform rotate ligulate
Solution
ANSWER:
16)THE DAISY HAS WHICH INFLORESCENCE MORPHOLOGY TYPE:5)LIGULATE.
17)THE HIBISCUS WHICH INFLORESCENCE TYPE:2)TUBULAR.
18)THE IXORA HAS WHICH INFLORESCENC E TYPE:2)TUBULAR..
Suppose that CaO is present as an impurity to Li2O. The Ca2+ ion sub.pdfarishmarketing21
Suppose that CaO is present as an impurity to Li2O. The Ca2+ ion substitutes for Li+ ion(s).
Identify the acceptable accompanying defects. (Select all that apply.)
No additional defects are required.
One O2- vacancy for every two Ca2+ impurities.
One O2- interstitial for every two Ca2+ impurities.
One Li+ vacancy for every Ca2+ impurity.
One Li+ interstitial for every Ca2+ impurity.
One O2- vacancy for every Ca2+ impurity.
Two Li+ vacancies for every Ca2+ impurity.
No additional defects are required.
One O2- vacancy for every two Ca2+ impurities.
One O2- interstitial for every two Ca2+ impurities.
One Li+ vacancy for every Ca2+ impurity.
One Li+ interstitial for every Ca2+ impurity.
One O2- vacancy for every Ca2+ impurity.
Two Li+ vacancies for every Ca2+ impurity.
Solution.
Resistance A primitive adaptive immune Zone of inhibition The ability.pdfarishmarketing21
Resistance A primitive adaptive immune Zone of inhibition The ability of a microbe to grow
Bacterial lawn Bacteriophage or Enrichment Dense, solid growth across the surface of a petri
dish. A lawn of bacteria is prepared and filter disks containing antimicrobial agents are applied
A molecule that specifically kills or inhibits bacterial cells Mixture of a bacterial host culture,
viral sample, and bacterial media A primitive adaptive immune response in bacteria; that is,
bacteria can \"learn\" to become resistant General term to describe a molecule or substance that
kills or inhibits microbes The ability of a microbe to grow in the presence of an otherwise toxic
molecule, such as an antimic Dramatic change in population-level genetics, in response to a
selective pressure A kind of virus that preferentially and exclusively infects bacterial cells A
circular clearing within a lawn of growth; surrounding a disk or colony containing an
antimicrobial
Solution
The basic principle of Enrichment is that of selection. Enrichment culture provides favourable
growth conditions for the organism of intrest and unfavourable conditions for the competing
organisms. This technique can be used in many ways. for example, if we want to culture a
thermophile bacteria, incubate the sample at high temperature i.e., at above 55 degrees
centigrade because at that temperature, only the thermophilic bacteria can grow while this
temperature hampers the growth of other bacteria in the sample.
Likewise, enrichment culture may also contains antimicrobial agents to which the selective
organism is resistant hence the required organism\'s growth is facilitated hampering the growth
of other organisms which are not resistant to the antimicrobial agent.
Enrichment culture may also contains pesticides or N2 (used for selective growth of nitrogen
fixing bacteria) depending upon the type of microorganism selected.
Hence the Answer is a lawn of bacteria is prepared and filter discs containing antimicrobial
agents are applied..
Refer to my progress on this assignment belowIn this problem you w.pdfarishmarketing21
Refer to my progress on this assignment below
In this problem you will make it “more” object-oriented in the following ways:
-You will change its name to SortedList
-You will change the constructor that takes no arguments to be more traditional and initialize the
member fields to dummy values.
-You will add a constructor that takes in an initialized array and a size
-You will add an insert function that adds a value to the list and maintains its sorted-ness
-You will add a quicksort function check the below code.
-You will make updates as necessary to the main function so that it still runs and tests your code.
The code below seems to sort correctly but it skips over some items in the array and I am not
sure what is happening. Please help! Thanks!
import java.util.Scanner;
class SortedList
{
private static int array[];
private static int n;
public SortedList()
{
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(\"Enter number of elements\");
n = in.nextInt();
array = new int[n];
if(n == 0) {
System.out.print(\"Since no arguments array set to: \");
} else {
System.out.print(\"Creating array size \" + n + \": \");
}
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
array[i] = 0;
}
//System.out.println(\"Enter \" + n + \" integers in ascending order\");
/*for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
array[c] = in.nextInt();*/
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
System.out.print(array[i] + \" \");
}
System.out.print(\"\ \");
}
public SortedList(int a[], int size)
{
array = a;
n = size;
}
public int binsearch(int search)
{
int first, last, middle;
first = 0;
last = n - 1;
middle = (first + last)/2;
while( first <= last )
{
if ( array[middle] < search )
first = middle + 1;
else if ( array[middle] == search )
{
//System.out.println(search + \" found at location \" + (middle + 1) + \".\");
return middle+1;//+1 for the non-CS people who don\'t start counting at zero.
}
else
last = middle - 1;
middle = (first + last)/2;
}
return -1;
//System.out.println(search + \" is not present in the list.\ \");
}
public static int partition(int input[], int p, int r)
{
int pivot = input[r];
while(p < r)
{
while(input[p] < pivot)
{
p++;
}
while(input[r] > pivot)
{
r--;
}
if(input[p] == input[r])
{
p++;
}
else if(p < r)
{
int tmp = input[p];
input[p] = input[r];
input[r] = tmp;
}
}
return r;
}
public static void quicksort(int input[], int p, int r)
{
if(p < r)
{
int j = partition(input, p, r);
quicksort(input, p, j-1);
quicksort(input, j+1, r);
}
}
public static void insert(int value, int cell)
{
array[cell] = value;
quicksort(array, 0, n-1);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
int c;
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
SortedList b = new SortedList();
System.out.println(\"Input numbers\");
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
c = in.nextInt();
in.nextLine();
insert(c, i);
}
in.close();
for(int j = 0; j < n; j++)
{
System.out.print(array[j] + \", \");
}
}
}
Solution
//the whole program that you wrote is correct except one line , when you call the quicksort
everytime you insert a //value dont pass n pass the i.
Q1) Show what part of SSL that protects against the following attack.pdfarishmarketing21
Q1) Show what part of SSL that protects against the following attacks :-
a. Replay Attack: Earlier SSL handshake messages are replayed.
b. Man-in-the-Middle Attack: An attacker interposes during key exchange, acting as the client to
the server and as the server to the client.
c. IP Spoofing: Uses forged IP addresses to fool a host into accepting bogus data.
Q2) Describe the port forwarding operation. Using an example, describe the cases when it is very
useful, and the cases when it is very dangerous.
Solution
The secure socket layer (SSL) is a computer networking protocol that manages server
authentication, client authentication and encrypted communication between servers ant client
.
PROTACTION FROM REPLAY ATTACK-
The SSL itself is protected againsts replay attack using Medium Access Control ( MAC ). By
using MAC secret and the sequence number it ensures the communication integrity.
ssl handshake protocol
PROTECTION AGAINSTS MAN-IN-THE MIDDLE ATACK-
SSL is based on public/ private key cryptography. This basically means that there is a key pair.
The public key is used for encryption and secret key is used for decryption . A certificate is
basically a public key with a label identifying the owner. So when your browser connects to an
https server , the server will answer with its certificate. The browser checks if the certificate is
valid-
1: The owner information needs to match the server name that the user requested.
2: The certificate needs to be signed by a trusted certification authority.
if one of these condition is not met, the user is informed about the problem.
PROTECTION AGAINSTS IP SPOOFING-
An SSL certificate is specific to the particular domain for which it was created regardless of the
IP address of the doimain. So if a malicious entity want to attempt to redirect trafiic for a certain
website to their own malicious site through IP spoofing techniques. The fake site would not have
a SSL certificate that was accurately registerd to the real website.This can be varified through a
browser by viewing the certificate information and if the wrong address is shown, then the user
will know that they are not on the site they think they are on.Secure Socket Layer Architecture
ssl handshake protocolssl change cipher protocalssl alert protocolHTTPSSL record
protocolTCPIP.
public class Patient extends Person {=========== Properties ====.pdfarishmarketing21
public class Patient extends Person {
//=========== Properties ===============
private int pId;
private String address;
//=========== Constructors =============
public Patient(){
super();//set 4 properties to blank
pId = 0;
address = \"\";
}
public Patient(int p,String f,String l,String e, int pi,String a){
super(p,f,l,e);//pass 4 properties to super class
pId = pi;
address = a;
}
//=========== Behavior =================
public void setPId( int pi){pId = pi;}
public int getPId(){
return pId;}
public void setAddress(String a){address = a;}
public String getAddress(){
return address;}
public void display(){
super.display();//calls display in the super class to display 4 properties
System.out.println(\"Patient Id = A\"+getPId());
System.out.println(\"Address = \"+getAddress());
}//end display()
public static void main(String args[]){
//Object 1
Patient pa1;
pa1 = new Patient();//calls no arg constructor
pa1.setPId(900);
pa1.setAddress(\"Marietta\");
pa1.display();
System.out.println(\"\ \");//space between to objects
//Object 2
Patient pa2;
pa2 = new Patient(1234,\"Jimmy\",\"Hawkins\",\"jhawkins@yahoo.com\",901,\"Acworth\");
//calls multi argument constructor
pa2.display();
}//end main
}//end class
Let’s make it so that we can look up and find a Patient in the “Patients.txt” file. The Patients are
organized by Patients Code. So we should be able to look in the File for Patient “A900”, and it
should give us back all the data about that Patient, like, Patinet Id, etc. So we will need to read
from the “Patients.txt” file and select the Patient Id “A900”. The File is delimited by “:”(colons).
Take a look at the file. use FileInputStream and Buffered reader to read from the file.
Code for testing ‘Select’ that goes in main:
Patient p1 = new Patient();
p1.select(“A900”);
p1.display();
Let’s also make it so that we can add a new Patient to the “Patients.txt” file.use PrintStream and
Buffered writer to write to the file. We should be able to append a new line to the “Patients.txt”
file with all the data for a new Patient, like PatientId,etc.
Code for testing ‘Insert’ that goes in main:
Patient p1 = new Patient();
p1.insert(“A900\",\"1234\",\"Jimmy:Hawkins\",\"Marietta\",\"jhawk@yahoo.com\",\"Cigna\");
//now go look in file to see if new line was added
Solution
import java.util.*;
public class Patient
{
private int patientId;
private String patientName;
private String patientAddress;
private String patientPhone;
private Date patientDOB;
public Patient(int patientId, String patientName, String patientAddress, String patientPhone,
Date patientDOB)
{
// initialise instance variables
this.patientId = patientId;
this.patientName = patientName;
this.patientAddress = patientAddress;
this.patientPhone = patientPhone;
this.patientDOB = patientDOB;
}
public void setId (int patientId) {
this.patientId = patientId;
}
public void setName (String patientName){
this.patientName = patientName;
}
public void setAddress (String patientAddress){
this.patientAddress = patie.
8. A human T lymphocyte is infected by a HIV. The viral genome prese.pdfarishmarketing21
8. A human T lymphocyte is infected by a HIV. The viral genome present inside the cell can be
any of the following molecules except _________.
A. ssDNA
B. dsDNA
C. ssRNA
D. dsRNA
Solution
dsRNA
Retroviruses have a single stranded RNA genome. Two copies of the sense strand of the genome
are present with the viral particle. When they infect a T cell, the single stranded RNA is
converted into dsDNA copy by the reverse transcriptase. Replication and transcription occur
from this dsDNA intermediate, the provirus, whihc is integrated into the host cell genome by a
viral integrase enzye,..
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
How do the atoms of metal and ceramic form solid structures Use che.pdf
1. How do the atoms of metal and ceramic form solid structures? Use chemical bonding principles
to explain your answer. List the pros and cons of both metal and ceramic biomaterials
Solution
Metals
Ceramics
Type of bonding present
Compounds and their alloys formed primarily through metallic bonds
Either covalently or ionically bonded (sometimes a mixture of the two).
Formed from the elements
Metallic elements normally combines and form the metallic materials
These compounds are between metallic and nonmetallic elements
How do the atoms form solid structures
They have large number of electrons (forms sea of electrons or electron cloud.) which are non-
localized; i.e., these electrons are not bound to particular atoms.
Many properties of metals are due to these electrons.
Ionic bonding is most strong where + and – ions binds, where the outer valence shell is
completely occupied by the electrons through sharing process of electrons and thus forms solid
structure
Pros
Electricity and heat
extremely good conductors not transparent to visible light
Insulative to the passage
High temperatures and harsh environments
Resistant but less than ceramics so only they can be deformed
more resistant
Ex:
Metals like Tunsgen, etc.,
Most of them are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass
Metals
Ceramics
Type of bonding present
Compounds and their alloys formed primarily through metallic bonds
Either covalently or ionically bonded (sometimes a mixture of the two).
2. Formed from the elements
Metallic elements normally combines and form the metallic materials
These compounds are between metallic and nonmetallic elements
How do the atoms form solid structures
They have large number of electrons (forms sea of electrons or electron cloud.) which are non-
localized; i.e., these electrons are not bound to particular atoms.
Many properties of metals are due to these electrons.
Ionic bonding is most strong where + and – ions binds, where the outer valence shell is
completely occupied by the electrons through sharing process of electrons and thus forms solid
structure
Pros
Electricity and heat
extremely good conductors not transparent to visible light
Insulative to the passage
High temperatures and harsh environments
Resistant but less than ceramics so only they can be deformed
more resistant
Ex:
Metals like Tunsgen, etc.,
Most of them are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass
