The document discusses various properties of building materials that are important to consider when incorporating materials into structures. It begins by explaining the basic building blocks of matter - atoms and molecules - and how they bond together through ionic, metallic, or covalent bonding to form different material types. It then examines key mechanical properties like strength, rigidity, ductility, toughness, and hardness; thermal properties such as melting temperature, thermal conductivity, transmittance, and expansion; and other characteristics such as density, shape, and resilience. Specific material examples are provided to illustrate different properties. The document aims to identify and define material measurements that are essential for building design and material selection.
The document discusses atomic structure and how it relates to the properties and applications of engineering materials. It explains that atomic structure determines bonding types, which then affect material properties like strength, conductivity, and ductility. The document discusses different bonding structures like metallic, ionic, and covalent bonding, and how they influence material properties. It then gives examples of materials that exhibit different bonding types and properties.
1. Materials science is the study of relationships between the structure and properties of materials. It relates how the atomic and molecular structure of a material influences its properties.
2. A material's properties determine how it responds to external forces and the environment. Key properties include mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical properties. Mechanical properties describe response to forces like strength and toughness.
3. There are three main classes of materials: metals, ceramics, and polymers. Metals are strong, ductile, and conductive. Ceramics are brittle but heat resistant. Polymers are lightweight and insulating. Materials science helps understand materials and design new components.
1. All materials are composed of 92 elements that combine to form compounds or molecules. Elements cannot be broken down further, while compounds and molecules can.
2. Atoms are the smallest particles of elements and join together to form molecules. Atoms themselves contain electrons, protons and neutrons.
3. Materials exist in solid, liquid and gas states depending on the strength of electrostatic forces between atoms and molecules. Stronger forces lead to solids with fixed shapes, while weaker forces allow liquids and gases to flow freely.
The document discusses dental casting alloys. It begins by introducing the major classes of materials used in dentistry - metals, ceramics, and polymers. Metals are further divided into dental amalgams, noble metal alloys containing gold, palladium, silver, and base metal alloys containing nickel or cobalt.
The document then discusses the history of metals in dentistry from ancient times to modern developments like porcelain fused to metal techniques. It also discusses how the price of gold led to new alloys replacing it with palladium or eliminating it entirely in the 1970s.
The rest of the document covers topics like alloy compositions, microstructure, physical properties, corrosion resistance, and the effects of noble metals like
Dental casting alloys /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses atomic structure and how it relates to the properties and applications of engineering materials. It explains that atomic structure determines bonding types, which then affect material properties like strength, conductivity, and ductility. The document discusses different bonding structures like metallic, ionic, and covalent bonding, and how they influence material properties. It then gives examples of materials that exhibit different bonding types and properties.
1. Materials science is the study of relationships between the structure and properties of materials. It relates how the atomic and molecular structure of a material influences its properties.
2. A material's properties determine how it responds to external forces and the environment. Key properties include mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical properties. Mechanical properties describe response to forces like strength and toughness.
3. There are three main classes of materials: metals, ceramics, and polymers. Metals are strong, ductile, and conductive. Ceramics are brittle but heat resistant. Polymers are lightweight and insulating. Materials science helps understand materials and design new components.
1. All materials are composed of 92 elements that combine to form compounds or molecules. Elements cannot be broken down further, while compounds and molecules can.
2. Atoms are the smallest particles of elements and join together to form molecules. Atoms themselves contain electrons, protons and neutrons.
3. Materials exist in solid, liquid and gas states depending on the strength of electrostatic forces between atoms and molecules. Stronger forces lead to solids with fixed shapes, while weaker forces allow liquids and gases to flow freely.
The document discusses dental casting alloys. It begins by introducing the major classes of materials used in dentistry - metals, ceramics, and polymers. Metals are further divided into dental amalgams, noble metal alloys containing gold, palladium, silver, and base metal alloys containing nickel or cobalt.
The document then discusses the history of metals in dentistry from ancient times to modern developments like porcelain fused to metal techniques. It also discusses how the price of gold led to new alloys replacing it with palladium or eliminating it entirely in the 1970s.
The rest of the document covers topics like alloy compositions, microstructure, physical properties, corrosion resistance, and the effects of noble metals like
Dental casting alloys /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses basic physical properties of materials including solid state, interatomic bonds, atomic structure, and methods for testing dental materials. It covers bulk properties like mechanical properties (strength, elasticity, plasticity, hardness), thermal properties (heat flow, thermal expansion), and electrical properties. Surface properties like surface energy and wetting are also mentioned. Specific bonding types (ionic, covalent, metallic), crystal structures, and properties of metals, ceramics and polymers are defined. Stress, strain, tensile testing and elastic constants are explained in the context of mechanical properties.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
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# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
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Introduction to Mechanical Metallurgy (Our course project)Rishabh Gupta
The document summarizes key concepts in materials science and engineering. It discusses:
1. The importance of selecting high quality materials for better product design and performance.
2. The four main components in materials science - processing, structure, properties, and performance - and how they interrelate.
3. The main classes of materials - metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors, and elastomers - and some of their key characteristics.
4. Crystal structures of metals and how they are classified based on atomic packing efficiency. Factors that determine a material's density are also covered.
The document discusses the key properties of metals and alloys. It covers the physical properties of metals, metallic bonding, and how alloys have different properties than their constituent elements due to their crystalline structure. The lesson objectives are to describe the properties of metals and alloys, explain metallic bonding, and why alloys are less malleable than pure metals.
The document provides details about the Materials Science course at Gazı University including the course outline, textbook, grading criteria, and chapter outlines for topics like the classification of materials, metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and advanced materials. The course covers fundamental materials science concepts over 15 weeks and will evaluate students with midterm and final exams worth 60% and 40% of the grade respectively.
The document discusses various engineering materials including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. It provides information on the properties and examples of different material classes. It also discusses standards (ASTM) for materials classification and specifications. Key properties discussed include strength, toughness, hardness, ductility, fatigue, and effects of processing such as heat treatment and alloying.
The document provides an overview of the history and classification of materials. It discusses the progression from the Stone Age to the Bronze and Iron Ages. Key materials discussed include metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors, biomaterials, and smart materials. The relationship between a material's structure, properties, processing and performance is also summarized.
This document discusses various engineering materials and their properties. It begins by classifying materials into metals, non-metals and composites. Metals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous categories. The document then discusses properties of materials including physical, mechanical, electrical, magnetic and chemical properties. It provides examples to illustrate different types of materials like metals, alloys, ceramics and polymers. The document also compares properties of metals and non-metals in a table and discusses composites as a combination of two materials to achieve specialized properties.
1. The document discusses different types of engineering materials including metals, non-metals, and composites. It describes the classification and properties of metals and non-metals.
2. Metals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous categories. Key properties of metals include high density, strength, and conductivity. Non-metals exhibit low density and strength and are typically insulators.
3. The document also covers conducting materials and factors that influence resistivity such as temperature, alloying, mechanical stress, and cold working. Resistivity generally increases with temperature for metals.
The document discusses different types of engineering materials including metals, non-metals, and composites. It describes how materials are classified and defines key properties. Metals are classified as ferrous, containing iron, and non-ferrous, not containing iron. The properties of materials include physical, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and chemical characteristics. Conducting materials are those that allow electricity to flow through them, with properties like resistivity affected by factors such as temperature, alloying, and mechanical stress.
This document discusses various engineering materials and their properties. It begins by classifying materials into metals, non-metals and composites. Metals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous categories. The document then discusses properties of materials including physical, mechanical, electrical, magnetic and chemical properties. It provides examples to illustrate different types of materials like metals, alloys, ceramics and polymers. The document also compares properties of metals and non-metals in a table and discusses composites as a combination of two materials to achieve specialized properties.
This document discusses dental casting alloys and their composition. It begins by defining metals, metalloids, and alloys. It then discusses the atomic structure and crystal lattices of metals, as well as their physical properties related to solidification, crystallization, density, conductivity, and strength. Noble metals like gold, platinum, palladium, and base metals like cobalt, nickel, chromium commonly used in dental alloys are introduced along with their properties. Microstructure, grain size and their effect on mechanical properties are also covered. In conclusion, various metals and their roles in developing desirable properties in dental casting alloys are summarized.
This document discusses dental casting alloys and noble metal alloys. It begins by defining key terms like metals, alloys, and crystal lattices. It then describes the atomic structure and physical properties of metals, including their densities, conductivity, and ability to be cast or machined. Specific crystal lattice structures are shown for different metals. The document discusses the solidification and crystallization of metals, including how alloys solidify over a temperature range rather than at a single point. It focuses on the properties and uses of noble metal alloys for dental restorations, noting that noble metals like gold and platinum are resistant to corrosion in the oral cavity.
Materials Engineering and Metallurgy Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
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# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document provides an overview of engineering materials including metals, polymers, ceramics, glass, composites and wood. It discusses the classification, properties and applications of common metals like steel, aluminum and their alloys. Key concepts covered include crystal structures, defects, phase diagrams, mechanical properties from tensile/compression tests, strengthening mechanisms like work hardening and precipitation hardening. Common ferrous alloys like carbon steels and cast irons and their microstructures are summarized.
The document discusses the structure and properties of metals. Metals have a metallic lattice structure where the metal atoms are arranged in a regular pattern with their valence electrons delocalized in a "sea of electrons". This structure results in several properties including conductivity of heat and electricity, malleability, lustrous appearance, and high melting points. The structure can be modified through processes like work hardening, heat treatment, and alloying to achieve desired material properties for different applications.
This document provides an introduction to engineering materials, including their classification and properties. It discusses the main categories of materials - metals, polymers, ceramics, glass, composites and wood. It then focuses on metals, describing their properties and how they are classified as either pure metals or alloys. The key differences between metals, polymers, ceramics and glass are summarized. Atomic structure, bonding types and crystal structures are also introduced at a high level.
Ceramic Structures and properties: - coordination number and radius rations - AX,
AmXp, AmBmXp type crystal structures – imperfections in ceramics- phase diagrams of
Al2O3 – Cr2O3 and MgO- Al2O3 only – mechanical properties – mechanisms of plastic
deformation – ceramic application in heat engine, ceramic armor and electronic
packaging.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses basic physical properties of materials including solid state, interatomic bonds, atomic structure, and methods for testing dental materials. It covers bulk properties like mechanical properties (strength, elasticity, plasticity, hardness), thermal properties (heat flow, thermal expansion), and electrical properties. Surface properties like surface energy and wetting are also mentioned. Specific bonding types (ionic, covalent, metallic), crystal structures, and properties of metals, ceramics and polymers are defined. Stress, strain, tensile testing and elastic constants are explained in the context of mechanical properties.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Introduction to Mechanical Metallurgy (Our course project)Rishabh Gupta
The document summarizes key concepts in materials science and engineering. It discusses:
1. The importance of selecting high quality materials for better product design and performance.
2. The four main components in materials science - processing, structure, properties, and performance - and how they interrelate.
3. The main classes of materials - metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors, and elastomers - and some of their key characteristics.
4. Crystal structures of metals and how they are classified based on atomic packing efficiency. Factors that determine a material's density are also covered.
The document discusses the key properties of metals and alloys. It covers the physical properties of metals, metallic bonding, and how alloys have different properties than their constituent elements due to their crystalline structure. The lesson objectives are to describe the properties of metals and alloys, explain metallic bonding, and why alloys are less malleable than pure metals.
The document provides details about the Materials Science course at Gazı University including the course outline, textbook, grading criteria, and chapter outlines for topics like the classification of materials, metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and advanced materials. The course covers fundamental materials science concepts over 15 weeks and will evaluate students with midterm and final exams worth 60% and 40% of the grade respectively.
The document discusses various engineering materials including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. It provides information on the properties and examples of different material classes. It also discusses standards (ASTM) for materials classification and specifications. Key properties discussed include strength, toughness, hardness, ductility, fatigue, and effects of processing such as heat treatment and alloying.
The document provides an overview of the history and classification of materials. It discusses the progression from the Stone Age to the Bronze and Iron Ages. Key materials discussed include metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors, biomaterials, and smart materials. The relationship between a material's structure, properties, processing and performance is also summarized.
This document discusses various engineering materials and their properties. It begins by classifying materials into metals, non-metals and composites. Metals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous categories. The document then discusses properties of materials including physical, mechanical, electrical, magnetic and chemical properties. It provides examples to illustrate different types of materials like metals, alloys, ceramics and polymers. The document also compares properties of metals and non-metals in a table and discusses composites as a combination of two materials to achieve specialized properties.
1. The document discusses different types of engineering materials including metals, non-metals, and composites. It describes the classification and properties of metals and non-metals.
2. Metals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous categories. Key properties of metals include high density, strength, and conductivity. Non-metals exhibit low density and strength and are typically insulators.
3. The document also covers conducting materials and factors that influence resistivity such as temperature, alloying, mechanical stress, and cold working. Resistivity generally increases with temperature for metals.
The document discusses different types of engineering materials including metals, non-metals, and composites. It describes how materials are classified and defines key properties. Metals are classified as ferrous, containing iron, and non-ferrous, not containing iron. The properties of materials include physical, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and chemical characteristics. Conducting materials are those that allow electricity to flow through them, with properties like resistivity affected by factors such as temperature, alloying, and mechanical stress.
This document discusses various engineering materials and their properties. It begins by classifying materials into metals, non-metals and composites. Metals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous categories. The document then discusses properties of materials including physical, mechanical, electrical, magnetic and chemical properties. It provides examples to illustrate different types of materials like metals, alloys, ceramics and polymers. The document also compares properties of metals and non-metals in a table and discusses composites as a combination of two materials to achieve specialized properties.
This document discusses dental casting alloys and their composition. It begins by defining metals, metalloids, and alloys. It then discusses the atomic structure and crystal lattices of metals, as well as their physical properties related to solidification, crystallization, density, conductivity, and strength. Noble metals like gold, platinum, palladium, and base metals like cobalt, nickel, chromium commonly used in dental alloys are introduced along with their properties. Microstructure, grain size and their effect on mechanical properties are also covered. In conclusion, various metals and their roles in developing desirable properties in dental casting alloys are summarized.
This document discusses dental casting alloys and noble metal alloys. It begins by defining key terms like metals, alloys, and crystal lattices. It then describes the atomic structure and physical properties of metals, including their densities, conductivity, and ability to be cast or machined. Specific crystal lattice structures are shown for different metals. The document discusses the solidification and crystallization of metals, including how alloys solidify over a temperature range rather than at a single point. It focuses on the properties and uses of noble metal alloys for dental restorations, noting that noble metals like gold and platinum are resistant to corrosion in the oral cavity.
Materials Engineering and Metallurgy Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document provides an overview of engineering materials including metals, polymers, ceramics, glass, composites and wood. It discusses the classification, properties and applications of common metals like steel, aluminum and their alloys. Key concepts covered include crystal structures, defects, phase diagrams, mechanical properties from tensile/compression tests, strengthening mechanisms like work hardening and precipitation hardening. Common ferrous alloys like carbon steels and cast irons and their microstructures are summarized.
The document discusses the structure and properties of metals. Metals have a metallic lattice structure where the metal atoms are arranged in a regular pattern with their valence electrons delocalized in a "sea of electrons". This structure results in several properties including conductivity of heat and electricity, malleability, lustrous appearance, and high melting points. The structure can be modified through processes like work hardening, heat treatment, and alloying to achieve desired material properties for different applications.
This document provides an introduction to engineering materials, including their classification and properties. It discusses the main categories of materials - metals, polymers, ceramics, glass, composites and wood. It then focuses on metals, describing their properties and how they are classified as either pure metals or alloys. The key differences between metals, polymers, ceramics and glass are summarized. Atomic structure, bonding types and crystal structures are also introduced at a high level.
Ceramic Structures and properties: - coordination number and radius rations - AX,
AmXp, AmBmXp type crystal structures – imperfections in ceramics- phase diagrams of
Al2O3 – Cr2O3 and MgO- Al2O3 only – mechanical properties – mechanisms of plastic
deformation – ceramic application in heat engine, ceramic armor and electronic
packaging.
Similar to Week 3 - Material Perfromance (1).pdf (20)
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. A chemical substance is any
material with a known chemical
composition. For example, water has
the same properties and the same
ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether
it came from a river or was made in
a laboratory. Typical chemical
substances found in the home
include water, salt (sodium chloride)
and bleach. Generally, substances
exist as a solid, a liquid, or a gas, and
may change between these phases
of matter when there are changes in
temperature or pressure. Water and
steam are two different forms of the
same chemical substance.
There are 100 chemical substance
which cannot be subdivided. These
basic unit such as carbon, iron,
hydrogen and oxygen are called
chemical elements.
Building Block of Matter
3. Total 97% of all earthly substances.
Atoms are the basic of all matter, consist of a
small, dense positively charged molecules
surrounded by a moving ring of negatively
charged electrons.
Electron moving around the nucleus (like
planet moves around sun)
Ordinarily electrons and nucleus are nicely
balanced the negatively charged on
electrons equaling the positive charged on
the nucleus.
Building Block of Matter
5. Ordinarily electrons and nucleus are nicely balance -
negative charge on electrons = positive charged on nucleus.
Ions – atoms may give up or acquired negatived charged
electrons.
Molecules – combines with other atom, i.e. water (hydrogen
and oxygen)
H is 1 valented and O is 2 valent to make molecules, H2O
2 atoms oxygen form 1 molecules of oxygen (O2)
3 atoms oxygen form 1 molecule of ozone (O3)
Molecule may take solid, liquid or gaseous form
Gas → Liquid → Solid
High temperatures
6.
7. Periodic Table of Elements
Individually atomic weight, serial number (atomic
number), vertical columns according to their
chemical behaviour, which depend mainly on the
number of electrons in the outer shell of the atom.
i.e. metal table left, non metal in the right of the
table
9. Periodic Table of Elements
Building material interest:
H Hydrogen Al Aluminium Se Selenium
He Helium Si Silicon Br Bromine
C Carbon P Phosphorus Ag Silver
O Oxygen Mn Manganese Cd Cadmium
F Fluorine Fe Ferum/ Iron Sn Tin/Stanum
Ne Neon S Sulphur Sb Antimony
Na Sodium Cl Chlorine I Iodine
Mg Magnesium Ar Argon Ba Barium
K Potassium Ca Calcium W Tungsten
Cr Chromium Ni Nickel Pt Platinum
Cu Copper Zn Zinc Au gold
10. Bonding
Major reason that atoms, ions and molecules
bond together to form substances is the strong
acquisitive nature of the outermost electron
shell.
Types of bonding are ionic, metallic, covalent
and secondary/molecule.
11. Ionic Bonding
Positive ions and negative ions are attached and bond
ionically.
Ceramic materials are combination of metallic and non
metallic atom bonded primarily, through the ionic
mechanism, examples under this categories are brick, tile,
Portland cement and natural stone, concrete, Terracotta
Their properties follow from the quality of their ionic
bonding.
Characteristics:
i) High melting temperatures
ii) Chemically inert (lengai)
iii) Tend to brittle (rapuh)
12. Ionic Bonding
iv) Tend to shatter rather than change shape
v) Good strength in compression but low
strength in tension
vi) Poor conductors of heat and electricity (good
thermal and electrical resistance)
13.
14. Metallic Bonding
Metallic atoms try to surrender their few outer
electrons to become positive ion.
Characteristics:
i) Strong with fairly high melting temperatures
ii) Good conductors of heat and electricity
iii) Metals may or may not be chemically inert.
iv) Form of corrosion (cast iron as drain pipe
cover)
15. Each positive centre in the diagram represents all
the rest of the atom apart from the outer electron,
but that electron hasn't been lost - it may no
longer have an attachment to a particular atom,
but it's still there in the structure
16.
17.
18. Covalent Bonding
Many elements such as carbon and nitrogen lack the strong
tendency to form either positive ions or negative ions.
These elements with a moderate number of electrons in their
outer shells reach stability by sharing electrons with similar
elements.
The process of mutual sharing of outer valence electrons by a
cluster of atoms to create a stable entity is known as covalent
bonding. Campuran atom yang lemah membentuk molekul
yang kuat. ‘Diamond’.
Seldom occur in nature – found in small quantity.
Wood, plastics, bituminous products (molecular
materials).
19. Covalent Bonding
Characteristics:
i) Low strength
ii) Low melting temperature
iii) Poor conductor and electricity
iv) Not broken by many of the strong chemical
compound that attack metals and ceramics.
20.
21. Molecular materials are composed of atoms bound into
molecules by covalent bonding, but the molecules are then
joined to each other by means of weak secondary bonds.
These bonds occur as the positive nuclei or negative electrons
in one molecule feel an attraction of their opposites in
neighboring molecules and are attracted to and bound to
them in a weak bond.
Known as Van Der Walls bonding
Characteristics:
i) Low strength and low melting temperatures
ii) Poor conductors of heat and electricity
iii) Not broken by strong chemical compounds
iv) Chemically inert in many types of environments
v) Easy attacked by molecular solvent such as acetone, but
resistant to attack by most salts, acids and industrial
atmosphere.
Secondary Bonding/Molecule
22. The Properties of Materials
The Ceramics - glass,
brick, concrete, tiles
Metals – iron, steel,
copper, aluminium
and alloys
Molecular Materials –
plastics and wood
(timber)
hard
brittle
poor conductor of
heat and electricity
more ductile –
mulur dan dapat
dibentuk
Good conductor of
heat and electricity
fair strength
low melting
temperatures
poor conductor of
heat and electricity
23. Material Performance And Its
Measurement
Objectives:
1) Identify, define and discuss measurement of those
properties of materials which might have to be
considered when incorporating them into building.
2) It is essential before the individual materials are
examined.
Characteristic to look on:
Mechanical properties
Thermal properties
Chemical properties
Electrical properties
Others
24.
25. M e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s
These are associated with load.
Strength
The ability to carry load without failure (structure
failure)
The pressure all ‘stressed’ and may be applied as
‘compression, tension, torsion, shear.
F
F
l l0
A0
Schematic illustration of how a
tensile load produces an elongation
and positive linear strain. Dashed
line before deformation; solid line,
after deformation
26. No Materials Ultimate
compressive stress
(MN/m2)
1 Engineering brick class A 69 - 80
2 Engineering brick class B 48.5 – 55
3 concrete 10 – 50
4 Structural timber (softwood) 3 – 95
- Strength is clearly a vital characteristics of
many components of building and detailed
calculation will usually be required to
establish the optimum sizes of member.
S t r e n g t h
27. No Materials Ultimate tensile
stress (MN/m2)
Ultimate
compressive stress
(MN/m2)
1 Sandstone - 255 - 195
2 Limestone - 15 – 42.5
3 Granite - 100 - 330
4 Mildsteel 400 – 500 -
5 Aluminium alloy 300 – 500 -
6 Copper 210 – 350 -
7 Lead 15 -
8 Plastics 0.15 – 0.7 -
- For most building purposes – the greatest
significance attaches to the ability to carry
tensile and comprehensive stresses.
S t r e n g t h
30. Strain is the response of a material to stress. It is defined as the change in length of the
material under stress (L' −L0) divided by the original length (L0). For a material under tension,
the material may show an incremental increase in length. For a material under compression,
the material may show an incremental decrease in length.
One way to demonstrate strain for yourself is to use compressible packing foam (beams) or
insulation (tubes). Draw regular grids on the foam (as shown below). What happens to the
grid spacing as you squish, stretch and bend the foam? When you bend the foam, you can
see a combination of compressive and tensile stresses on opposite sides of the bend.
31. -Measured as the relationship of stress / strain which
is known as Young’s Modulus or the modulus of
elasticity and shown as ‘E’.
-An applied load no matter how small, always exert
stress to strain a solid object.
-Landing on a steel I beam will cause the beam the
deflect and this resulting strain.
stress
strain
100
200
300
400
500
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
R i g i d i t y
32. R i g i d i t y
Stress / strain curves for mild steel, high tensile steel,
structural aluminium alloy, copper and lead as figure
below.
Within elastic limit, stress varies with strain. From the
graph, copper and lead reach very high strains before
failure.
Kekenyalan adalah suatu sifat yang dimiliki oleh suatu
bahan untuk kembali kepada saiz dan bentuk asal
apabila daya luar dikeluarkan.
Perubahan relatif saiz dan bentuk sesuatu jasad
disebabkan oleh tegasan dinamakan terikan (strain)
34. D u c t i l i t y
In a ductile material deformation occurs
because tensile failure and material is
therefore workable.
Ductility is measured by percentage
elongation in standard test.
Particularly ductile materials include lead,
copper and some plastics
Characteristic : elastic deformation (reversible
strain) and plastic deformation (permanent or
irreversible deformation).
35. D u c t i l i t y
Hooke
Law
Elastic Plastic
Strain
(Terikan)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
O
i ii
Stress
(Tegasan)
36. Hooke
Law
Strain
(Terikan)
Stress
(Tegasan)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
O
i ii
A = proportional limit
B = rigidity point (titik alah/had kenyal)
D = dotted point
-The increase in load after point C will produce a large strain up to the point D
before the material breaks.
B-D = is called plastic deformation (metal)
Ductile metals where large plastic deformation occurred in the elastic limit and
breaking point.
-- If load remove from any point O-B the material return to its original
situation/shape.
In this area that material is called rigid.
- When load increase, strain will increase rapidly and when the load is removed
after B,C the material will not return to its original shape but will follow accordingly
CG line.
37. D u c t i l i t y
When building materials are formed into desired
shape we do not want them to spring back again.
We want elastic deformation that returns to its
original configuration.
Load bearing areas of structures are made large
enough, so that loads applied to them will not
generated stress that cause permanent or plastic
deformation.
38. T o u g h n e s s
A material of good strength and ductility
is considered tough and will not withstand
shock loads. i.e. copper is tough material.
39. B r i t t l e n e s s
Is reversible of toughness, brittle materials
break without deformation and are
stronger in compression than in tension.
i.e. cast iron, brick
Material tend to shatter/break, and if the
deformation occur after elastic limit of the
material, therefore it is called brittle.
40. H a r d n e s s
The Brinell hardness test measures
hardness of material
Other type of test Vicker & Rockwell
Test result using Brinell test – Steel (120 –
150), aluminium alloy (60 – 100), copper
(40 – 100) lead (4)
Ability to resist penetration
Harder material, greater wear abrasion
resistance
41.
42. R e s i l i e n c e
Is the energy stored by a material
The extent to which it will recover quickly
from strain.
The ability to absorbed energy within
elastic range is called resilience.
43. F a t i g u e r e s i s t a n c e
Is a measure of materials ability to
withstand repeated stress
Material could shatter under maximum
strength when due to repeated/cycle
stress (i.e. pumps or mechanical devices)
44. D e n s i t y
Is the mass of unit volume of material, for
building purposes generally expressed in
kg/m3
Since the loads imposed by each material
in a building have to be transmitted to the
foundation, important saving can be
made by choosing low density material.
45. D e n s i t y
No MATERIAL Density in kg/m3
1 Brickwork 1250 – 2250
2 Concrete 2250 - 2500
3 Structural timber 400 – 600
4 Limestone 2000 – 2400
5 Sandstone 200 – 2750
6 Granite 2500 – 3200
7 Mild steel 7800
8 Aluminium 2700
9 Copper 9000
10 Lead 11250
11 Plastics 900 - 2500
46. S h a p e / M a l l e a b i l i t y
Malleability is the nature of a
substance that can be extended in
all directions permanently when hit
/ pressure charged on it (i.e. metal
& iron).
47. T H E R M A L P R O P E R T I E S
When subjected to temperature changes,
a material may change its solidify, melt or
vaporize, expand or contract and
conduct or reflect heat.
Thermal
properties
Melting
temperature
Thermal
conductivity
Thermal
transmittance
Thermal
expansion
48. Melting Temperature
As rule of thumb materials with high
melting temperature such as ceramic
perform best at high temperature, metal
perform moderately well and molecular
material perform least well.
49. Thermal Conductivity (k)
Thermal conductivity is the reciprocal of
the resistivity and varies with the density of
material.
It measures the rate of heat transfer
between the faces of a material stated in
W/mK or W/m°C.
HEAT
Heat loss through component thickness = conductance , k x t
K in W/mK
50. Thermal Transmittance (U)
Thermal transmittance measure the rates
of heat transfer from air to air through
what may be a complete structure.
Heat loss calculation
U = 1/ΣR
51. Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion is often important to
the design of buildings and should be
predicted as accurately as possible, in
order that suitable expansion joints can
be designed and incomplete into
structure.
Thermal movement is responsible for
much damage. i.e. steel bridge (1 miles)
long, expand about 12 inch. As it
temperatures is raised from 70 – 100 °F.
Higher thermal expansion, higher melting
temperature.
52. Thermal Expansion
Example of coefficient of thermal
expansion
No Material Coefficient of thermal
expansion x 10-6 inch
1 Brickwork 5-7
2 Concrete 10 - 14
3 Limestone 3 – 10
4 Sandstone 7 -16
5 Granite 8 - 10
6 Mild steel 12
7 Aluminium alloy 24
8 Copper 17
9 Lead 30
10 UPVC 70
11 Polystyrene 70
53. E L E C T R I C A L P R O P E R T I E S
Electrical conductivity is the interest to the building
designer.
MOLECULAR
MATERIALS
CERAMIC
METALS
Conduction of heat easily
Lower conductivities
Lowest
54. E l e c t r i c a l P r o p e r t i e s
Example of material with percentage of conductivity.
Material % conductivity
Mild steel 12
Aluminium alloy 32 - 52
Copper 100
Lead 8
55. C H E M I C A L P R O P E R T I E S
Chemical characteristic such as composition, atomic
weight, valency, acid, alkali, atom number, chemical
reaction etc.
The air and moisture to which building materials are
exposed contain small amount of active chemical
compounds.
i.e. metal degrade, corrode (anode effect by
chemical reaction) solve using paint (molecular
material) to protect corrode and non conductive
barrier.
56. O T H E R S P R O P E R T I E S
Physics – shape such as cone, prism, pyramid, sphere, cylinder.
Technology – on economic matters (value for money), on
production, assembly, transportation, storage etc.
Fire – behaviour in fire, combustibility, flame spread, loss of
strength.
Example of material behaviour in fire:
No. Material Behaviour in Fire (Loss of strength)
1 Brickwork Loss of supporting structure
2 Concrete Cracking due to expansion of
reinforcement
3 Structural timber some
4 Steel Yes above 400°C
5 Plastic Yes
6 Glass Shatters