How Do Substances Affect The Freezing Point Of Ice

How Do Substances Affect The Freezing Point Of Ice
Danis Heto Have you ever wondered that if you put ice into a drink, the substances in the drink will
make it melt faster. This is exactly the case, I will be seeing how the substances that we use in our
everyday life affect the melting point of ice. I will be looking at what causes the freezing point
depression, how substances affect the freezing point of ice, and the purposes of changing the
freezing point of ice. The melting point of ice is the given temperature that a substance will melt,
and by lowering this it makes the ice melt quicker. By learning this you can understand which
substance to use to melt the ice off of your sidewalk, or even when making homemade ice cream.
Freezing point depression is a property in solutions that happens
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Explain How Salt Affect The Freezing Point Of Water
How does adding salt affect the freezing point of water?
The water molecules leaving the solid phase will continually decrease as the temperature lowers
until it will eventually match the rate at which water molecules can find the solid in the presence of
salt.
The higher the concentration of salt, the greater the freezing point depression.
If I add salt to one of the bottles of water, but not to the other, then the bottle of water that had the
salt will take longer to reach its freezing point.
Independent Variable– the amount of salt
Dependent Variable– the temperature, the time and the amount of water
Salt
Two cups
Water
Measuring cup
1. Fill both cups with lukewarm water (150mL).
2. Label both cups.
3. Pick one of the cups to mix

Effect Of Lowering The Freezing Point Of Water
Nayla Epps, Mirsha Pierre and Malia Shields Honors Chemistry Period 2 Group:11 Topic:Lowering
the Freezing Point of Water Due Date: 10/6/17 Background Research The scientists topic sentence is
the freezing point point of water will decrease depending on the amount of solute used in the
solvent. In this case it is water. The problem statement is "How much solute is needed in cvde to
decrease the freezing point of water. The independent variable is the amount of solute and the
dependent variable is the temperature at the point when the water will freeze. There is no constant
variable, the controlled variable is no solute (water only). The scientist's hypothesis is if there is
more solute added to the water, then the water's freezing point will decrease based on the number of
grams of solute. To test the hypothesis the scientists will constantly add more salt/sugar to the water
to see how much freezing point decreases per gram. In order to lower the temperature at which
water freezes you would need salt. When you add salt to ice the ice would melt and surprisingly get
colder. Scientist prove salt lowers the freezing point of water. From scientist we learned that salt will
lower the freezing point of water. Adding salt to an ice cube will make the ice cube melt. As the ice
cube melts, energy is being used to separate bonds in the solid state. Breaking down salt in water
causes

Lowering The Freezing Point Of Water
Isaiah McConaga
Janay Winston
Mrs. Chan
Honors Chemistry
Background Research
The topic is Chemistry of Making Ice–Cream: Lowering the Freezing Point of Water. In this
experiment the scientist will be researching how to lower the freezing point of water using salt
and/or sugar. The Independent Variable in this experiment is the solutes that the scientist uses which
are, chemicals that dissolve in liquids. The Dependent Variable is the temperature/freezing points of
the substances(°C). A constant is this experiment would be the use of salt and sugar and the control
would be the pure water because it is important for determining the freezing point of the water in the
experiment.
In order to determine which chemicals will lower the freezing ... Show more content on
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The salt content lowers the oceans' freezing point so that conditions have to be a lot colder to make
it freezes. (David Bradley, 2009). To understand all of this, you first need to understand the freezing
point of water. Water freezes at 0(°C) or 32(°F). However, adding salt or sugar or a substance as
those listed, could change the freezing point of water.
The freezing point of ocean water is 28.4 (°F) this is due to the amount of salt found in the ocean, at
least 10 percent of the oceans water freezes and becomes ice, but the only part that freezes is the
actual water itself while everything underneath is salt water. The polar ice caps are made out of
fresh water, up to 15 percent of the oceans water is always frozen. In the ocean there is around 35
grams of salt for every 1000 units of water.
When adding sugar to pure water it also lowers the freezing point of water because it becomes a
mixture. If sugar is sprinkled on ice it mixes with the warmest layer of water creating a sugar–water
mix that pushes all the remaining sugar water underneath the ice layer making it freeze. The
movement of pure water molecules slow down through the sugar–water

How Does Ice Affect Ice Cream
Title: How is the time it takes ice cream to freeze affected when the amount of Sodium
Chloride(salt) added to the ice used to freeze the ice cream is changed?
Purpose
The purpose of the experiment is to see how the freezing process of ice cream is affected when
different amounts of Sodium Chloride are added on the ice that is used to freeze it.
Background Information
The three most common states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. When a person has made ice
cream, the ingredients go from a liquid to a solid state which is called freezing. In the liquid state,
the substance's molecules are the most loosely packed of the three states of matter and have no
definite volume. Because of this, they will usually take the shape of whatever container they are put
into. The solid state however is the complete opposite. In this state, the molecules are tightly packed
and are unable to move around freely. (Classifications of Matter) ... Show more content on
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In order to freeze the ice cream must reach a little below the freezing point of ice, which is 32
degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Celsius. The words freezing point just means the temperature where
a liquid transition into a solid. That's where salt come into play. Salt does something called freezing
point deprivation. Freezing point deprivation is when the freezing point of a solvent is lowered
when a solute is added to it. In this case salt is being added to ice. A common example of freezing
point deprivation in real life would be when salt is added to the roads right before it snows.
Assuming the temperature is around 32 degrees Fahrenheit, the salt lowers the freezing point of the
snow by a few degrees and as a result, the snow melts when it hits the

Freezing Point Depression Lab
Freezing Pt Depression Lab
Purpose– To predict compare the actual and theoretical van't Hoff Factors for three compounds via
freezing point depression
Day 1
Procedure
Fill a beaker ¾ full with ice from the freezer and add ¼ to ½ inch of table salt. Stir until mixed and
check that the temperature is ~≤ –8 ºC.
Fill a test tube ½ full with tap water
Put the temp probe in the test tube and immerse the test tube in the ice–salt bath.
Stir the water in the test tube gently with a thermometer while keeping track of the temperature.
When the first ice crystals appear on the inside wall of the test tube, record the temperature. This
should be the freezing point of the liquid. (In this step water is the pure solvent).
Repeat as many times as necessary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is necessary to find the freezing point of pure water because our pure water does not necessarily
freeze at 0°C; it freezes around 0°C. Due to the temperature in our room and the pressure of the
atmosphere, our water will not freeze at exactly 0°C. Yes it would freeze near that point but we need
to be accurate in order to produce the best results for our lab. Even though pure water is said to boil
at 0°C, that is determined upon the pressure and temperature
Is the van't Hoff factor higher or lower than expected? Explain why this happens. In our lab the
calculated Van't Hoff Factor came out to be higher than the theory twice, and it came out lower than
the expected once. For a majority of this lab, the Van't Hoff Factor is higher than the expected
amount. The Van't Hoff factor shows the experimenter the average amount of ions that form in a
solution containing one solute. When the number that researchers calculate turns out to be lower
than the average Van't Hoff factor, researchers say that 0%–99% was dissociated. When the number
turns out to be equal to the Van't Hoff factor, 100% dissociates. When the Van't Hoff calculated is
higher than than the expected, there is most likely a high chance of error somewhere throughout the
lab. However, it is possible that the calculated Van't Hoff factor was higher than expected due to

How Does Temperature Affect Freezing Point
Topic: Does adding different substances to water effect the freezing rate?
Objectives:
The main objective of the experiment was to find the freezing rate of water when different
substances were added. The state of changing liquid to solid is called freezing point.
Introduction:
When temperature decreases, liquid changes into solid called freezing. The temperature at which the
solid–liquid change takes place depends on the purity of the substance. Melting and freezing
temperature of pure compounds is fixed. While, it may be lower by the addition of any impurity like
salt, vinegar etc. to it.
During the freezing of a solution, two forces are basically acting against each other. The first force is
the 'external pressure'. This force exerted in the neighbouring environment and this pushes down on
to the surface of the solution. The second force is called the 'vapour pressure' and this is caused by
the molecules in the solution trying to push upwards (against the external pressure) and to evaporate
(Ge et al., 2008).
The condition where the freezing point of a liquid is lowered by the presence of an additive called
"freezing point depression". This is observed in all solutions, and the freezing point is determined by
the amount of solute particles dissolved in the solvent (Ge et al., 2009)
At the freezing point of that particular solution, the chemical potential of the solution at liquid state
and solid state will be equal. Solute particles are able to dissolve only in a

Pure Water Graph Essay
Colligative Properties & Osmotic Pressure
Peter Jeschofnig, Ph.D. Version 42–0149–00–01
Lab RepoRt assistant
This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report
Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment's questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables
that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate student's writing of lab
reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor
obseRvations & QUestions – paRt i
A. Record your observations and your time and temperature data in tables. ... Show more content on
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In your experiment is the Karo® hypertonic or hypotonic to the egg? The KARO syrup is
hypertonic to the egg therefore there is a lower concentration outside of the (in the solution) than
inside of the egg. So diffusion will occur here, meaning water will move from inside the egg to the
outside in the KARO solution. This is shown with the obvious size differences in the egg as time
increases. The egg becomes smaller and decreases in mass.
C. Historically certain colligative properties – freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and
osmotic pressure – have been used to determine molecular mass. (Now there are instrumental
methods to determine this.) Of these three, osmotic pressure is the most sensitive and gives the best
results. Molecular mass can be found according the following equation:
Π = MRT
Where: Π = osmotic pressure,
M = molarity of solution,
R = the ideal gas constant (0.0821 L×atm/mol×K), and
T = Kelvin temperature.

Sample Problem
0.125 grams of a starch is dissolved in 100 mL of water at 25oC and has an osmotic pressure of
5.15 mmHg. What is its molecular mass?
Since the gas constant, R, requires atmospheres as pressure units, we have to convert 5.15 mmHg to
atmospheres:
5.15 mm Hg * 1 atm/760 mm Hg = 0.00678 atm.
0.00678 atm = M (0.0821) (273 + 25 =

Forshadowing In Jack London's To Build A Fire
Some stories can have an emotional impact on readers, but every so often a story will reach out and
help the reader escape into it. Jack London's "To Build a Fire" is a fascinating story with a
remarkably well described setting, and geographical descriptions of the surrounding Yukon areas. It
portrays an overconfident man, whom because of his lack of intuition and stubbornness, succumbs
to natures unforgiving climate.
Claim 1: In 1897 London and his brother–in–law, Captain James Shepard joined the Klondike Gold
Rush. He used this experience to describe the settings of some of his first successful writings. His
time spent in the Klondike was very harmful to his health. Like many other men working in the
harsh conditions, London was malnourished in the goldfields, and he developed scurvy. He lost four
of his front teeth and he was plagued by constant pain in his hips and legs. His face was scared by
the rigid work he endured, and these hard ships inspired London to write his short story, "To Build a
Fire". London's exceptional use of foreshadowing in the title and within the first couple of lines of
his story tells the reader that the character of the story will come into hardship, his use of
foreshadowing is expressed within the first sentence of his story, "There was no sun or promise of
sun, although there was not a cloud in the sky. It was a clear day. However, there seemed to be an
indescribable darkness over the face of things." (London) of not traveling alone.

All The Light We Cannot See Love
Love is a powerful tool. It can be used for good, and it can be used for evil. As we see in Anthony
Doerr's novel, All the Light We Cannot See, in all times; doubt, pain, triumph, anger, or even
happiness, we must always have love.
To begin, we must always have love because it gives us courage. We see this when some Russian
men enter the house containing the main character's sister, Jutta, three other girls, and their "mother"
figure, Frau Elena. Frau Elena says, "Stay calm and they won't shoot. I'll make sure to go first. After
that they'll be gentler" (Doerr 490). Frau Elena knew the Russians were there, and they all knew
they were going to get raped, yet she risks her life for these girls. This shows her deep love and
connection, but also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We see this with Werner's sister, Jutta, who is angry that Werner wants to leave to go to the Nazi
School of Schulpforta. When she objects to this, he says what he believed to be correct; "He
rehearses in his head the argument he will present to his sister. Pflicht. It means duty. Obligation.
Every german fulfilling his function" (Doerr 124). Werner truly believed he was doing the right
thing by going to Nazi School; that this was the best way to make money, avoid the mines, and
fulfill his duty. It may have seemed selfish to Jutta at the time, but in his heart, he truly did leave out
of love. The people we love don't always understand our actions, but love keeps us on the track of
morality. More importantly however, we see Werner act out of love in a much more significant way
when he finds Marie–Laure's radio, but leaves her alone; "...the antenna is all but invisible. He hears
Jutta's voice; I bet he does these broadcasts from a huge mansion, big as this whole colony [...] He
walks fast to the hotel, head down, hands in his pockets" (Doerr 409). Werner's job is to track people
with radios and kill them. He even finds Marie–Laure's radio antenna, however the second he sees
it, he thinks of Jutta and all the love he has for his sister. These were the first broadcasts they'd listen
to as kids, and he immediately changed his mind. Werner could have easily killed her, but he knew
that was wrong. His thoughts

Analysis Of Jack Londons ' For Build A Fire And His Wise...
In Jack Londons' "To Build A Fire," a stubborn man with "no imagination" and his wise dog set out
on the Yukon trail seeking out his camp in hopes to return and meet up with "the boys." Being a
"chechaquo," a new comer to the land (Dictionary.com, 2015), this was his first Winter. "It was a
clear day and yet there seemed an intangible pall over the face of things, a subtle gloom that made
the day dark, and that was due to the absence of sun. The face did not worry the man." (London,
629). The newcomer was entering Winter temperatures in which he knew nothing of, reaching
seventy–five degrees below zero and would soon be in a battle of man verses nature. "But all this–
the mysterious, far–reaching hair–line trail, the absence of sun from the sky, the tremendous cold,
and the strangeness and weirdness of it all–made impression on the man." (London, 629). As the
man travels on through the freezing temperatures he is remind of advice from and old wise man, he
had been warned of traveling alone and the dangers that could come with someone making such
decisions. The traveler was hopeful of making it back to camp by six o'clock, and an hour into his
travels he is ready to stop and eat his lunch with pride in his traveling progress. However, an hour
into his travels the arrogant man was more concerned with chewing his tobacco, than thinking of
potential dangers despite his warnings, so he stopped for lunch, never sharing with his only
traveling companion, his loyal dog.

Prison Yard Time
Blackgate Penitentiary: Breakfast 08:00
Inmates filed into the cafeteria, it was a dismal scene, prisoners shuffling listlessly waiting for their
turn in the meal line, a feeling of unease permeating the cafeteria. It 'd been days since any of the
inmates had been allotted time outside of the oppressive structure, a thick tension had settled over
the penitentiary even the guards where a little stir crazy at this point. The intercom buzzed, a
despondent female voice sounded over the coms system "due to below freezing temperatures, prison
yard time has been cut, all inmates are to resume work inside." low murmuring turned to jeers at the
announcement.
Copperhead took a seat at one of the cafeteria tables, seating himself ... Show more content on
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Copperhead rested his chin on his hand, and muttered "look all I 've been saying is it could use a
little butter.. is that so hard to ask?" Sawfish thoughtfully tapped his fork against his teeth before
speaking "how about, I take this" he said moving Copperhead 's tray toward himself "and her
majesty can keep the butter fantasy." Copperhead sneered at the guy before getting up to leave
"some of us have work to do." He made sure to flip the tray into Sawfish 's lap on his way out.
Blackgate Penitentiary: Passage 09:00
All prisoners must undergo thorough processing before entering and exiting a cell block. First
inmates are required to pass through a full body scanner, then they are too undergo an extensive
patdown, to determine whether or not something has been smuggled into, or out of the cell block.
Processing isn 't a pleasant ordeal, but it 's the short trip down to the lower levels treatment facilities,
that Copperhead finds unpleasant.
The security station sounded "inmate 1B–078 cleared for departure" two armed guards take up
position by Copperhead, nudging him forward.
Natural light slowly fades into artificial as Copperhead starts his decent down a long flight of stairs,
above him fluorescent lights flicker, spreading a dim lifeless green across the prison, low hanging
ceiling fans spinning at a maddeningly slow pace, casting long hazy shadows. They enter the
hallways crossing is and always will be nauseating, even breathing is a unpleasant

Reflection For My Citizenship Project
Reflection
For my citizenship project, I chose to volunteer at the Daniel Stowe Botanical garden. My goal was
to obtain 15 hours of community service by volunteering for educational assistant, horticulture crew,
and at the holiday at the garden events. To reach my goal, I had to figure out two major problems.
When to volunteer and my transportation. In order to make my project possible, I had to work with
my parents. By looking at an online calendar, we were able to schedule when I can volunteer and
my event. We decided that I could volunteer in the morning during winter break, and my parents
would drop and pick me up. Before my first day volunteering, i felt more nervous than excited. I
was completely clueless and worried that I wouldn't be able to do my job properly. I was afraid that
I might become loss, or that I might have signed up incorrectly. Most of all, I was afraid that I'll
would embarrass myself. What made it vene more nerve wrecking was that I had no friends or
family to volunteer with me, so I was hesitant with working with a stranger much older than me.
Despite my worries, I was excited to see the garden. I wanted to compare the botanical garden in
Las Vegas to the one I am currently volunteering at. I was especially enthusiastic about the arts and
crafts I will be creating on my first day.
I volunteered a total of __ days, each day brought a new experience and improved my
communication skills. I started off volunteering at the fairy fest. It was a

The purpose of this lab was to determine the molecular mass of a compound by measuring the
freezing point depression. Freezing point depression is one concept discussed within this
experiment, additionally, in class too. Freezing point depression is a colligative property, which
refers to one that depends on the number of particles in a given volume of solvent, rather than on the
chemical nature of the particles. Another concept applied to this experiment is the cooling curves,
which for a pure solution does not plateau when the phase change occur, rather the rate at which the
temperature decreases becomes slower. The cooling curve for the pure solvent, on the other hand,
has a plateau because there is no solute within it that affects the temperature. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Immerse the thermometer in the 200 mm clean and dry test tube, which is filled with 10 g + 0.01 g
cyclohexane, then immerse the test tube with the thermometer in it into the ice/water slurry. Stir
constantly while recording the temperature every 30 seconds. Remove the test tube from the
ice/water slurry and dry the test tube. Measure out 0.10 – 0.15 g of the unknown compound into
your test tube. Warm the mixture to the original temperature using your hands around the test tube.
However, keep the thermometer in the test tube. Immerse the test tube in the ice/water slurry. Stir
constantly and record the temperature every 15 seconds. Additionally, on the graph, the cooling
curve of the pure cyclohexane reaches a plateau at its freezing point. The cooling curve for the
solution does not reach a plateau, but continues to decrease slowly as the solution freezes. The
freezing point of the solution is determined at the intersection of two straight lines through the data
points above and below the freezing point

Introduction The objectives in this laboratory were to be able to calculate the freezing point
depression among three trials of unknowns, be able to correctly measure the freezing points of p–
xylene, and to be able to calculate the molar masses of the unknowns by found freezing point
depression values. This was done to be able to understand and apply a concept names supercooling.
Supercooling is when a liquid is put far under its original freezing point and remains a liquid or gas.
This happens when a substance is cooled so quickly that it's easier for it to stay a liquid than to
crystalize, until it reached its nucleation point and begins to heat up returning to its freezing point
(image 4). The supercooling of p–xylene was observed in three ... Show more content on
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With time (t) on the x–axis and temperature (Celsius) on the y–axis, the exponential change could
be easily observed. At the beginning of the laboratory the masses of the combined polypropylene
test tube and 100 mL beaker were recorded by a digital electronic scale. A dry polypropylene test
tube was obtained and approximately 2 mL of p–xylene was squirted into it with the use of a pipette.
This was added to the beaker and weighed. 10 drops of toluene was then added and weighed again.
The polypropylene test tube, which now contained 10 mL of p–xylene and 10 drops toluene was
removed from the beaker and placed into a replica 100 mL beaker which was halfway filled with an
ice water mixture. The temperature sensor, which was connected to the microlab application was
placed inside of the polypropylene test tube and stirred rapidly around the outskirts of the bottom of
the polypropylene test tube. The mixture began freezing, giving off an icy slush complex. Once the
temperature appeared to have reached the nucleation point and leveled out at its freezing point, the
application was stopped. This value was recorded in the laboratory manual. The temperature sensor
was rinsed off then wiped, the beaker was re–filled with ice, and the test tube was put into the test
tube rack to be thawed. Once thawed, this was discarded into the waste bin

Freezing Point Depression Experiment
The freezing point of a substance is when the substance turns from a liquid to a solid. The freezing
point of a solvent can be decreased by adding a solute and making a solution, which is a freezing
point depression. From knowing the temperature difference between a pure solvent and a mixture, it
is possible to find the molar mass of the solute. To begin the experiment, students first obtain a
LabQuest with a temperature probe. First, you retrieve about 20gs of t–butyl alcohol and put it in a
pre–massed test tube. Students then prepare one beaker with ice water and another beaker with
warm water. Students will first put the t–butyl alcohol into warm water to prevent it from freezing in
room temperature, and put the temperature probe in the test tube. Afterwards, students will place the
test tube containing the t–butyl alcohol and put it in the ice water until the temperature begins to ...
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First, students find the average temperature of the solvent by averaging the two temperatures found
with the test tube with only the t–butyl alcohol. Students then find the freezing point of the t–butyl
alcohol and the unknown mixture through using an equation that goes Temp =(m2b1–m1b2)/(m2–
m1). From our lab group experiment, the average temperature of the pure t–butyl alcohol was 23.1
degrees Celsius and the mixture was 12.0 degrees Celsius. After finding the two temperatures, we
subtracted the average temperature of the t–butyl alcohol and the freezing point of solution to get
11.1 degrees Celsius. Then, we divided the 11.1 by 8.37 °C/m to get the molality, which was
1.32616 m. Afterwards, we found the moles of solute by multiplying the kilograms of the t–butyl
alcohol (0.01898 kg) by the molality to get 0.025170 moles. To find the molar mass, you divide the
mass of the unknown by the moles of the unknown. When our group did these steps, we got an
answer of 125.5 g/mol as our final

Lab Report Of Freezing Point Of Cyclohexanol
Jacob Winter
Chem 101–103
11/7/16
Freezing Point Depression
Introduction:
The purpose of this lab experiment is to calculate the change in the freezing point of cyclohexanol
and a solution made with cyclohexanol to find the molar mass of the unknown solute. The
colligative properties of solutions are based on the concentration of molecules rather than the
identity of the chemical. Freezing point, a colligative property of a solution, is constant in any
substance and does not rely on the amount given. For any solution composted of two or more
components, there is one solvent and one or more solutes. The major amount is the solvent and the
minor amounts are the solutes. When solutes are dissolved in solvents, the solution's freezing point
is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be accounted for in the sample of cyclohexanol. The experiment must have had a
contaminated sample of cyclohexanol, rather than a pure sample. This accounts for the difference in
the experimental values and the actual values.
Conclusion:
By demonstrating the application of a colligative property of a solution, the change in freezing point
observed between the cyclohexanol and the solution with the cyclohexanol as the solvent can be
used to calculate the unknown solute's molar mass. The data in the lab was graphed and shown in
the cooling curve. Bases off the data on the graph, the freezing points are shown where the
temperature remains constant. Using the freezing points, the difference of freezing point was
calculated. The molality of solution was calculated in the lab using the molar mass of the unknown
solution from the given previous data. The data in the lab showed the molar mass of the unknown
solute to be off from the given molar mass in the lab. This can be explained through contamination.
Theoretically, it was learned that by calculating the freezing point of an unknown substance, it can
be identified. The lab showed important techniques in using a graph

What Is The Power Of Nature In To Build A Fire Essay
In the text, "To Build a Fire" by London, the author emphasizes the idea of man versus nature by the
struggles the man and dog faces through the journey and brings a tone of unsympathetic and
uncaring to the readers this suggestion can bring the elements of survival of the fittest and the power
of nature life. To build a fire takes place on a snowy area that is so cold when you spit freezes before
it even hits the snow. Survival of the fittest can be described as a human or anything living that can
withstand their environment and the strongest link that can thrive in harsh environment but the
weakest link always dies off, some connections that can tackle the theme of survival of the fittest
when "It made quick efforts to lick the ice off it's legs, then dropped down in the snow and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The quote shows how nature impacts someone's life by affecting his extremities and push ideas
forward that nature will always be stronger than an average human because nature is all around us
and we can not change the weather and how features were made in the world naturally so when
nature takes effect it will never stop just like a heart that pumps blood without stopping through the
body dramatically affecting the body just as like to nature. Nature doesn't care what happens to the
man because nature is forced. Jack London shows us that nature's true value lies in the fact that it
does not care about humanity whether he has imagination or not, the man's thoughts mean nothing
in the face of the vast and cold

The Call Of The Wild, White Fang, And The Sea Wolf
Lauren Leibman
Ms. Adams
English III Honors
28 November 2017 Title of Your Report
Author Background
According to Franklin Walker, the well–known American author of such beloved titles as The Call
of the Wild, White Fang, and The Sea Wolf, was born on January 12, 1876 in San Francisco,
California. He spent much of his childhood on ranches and the streets of Oakland, as well as sailing
on San Francisco Bay. During his teenage years, London fell into strange and unfulfilling jobs that
led to a personal revelation about the importance of an education. London spent a few months
educating himself on both high school and college material, but when word of discovered gold in
the Klondike spread, London, at the age of twenty–one, left his home to participate in the hunt for
treasure. He published a short story collection called The Son of the Wolf in 1900 and three years
later his novel The Call of the Wild awarded him new fame and notoriety. After a successful career
as a writer, London died in 1916 at the age of forty (Walker 1).
Synopsis
The Sea Wolf follows the adventure of Humphrey Van Weyden, a literary critic and essay writer
who has never known any real hardship or physical challenge. At the start of the novel, Van Weyden
boards a boat called The Martinez, wholly unaware that it is about to sink. As the vessel is pulled
beneath the waves, Van Weyden jumps overboard and struggles in the freezing water. Fortunately,
he is rescued by the passing vessel The Ghost

Can Sugar Help Lower The Freezing Point Of Water?
Can sugar help lower the freezing point of water?
Each year 17 million tons of salt is applied by state agencies to US roads across the nation helping
people navigate otherwise treacherous roads. With the good also comes the bad which is the
corrosion or oxidation caused by the natural attraction of water to salt. Salt makes water act as a
catalyst by speeding up corrosion on millions of vehicles around the world. Can it be possible to use
a less corrosive additive such as sugar to lower the freezing point of water?
Problem:
Can sugar help lower the freezing point of water?
Relevance:
Sugar is an additive and should have an effect on the freezing point of water.
Other experiments, by university students and US states, have been conducted to find additives that
may lower the freezing point of water. The students and US states conducted tests using sugar and
different types of salt. Overall, salt performs better in reducing the freezing point of water. Sugar
also lowers the freezing point of water but not as low as salt does. An article on brighthub.com
states that adding any additive to water will help lower the freezing point because the new solution
is no longer pure water. Another study found that when ice cubes are sprinkled with salt, sugar, and
sand the ice cubes sprinkled with salt melt fastest followed by sugar.
Steps:
For this experiment, the same amount of salt and sugar will be dissolved into the same amount of
boiling tap water. Then the solutions are placed

Molar Mass Of An Unknown Compound Using Freezing Point...
Finding Molar Mass of an Unknown Compound using Freezing Point Depression
Farida Elassar*, Pranav Menon
Introduction: Certain species of animals and fish survive the cold by increasing the concentration of
solutes in their blood to lower its freezing point. In this experiment, we will be measuring the
freezing point depression of the aqueous solutions of an unknown compound to ascertain the
unknown's molar mass and therefore its identity.
Method: Firstly, the experimental apparatus was set up by clamping the Vernier temperature probe
directly to a ring stand. For trial 1, the mass of a clean, dry 11–dram vial was recorded to the nearest
0.0001 gram before 15 mL of distilled water were added to the vial and it was weighed again. An ice
bath ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because salt is an electrolyte and sucrose is not. Freezing point depression is a colligative
property, therefore the more solute particles in the solution the lower the freezing point. Electrolytes
like sodium chloride dissociate when dissolved in water, therefore they always have a van't Hoff
factor larger than 1, while nonelectrolytes always have a van't Hoff factor of 1. For example, sodium
chloride has a van't Hoff factor of 2, increasing the concentration of its particles in a solution by 2,
making it twice as effective as sucrose in decreasing the freezing point of its solvent. As a result,
less salt would keep roads unfrozen at lower temperatures than sucrose, making it the better choice.
If the temperature is lower than the eutectic temperature of the salt solution, it is pointless to
dispense salt as the solution will become saturated rapidly and the solvent will

Freezing Point Lab
Introduction: The experiment's goal was to determine the freezing point of a pure solvent and the
freezing point depressions of two solutions. The freezing point and the freezing point depressions
were determined by graphing the temperature of the pure solvent and two solutions as they cooled
and observing when crystals first formed.
Experimental Tf for benzophenone and percent error: The experimental freezing point of
benzophenone was 45.06oC. With an accepted value of 47.8oC, the percent error was 5.74%.
Differences in cooling curves: The Part 1 cooling curve for 5.0 g benzophenone had higher
temperatures when compared to the two curves in Part 2. Also, the temperature when crystals
formed was significantly higher than the other two and after

Jack London : Nature And Figurative Sense Of Pride
The film "To Build a Fire," based on the story by Jack London, visualizes the religious theme of the
short story by symbolizing humanity's disregard for the literal power of nature and figurative sense
of pride in the intelligence of being human. The man, known as a "chechaquo," or newcomer (177),
disregards the sub–freezing arctic temperature right from the beginning of the story. Even so, the
man's only thought is getting to the mining camp at a certain time, shown by his pleasure at his
precise estimation of his arrival at the fork in the creek for his meager lunch ration. He believes that
his intelligence is more than enough to get him through the treacherous journey which lay before
him. Although the man knows that it is important to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The story illustrates the man's denial of the dire situation he has placed himself in. The Merriam
Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature offers a brief synopsis of Jack London's "To Build a Fire,"
originally written in 1902, and published in its final form in 1908 (1995). It describes how the man
ignores the warnings given to him by the old man at Sulphur Creek and attempts to travel a long
distance with no appreciation for the power of nature. The man believes that his intelligence and
guile will allow him to make the treacherous journey with little supplies. Although the man is
intelligent in things, the dog is intelligent in the ways of nature and the cold.
In both the cinematic version and the short story, the setting takes place during the period in the
Yukon when the sun never rises over the horizon to warm the earth. In both, the story begins by
describing the atmosphere as, "cold and grey, exceedingly cold and grey," (176), the man sets out on
his dangerous journey without an inclination to the danger he is walking into. He only realizes that
the temperature is 75 degrees below zero when he spits, and the spittle crackles in the air, rather than
on the ground. He fails to realize that nature does not care for the whim of humans, regardless of
their accomplishments or will to live. In the story, the man is continuously chewing tobacco,
creating a, "crystal beard of the color and solidity of amber" (179). This is an important aspect
missed in the film

What Is The Colligative Properties Of Salt Dissolved In Water
Colligative properties are those properties of solutions that depend on the number of dissolved
particles in solution, but not on the identities of the solutes. For example, the freezing point of salt
water is lower than that of pure water, due to the presence of the salt dissolved in the water. To a
good approximation, it does not matter whether the salt dissolved in water is sodium chloride or
potassium nitrate; if the molar amounts of solute are the same and the number of ions are the same,
the freezing points will be the same. For example, AlCl3 and K3PO4 would exhibit essentially the
same colligative properties, since each compound dissolves to produce four ions per formula unit.
The four commonly studied colligative properties are freezing point depression, boiling point
elevation, vapor pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure. Since these properties yield information
on the number of solute particles in solution, one can use them to obtain the molecular weight of the
solute.
Freezing Point Depression
The presence of a solute lowers the freezing point of a solution relative to that of the pure solvent.
For example, pure water freezes at 0°C (32°F); if one dissolves 10 grams (0.35 ounces) of sodium
chloride (table salt) in 100 grams (3.53 ounces) of water, the freezing point goes down to −5.9°C
(21.4°F). If one uses sucrose (table sugar) instead of sodium chloride, 10 grams (0.35 ounces) in
100 grams (3.53 ounces) of water gives a solution with a freezing point of

Expansion and Contraction of Matter
SMJK AVE MARIA CONVENT
SCIENCE
B6D7E1 – The Principles of expansion and contraction of matter
Name: Lim Li Fern (14)
Class: 1P11
Identification Card No.: 990412–11–5206
Subject teacher: Puan Norlida
Heat does to matter is changes it state. There is something more subtle though that can cause big
problems. Look at this devise. When you heat both this ball and the ring the ring expands like a long
bar of metal. The ball expands less so when they are heated the ball fits through the ring. You may
want to look for these and try this demo as many of you probably have these.
Another neat tool to show the expansion of metals is this bimetal bar. It is made with one metal on
one side and another metal on the other side. One metal expands ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What Happened: The water level was slightly below full. As the water cooled, it contracted causing
the water level to drop. However, there may also be another effect here as well. If you used water
with a lot of bubbles, those bubbles also took up a part of the volume inside the bottles. As the
bubbles eventually floated to the top, they would have decreased the volume slightly. Can you think
of some way to insure that what you are seeing is not a result of the bubbles?
A Major Exception to the Rule
The general rule that has already been stated is that matter expands when heated and contracts when
cooled, but there are a few exceptions. The most important exception is water when it freezes.
Procedure: Fill the bottle to the top with water and replace the cap. Wrap the bottle in several layers
of newspaper and place the bottle and paper in the bag. Put the bag in the freezer and leave it there
until the water freezes.
Remove the bag and paper and examine the bottle. What do you see?

What Happened: The bottle was shattered or very swollen. When water is cooled, whether as a gas
(water vapor), a liquid, or a solid, it will contract. The one major exception to this is when water
reaches the freezing point and changes from liquid water to ice. At that point, the water expands,
rather than contracts. This expansion caused the bottle to break.
The reason water behaves this way has to do with the shape of it's

Joshua Garcia and Dakota Halverson
Mrs. Patel
Biology 1
4 November 2014
Freezing point depression The freezing point depression is included in four properties of solutions,
collectively called the Colligative Properties. The four properties included in the Colligative
Properties are vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and osmotic pressure. Now, whenever a
substance is added and dissolved into a solvent, there is a decrease in vapor pressure. This results in
a change of the solvents boiling point, freezing point, and osmotic pressure. The amount of change
produced by this depends on the number of solute particles that were dissolved in a certain solvent
mass. The changes in all of the colligative properties correlate to the amount ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Adding substances, such as salt can lower the freezing point of water. Salt lowers the freezing point
of water to below zero degrees Celsius, which is the initial freezing point of water. Lowering the
freezing point of water is called Freezing Point Depression. Many solutions can be used to lower the
freezing point of water. They use salt to decrease the freezing point of water to keep roads clear of
ice or other things that require decrease in waters freezing point. The freezing point of water can
vary. Adding substances, such as salt and sugar, can speed up or slow down the freezing point of
water. Salt lowers the freezing point of water to below zero degrees Celsius, the initial freezing
point of water. Lowering the freezing point of water is called Freezing Point Depression. Many
solutions can be used to lower the freezing point of water. They use salt to decrease the freezing
point of water to keep roads clear of ice or other things that require decrease in waters freezing
point. The colligative properties can be helpful in finding the molar masses of anonymous
compounds. For low concentrations of substances that cannot be turned to gas readily, the freezing
point depression of the solvent can be given in the

Freezinging Point And The Freezing Point
Review of Literature During this project, there were always two large questions. How does salt
affect the freezing point and how does sugar affect the freezing point? These are very broad
questions and along the way, other questions will come about considering how far this topic can
lead therefore in order to answer them research will have to be involved. Throughout this
experiment freezing point of water will be mentioned continuously so what is the freezing point
exactly? The freezing point is the transition of when water turns to ice this happens at a certain
temperature 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Celsius. "The typical freezing point of fresh water is
0° Celsius [32° Fahrenheit]. Generally, water molecules are composed of hydrogen and water
molecules and they have bonded together into a crystalline structure ice."
(http://www.worldofchemicals.com/558/chemistry–articles/how–does–salt– lower– the–freezing–
point–of–water.html, Data Research Analysis, 2017) This shows that when water turns to ice its a
change in matter caused by the temperature. Which leads to why it can be altered because the
temperature can always change and fluctuate. When a substance is added it can really take a toll on
how the freezing point takes place. "While pure water freezes at 0°C (32°F), salt water needs to be
colder before it freezes and so it usually takes longer to freeze. The more salt in the water, the lower
the freezing point. Very salty water freezes at around –21 °C, or

Descriptive Essay
Summer always started with a freezing splash into my small, above–ground pool that I practically
begged my dad to get me. The month before school lets out, I always started to remind my dad
about putting up our pool. It takes 18 hours to completely fill up with the freezing water from our
well. In my opinion, while it's still filling is the best time to swim. Cold and shallow! My mom
never liked me swimming before it filled to the top because the pool sits on a concrete slab and if
we slip or fall we could "seriously injure" ourselves. I never cared, though. If we had to get in to
smooth out the bottom, I would stay in until sunset. Although the past few years have been entirely
different, no one wanted to help put the pool up because it's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I knew right away that it was broken. I surfaced and touched my smashed nose that had blood
flowing into my hands and calmly told Jalyn, "I think my nose is broken." Rushing to the side of the
pool, I told Jalyn to go find my dad, but she didn't move. She was in shock, I think. Once she finally
got my dad, there was a huge pool of my blood in my hands and beside the ladder. I still hadn't
started freaking out until my brilliant father said, and I quote, "Let me fix it" as he reached for my
nose. I backed into the pool, still bleeding, beginning to freak out because I thought about the how
much it will hurt to get it fixed. After much protest, I climbed the ladder, shaking from fear, got into
the car, and waited for one of my parents to take me to the Lyons ER. My mom ended up taking me
because my dad couldn't take my crying, but he still had to take Jalyn home who was freaking out
just as much as I was.
The car ride to the ER seemed to take forever and so did the waiting in the empty Emergency Room.
As I held a paper towel up to my nose, I realized I was still in my wet swimming suit wrapped up in
a soaking towel. I forgot extra clothes! Luckily, my mom thought ahead and brought some, but she
made me wait until they nurses came, who had tons of warm blankets! Although I never got warm
until I changed and washed all the blood off of me, It helped me calm down, especially when the
nurse told me that they won't snap my bones back into place.
After I got

Freezing Point Depression Lab Report
Introduction
Molar mass is a fundamental quantity of chemistry. There are multiple ways to find the molar mass
of a substance experimentally; one way is to use Freezing Point Depression by using the following
equation: ΔT= kf*m (Robinson, 2018). The purpose of this lab was to do just that; measure the
freezing point depression of a solution when a solute is added to a solvent, and from that, determine
the molar mass of an unknown substance, along with learning about the influence that solutes have
on liquid properties. A concept of importance to this experiment is freezing point. According to
LibreTexts, "Freezing point depression is a colligative property observed in solutions that results
from the introduction of solute molecules to a solvent...and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Colligative properties, such as boiling point and freezing point, are dependent on the amount of
solutes added, not necessarily their identities (LibreTexts, 2018). A fascinating concept related to
freezing points is Supercooling. Supercooling is a state where liquids do not form ice even when
they reach temperatures below their normal freezing point; they are trapped in a metastable state
(Esrf.eu, 2018). The best example of this is clouds at high altitudes: they contain tiny droplets of
water that do not have seed crystals, and therefore do not form ice despite the low temperatures
(Esrf.eu, 2018). The concept of freezing point depression is applicable in many parts of everyday
life. The most common example of freezing point depression is in the salting of roads when it snows
(Kimbrough, 2006). As the melting of the first flakes on the warm road occurs, a solution of salty
water is created which has a lower freezing point than pure snow (Kimbrough, 2006). Now, the
temperature will not get cold enough to freeze the salty solution the way it can freeze water, keeping
ice and snow from bonding to the pavement (Kimbrough, 2006). In this lab, the freezing point
depression was calculated experimentally by adding an unknown solute to Lauric Acid,

An Article On Turning Water
Turning water to ice is a relatively long process from start to finish. Is there a way to speed up this
process by simply changing the water temperature?
Problem statement: If an average person needs ice in a hurry, is there a way to speed it up? Would
they be able to make ice faster by using cold water or would they be better off using hot water? If
adjusting the water temperature by a couple of degrees will this provide ice quicker; would it be
worth trying? The following experiment will address this question and the results of using different
water temperatures will include a more expedient way for the average person to make ice.
Literature Review
Even though freezing water seems like a pretty basic concept by many people; a lot actually goes on
within this so called simple process. There have been many experiments that examined the scientific
process of freezing water.
Nature International weekly journal of science had an article about freezing water and how it the
process was so complicated that it had never been successfully simulated by a computer. In this
experiment the experimenter was noticing how larger bodies of water would start to freeze
throughout nature when the water would start to cool until finally freezing to ice. The complicated
problem is when the water starts to cool and the hydrogen bonding between the individual water
molecules yield a disordered three–dimensional hydrogen–bond network. The experimenter noticed
that using different types of

Essay about to build a fire
Interpretation "To Build a Fire"
In the story "To Build a Fire" by Jack London, a man is travelling through the klondike
in Alaska to find his friends, "the boys". Because the man is only quick and alert to the
things of life and not the significance, he finds himself in some very bad circumstances. The man
experiences several instances of bad luck such as getting wet up to his knees, the spruce tree
dumping snow on his fire, and matches falling through his numb fingers and going out in the snow. I
think that the central idea of "To Build a Fire" is to listen to your instincts and the
"significances of life," because they will help you when you find ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He knew that it was colder than fifty below zero when he tried to spit the juice from his chewing
tobacco and it wasn't unable to clear his chin before it froze. "The result was that a crystal
beard of the color and solidity of amber was increasing it's length on his chin." Several times
he comments that the cold was making his hands and feet numbed, and frostbite was killing his
cheeks. He thinks, "What were frosted cheeks? A bit painful, that was all..." The man
also lost circulation in his hands when he took off his gloves. He rubbed his face and beat his hands,
but this only temporarily brought back the circulation. His fingers "seemed remote from his
body" because he could not move them. Earlier, he ignored an initial sign from nature with a
submerged spring because he wanted to get to "the boys" by six. Not long after he stepped through
the ice into knee deep freezing water. The most obvious clues that the man took in were internal.
"He wondered whether his toes were warm or numb." When he tried to light his last
fire, his flesh burned. He knew it was burning because "he could smell it". He didn't
even feel his hands burning. The man thought that it was "curious that one should have to use
his eyes to find where his hands were." Eventually, no amount of running or thrashing could
have awaken feeling in his body.

During this experiment, one is going to be determining the freezing point depression constant of
water. Through the use of solutions with different concentrations one will find that the solution with
the highest concentration will have the lowest freezing point. This is true because this solution has
more particles in it, in comparison to the solutions with fewer particles, and therefore has to take
longer to slow each of these particles down in order that they might be frozen. In order to find the
freezing point of a solution a very useful calculation, is the calculation of molality of each solution.
The molality can be found through the following formula using moles of solute and kilograms of the
solvent:
molality=(moles of solute)/(Kg ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is done through the use of six different solutions. The first tube was only water and this was
used to calibrate the temperature probe. This calibration determined that the freezing point of just
water was –2.89°C. The other four tubes consisted of a sugar solution and the final tube consisted of
a salt solution. For the sugar solution in tube two, 4.011g of sugar was used. For the third tube,
6.109g of sugar was used, for the fourth tube, 8.02g of sugar was used and for the fifth and final
tube, 10.013g of sugar was used. In the salt solution, test tube six, .6839g of NaCl was used. For this
discussion tube three, 6.109g of sugar, will be used to show how the freezing point was calculated
for each solution. The first thing that was calculated was the molality. This was calculated by
dividing the moles of the solute by Kg of solvent. To determine the moles of the solute, one must
convert grams into moles by dividing the mass of the sugar, 8.02g, by the molar mass of sugar,
which is 342.2g. This gives you .023mol of sugar for test tube 3.You can determine the Kg of
solvent by converting liters of the solvent into grams by using the density, and then converting
grams into kilograms. The molality of this solution was determined to be .937m. The freezing point
was then calculated for this solution through the use of the measurenet graph that was created
through

Freezing Point Depression Lab Report
Norah Albaiz
CHMY143–016
Katie Link
Lab Partner: Lydia Aman
Freezing Point Depression Measurements
Purpose:
The purpose of the experiment was to determine the molar mass of three unknown solutes by
measuring the freezing point depression of a solution containing each of the unknowns. When a
solute is dissolved in a solvent, the vapor pressure of the solvent is lowered. As a result of the
decrease in the vapor pressure, the colligative properties change.
Colligative properties include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point
depression and changes in osmotic pressure. Colligative properties are physical properties because
they are dependent only upon the number of particles of solute that are dissolved in the solvent ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3 to MM solute= Kf(grams solute)/[ ΔTf (kg solvent)]
MM unknown D= 4.30 °C/m (0.09 g)/[3.35 °C (0.00163)] = 70.9 g/mol
The experimental average Kf was calculated to be 4.29, which was pretty close to the actual value
of 4.30. The identification of Unknown D was Pentane, and the actual compound was Pentane.
However, for Unknowns A and C the experimental molar masses were off by 14 g each. The actual
molar mass of ethanol is 46.07, where the experimental one was 160.36. That is mostly due to the
hydrogen bonding between ethanol molecules, the strong hydrogen bonding interactions are
responsible for the high freezing point, which lead to a higher molar mass.
As you can see supercooling has obviously occurred in graphs 1 and 5. Supercooling is the process
of chilling a liquid below its freezing point, without it becoming solid.
The reason why molality was used in the experiment instead of molarity is because molarity
depends of volume and volume changes with temperature. A nonpolar solvent would work better
with this experiment, because p–xylene is a nonpolar solvent and non–polar molecules will dissolve
with non–polar

Freezing Point Lab
Observe
To conduct an experiment in order to calculate and compute how a particular solute affects the
overall freezing point of a solvent.
To calculate and determine the molecular weight of a specific solute (unknown) that is utilized
within the experiment.
Procedure
1. Freezing Point of Cyclohexane (Solvent)
Prepare an ice/water bath by obtaining a 400–mL and 600–mL beaker while, following Figure 14.4.
Obtain a ring stand and a thermometer. Secure the thermometer to the ring stand (consider
precautions if a glass thermometer is utilized).
Acquire a 250 mL beaker and a dry 200–mm test tube.
Place the test tube inside the beaker and record the mass of the beaker and the test tube together as
shown in figure 14.5.
Obtain 12 mL of cyclohexane (solvent) and add it to the test tube (use safety precautions as
cyclohexane is an irritant and highly flammable).
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Compute and record the mass of cyclohexane with the test tube and the beaker.
Obtain a wire stirrer and place it in the test tube with a thermometer. Make sure the thermometer is
immersed into the cyclohexane to achieve an accurate reading.
Stir the solvent within the test tube and record the temperature at specific timed intervals (15
seconds). Continue collecting the temperature until a change occurs within the temperature.
Using a graph, plot the data collected on the freezing point of cyclohexane.
2. Freezing Point of Cyclohexane plus Unknown

How Water Affects The Rate Of Change In Water
Water normally freezes at 0°C, however this temperature reading is widely dependent on the
substances that are present in the water. When dissolving a substance in water, the freezing point
will be lowered, meaning that the temperature has to be colder in order for the water to completely
freeze. This is called, "The Depression of Freezing Point". Many foreign substances, such as
alcohol, sugar and salt, can interrupt the balance of melting and freezing water at 0 degrees Celsius.
This has a direct link to the melting point of ice as melting point and freezing point both are 0°C.
When the temperature of water reaches a freezing point, the free flowing molecules get trapped into
organized crystal structures creating ice. However, when salt is introduced it disrupts the process.
When in contact with water, it splits up into two ions, being Sodium and Chloride (NaCl). These
ions move around in between the structure which then leads to the ice melting due to the lowering to
the freezing point which means more water molecules are leaving and less are entering the solid.
When the temperature lowers even further, the water molecules leaving the solid phase will slow
down even further and the rate will eventually match the rate at which water molecules can find the
solid in the presence of salt. When water leaves a solid at the same rate as molecules enter, a lower
freezig point is established. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The test that will be conducted uses 500ml of water and different levels of salt and sugar. Salt and
sugar, the solutes, being the independent variables, will allow the experiment to test the melting rate
of ice at different concentration levels. By adding salt and sugar in to separate ice trays after diluting
it and freezing it, the freezing point should be lowered, meaning that the rate at which the ice will
melt will decrease. This would also be the case if sugar was used along with

Swimming To Antarctica Summary
Swimming to Antarctica is a story about how Lynne Cox attempt to complete the grueling swim.
Lynne's goal to finish the swim is motivated by her effort, determination and bravery. Can Lynne
overcome her difficulties and finish the swim, or will she let it all slip away?
Lynne will be doing a mile long swim in the freezing, thirty–two degree water. That is the
temperature when fresh water freezes. If Lynne's cells froze, then the body tissue could result in a
permanent life threatening situation. In Lynne's cabin she questioned herself, "Would my core
temperature drop faster?", "Would i be able to tell if I was in immediate danger?". Did she really
want to take such a risk, one part of her wanted it and another did not. The next morning Lynne
walked down to the ship's library and drank four eight–ounce cups of hot water, and ate two small
croissants for breakfast. The reason she ate and drank these is because they are high in fat and
carbohydrates. Swimmers need these because the water is so cold the layer of fat would help keep
her warm. Gabriella came in to take a core temperature, it was about 100.4 degrees. This was higher
than usual, because she was so psyched. She rubbed sunscreen on her face, but none on her arms
and legs because she would be slippery if the crew needed to pull her out of the water in an
emergency. Before Lynne stepped out onto the ramp Dr. Block traced two veins in her arm with a
blue marker, it was just a precaution in case of an emergency. Though

How Do Substances Affect The Freezing Point Of Ice

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