If only one strand of the DNA molecule is transcribed for a particul.pdf

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If only one strand of the DNA molecule is transcribed for a particular gene, why is the other strand needed? Why is it important that both strands have all the information? What would happen in bacterial cells that had aquired a mutation in the gene for the Trp Repressor such that the protein could no longer bind to DNA? Solution Ques-1: If only one strand of the DNA molecule is transcribed for a particular gene, why is the other strand needed? Why is it important that both strands have all the information? Answer: Genetic code is degenerate and redundant so that ff only one strand of the DNA molecule is transcribed for a particular gene, it is leading to uneven synthesis of mRNA codon because “simultaneous DNA replication “ may intervene at the time of gene expression. So that it has illustrated that transcription is going to often occur via the both strands of DNA meticulously at a particular locus. The other template strand is also needed to bind “RNA polymerase & transcription factor” to generate sense mRNA transcript. Both DNA strands are important to avoid generation of anti-sense mRNA transcript to prevent unwanted abnormal mRNA byproduct..

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Please find the answers and explanations below: Part 1 (True/False) 1. Replication and transcription proceed in 5\' to 3\' direction: TRUE (Both DNA replication and transcription of mRNA proceed in 5\' to 3\' direcition. This is because the firstly, the DNA polymerase retains only 5\' to 3\' directionality and thus, replication begins only in this direction. .Secondarily, there must be sequence similarity between the DNA and the RNA transcribed from it thus the orientation of transcription is necessarily 5\' to 3\' in nature) 2. All cells have telomerase activity : FALSE (Telomerase or terminal transferase is an enzyme which is required for maintenance of terminal positions of chromosomes by self-replication and prevents shortening of chromosomes. It also prevents sticking of chromosomes together and thus clumping of chromosomes. Telomerase acitivty is absent in majority of somatic cells in the body.) 3. Only mRNA is transcribed: TRUE (Only the mRNA which carries the necessary information for translation is transcribed from the DNA template. The tRNA is utilized to transfer the transcribed information and rRNA is utilized to generate the polypeptide on the ribosomal surface during translation) 4. Promoter regions are upstream from the gene: TRUE (A gene promoter is the region of DNA located upstream the gene to be transcribed and carries the consensus sequence which could be recognized by RNA polymerase for its binding and carrying on transcription) 5. A single tRNA can carry several different amino acids: FALSE (The tRNA is specific for only one kind of amino acid which it could carry. It is a highly stringent and specific nature of this biomolecule which determines the specificness for the amino acid which will be synthesized from the codon) Part 2 Please find the definitions below: 1. Semi-conservative replication: The mode of replication of double stranded DNA in which a daughter DNA molecules carries a strand from parent DNA and the complementary strand is synthesized de novo is called semi-conservative replication. 2. Okazaki fragments: Okazaki fragments are short stretches of DNA synthesized discountinuously on the lagging strand on the open frame of the parent DNA. These stretches of DNA are finally conjoined together to form a continous strand of newly synthesized DNA. 3. Consensus sequence: Consensus sequences are those genetically conserved sequences of DNA which remain similar (upto 99%) within organisms of same or different species and are actively engaged in crucial functions such as promoter region binding, transcription sites for transcription factors, enzymatic genes etc. Any change or deterioration in these consesus sequence might be highly deletrious for the cells. 4. Codon: A codon can be defined as a triplet set of nucleotides which come in a specific order and encode for a specific type of amino acid upon translation. For example, the codon AAA encodes for amino acid lysine. Exceptionally, codons UAA, UAG and UGA do not .

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List and define the significance of the following proteins/structures involved in DNA replication: DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, Primase, Single stranded binding proteins (SSBPs), Helicase, Ligase, Primers, Topoisomerase, Anti-parallel ds DNA, Leading strand of DNA, Lagging Strand of DNA, replication bubble, and deoxyribonucleotide tri-phosphates (dNTPs). Describe the process of DNA replication using all of the terms that were listed (and defined) above. Make sure you include the difference in how the leading strand and lagging strand are synthesized. Also, include any differences (covered in class) between bacterial DNA replication and eukaryotic DNA replication. Lastly, include a hand drawn diagram with each of these structures and enzymes in different colors to illustrate how this process occurs. Solution DNA Replication: it is the biological process in which two identical replicas of DNA are produced. It involves many steps and components. Protein/ structures involved in DNA replication are as follows: DNA polymerase III: it was discovered by Thomas Kornberg and Malcolm Gefter. It is an enzyme which has its role to play in prokaryotic DNA replication. It has high processivity which is the number of nucleotides added per binding event. It can also perform proof reading which is the correction of wrongly added nucleotides is DNA polymerase I: it was first discovered polymerase enzyme and Arthur Korenberg discovered it. It does not have a role in replication but poses exonuclease activity that is removal of nucleotides during DNA repair. Primase: it is a type of RNA polymerase. This is very important in initiation of DNA replication because no polymerase can synthesise a DNA without small single stranded RNA. Thus a primase help in synthesising such small single stranded RNA complementary to the template DNA. After initiation, this RNA piece is removed. Single-stranded binding proteins (SSBPs): these are the class of proteins that prevent premature binding of nucleotides to template DNA. They protect single stranded DNA from being digested by nucleases and also prevents looping of single stranded DNA, so that other enzymes can perform their function. Helicases: these are the group of enzymes which help in separating two strands of DNA for the process of replication. Ligases: another class of enzymes which help in binding of two strands of DNA by catalysing formation of phosphodiester bond between the two strands. Primer: a short single stranded DNA/RNA that serves as a starting point for the DNA synthesis. Primase helps in the formation of primer. Topoisomerases: during replication DNA over wounds ahead the replication point making further replication difficult, in such instance topoisomerase help in unwinding supercoiled DNA. Anti-parallel double strand: DNA is made of two strands running in opposite directions and hence anti parallel one runs from 5’ to 3’ and the other from 3’ to 5’. Leading strand: DNA replication on leading stra.

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