How do each of the factors listed in (1) affect the diffusion of sol.pdf

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How do each of the factors listed in (1) affect the diffusion of solutes? (1) size of the molecule, the polarity of solute, temperature of the solution, and pH of the solution. Solution Diffusion: Diffusion is a process of passive transport in which molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient. Diffusion of molecules mainly depends on the lipid solubility and their size and polarity. Small molecules such as water, gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, etc. can pass through the cell membranes and membranes of cellular organelles by means of simple diffusion. Factors affecting diffusion include, 1). Size of the molecules: Increasing molecule size decreases the diffusion tendency 2). The polarity molecules: Increasing polarity decreases the diffusion ability and vice versa. Because the cell membrane is a lipid bilayer 3). Temperature of the solution: Increasing temperature increases the diffusion rate and vice versa. Increase in temperature increases the movement of molecules in the solution. 4). pH of the solution: It depends upon the properties of the solute. If the altered pH affects the stability of the solute, the diffusion rate changes..

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What is the purpose of performing a dark reaction? Explain why it is important to include the dark reaction in the PSII activity assay. Solution Dark reactions also called Calvin Benison Cycle, and it occurs in the stroma. This Dark reactions make use of these organic energy molecules (ATP and NADPH) produced in Light reactions. ATP provides the energy while, NADPH provides the protons required to fix the CO2(carbon dioxide) into carbohydrates. PSII activity is important the dark reaction. Because hydrolysis of water is linked with PSII..

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Tonya and Lydia are two senior nursing students assigned to work in the intensive care unit with a critically ill patient. The patient, Mr. Dunn, is an 87-year-old retired ironworker. He lives alone in an old two-story frame house. Mr. Dunn is diabetic. He is nearly blind and has moderately advanced prostate cancer and Alzheimer\'s disease. Mr. Dunn was admitted to the intensive care unit after he was discovered unconscious in his home by a neighbor. At that time he was ketoacidotic and had a very severe necrotic wound on his left leg. The surgeon plans to amputate Mr. Dunn\'s left leg but has been unable to get consent from either Mr. Dunn or his next of kin, a niece who lives out of town. Tonya is proud of her efficiency as a nursing student. She makes rapid decisions. Tonya insists that Mr. Dunn must have the amputation. She boldly suggests to the physician that he have a surrogate appointed for Mr. Dunn so that the surgery can proceed. The course is clear to her. Lydia, on the other hand, is not certain of the correct course of action. She talks to Mr. Dunn and his niece about his condition. She wonders if the amputation is the best solution to his problem. She thinks about what his quality of life will be after the surgery. She worries about his ability to care for himself and about his state of mind should he be forced to live in a nursing home. She thinks about what she would want for her own father if he were in the same situation. Lydia falls asleep at night pondering these thoughts. She does not know how to go about solving the problem. Tonya is impatient with Lydia. She sees no benefit to the time and energy spent worrying about this problem when the solution is apparent to her. She dislikes wasting her time talking to Lydia about these concerns. Think about It: Facing Ethical Dilemmas What alerts you to the presence of an ethical dilemma? How do you feel when confronted with difficult ethical decisions? To what degree do you think nurses should become involved in making decisions such as the one described in the situation presented previously? With which qualities of each nurse do you identify? Solution Ethical dilemma evolves from the concept of ethics, which proposes good and no harm. So a resolution to a problem lies in doing good and no harm. Professional ethics are a significant part of a nursing profession and ethical dilemma is a situation when confronted with has a no perfect all good resolution. It is the nurses conquest to provide care and assure good quality of life to the patient, Given situation have the following challenges for the nurse: Pro-choice vs pro-life: Mr. Dunn has a choice of amputation but with the meager family support and given physical and psychological condition, a preparation for amputation should be difficult. Freedom vs Control: Does Mr. Dunn have the freedom to choice and even if he is given the choice is he in a position, without any kin to make a decision. Empirical knowledge vs personal belief:.

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