How are proteins imported into the thylakoids of chloroplasts?
Solution
Answer:
Nuclear-encoded thylakoid proteins are first imported into the chloroplast and then directed to
the thylakoid using different sorting mechanisms.
The proteins targeted for chloroplasts contain transit peptide sequence called stromal import
sequence or a stromal and thylakoid targeting sequence.
Import receptors and translocation complexes aid in targeting the protein to its respective
location. The endoproteases in stroma remove transit peptide sequences and the proteins fold into
functional form.
Proteins of the outer membrane complex are called Tocs
Inner membrane translocon complex proteins are called Tics
Proteins destined for thylakoid membrane will have both stromal and thylakoid targeting
sequence. cpSRP pathway is used for the insertion of these integral membrane proteins into the
thylakoid membrane..
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the mechanism by which a cell transports to the appropriate positions in the cell or outside of it. Both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, newly synthesized proteins must be delivered to a specific sub-cellular location or exported from the cell for correct activity. This phenomenon is called protein targeting. Protein targeting is necessary for proteins that are destined to work outside the cytoplasm.This delivery process is carried out based on information contained in the protein itself. Correct sorting is crucial for the cell; errors can lead to diseases. In 1970, Günter Blobel conducted experiments on the translocation of proteins across membranes. He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize for his findings. He discovered that many proteins have a signal sequence, that is, a short amino acid sequence at one end that functions like a postal code for the target organelle.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, plasma membrane, or to exterior of the cell via secretion.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the mechanism by which a cell transports to the appropriate positions in the cell or outside of it. Both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, newly synthesized proteins must be delivered to a specific sub-cellular location or exported from the cell for correct activity. This phenomenon is called protein targeting. Protein targeting is necessary for proteins that are destined to work outside the cytoplasm.This delivery process is carried out based on information contained in the protein itself. Correct sorting is crucial for the cell; errors can lead to diseases. In 1970, Günter Blobel conducted experiments on the translocation of proteins across membranes. He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize for his findings. He discovered that many proteins have a signal sequence, that is, a short amino acid sequence at one end that functions like a postal code for the target organelle.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, plasma membrane, or to exterior of the cell via secretion.
The delivery of newly synthesized protein to their proper cellular destination, usually referred to as protein targeting or sorting.
The mode of protein transport depends chiefly on the location in the cell cytoplasm of the polysomes involved in protein synthesis.
There are two modes of protein sorting:-
1) Co - translational Transportation.
2) Post - translational Transportation.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, plasma membrane, or to exterior of the cell via secretion.
PROTEIN SORTING THROUGH NON-SECRETORY PATHWAYNamrata Singh
A brief idea on protein sorting, its history, pathways of protein sorting, targeting of Proteins into mitochondria, peroxisomes and nucleus followed by conclusion and references.
Proteins destined for secretion, integration in the plasma membrane, or inclusion in lysosomes generally share pathway that begins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins destined for mitochondria, chloroplasts, or the nucleus use three separate mechanisms. And proteins destined for the cytosol simply remain where they are synthesized.
Proteins destined for secretion, integration in the plasma membrane, or inclusion in lysosomes generally share pathway that begins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins destined for mitochondria, chloroplasts, or the nucleus use three separate mechanisms. And proteins destined for the cytosol simply remain where they are synthesized.
Match the system with its correct description. Solution(1)En.pdffootwearpark
Match the system with it\'s correct description.
Solution
(1)Endocrine system secretes hormones
(2) The integumentary system protects the body from various kinds of damage from outside.
(3)Reproductive system produces gametes
(4) Nervous system
(5)Skeletal system provides framework for the body
(6)Respiratory system exchanges gases in lungs
(7)lymphatic
(8)muscular system brings about bodily movements
(9)urinary system excetes liquid waste from the body
(10)digestive system helps in absorption of food
(11)cardiovascular circulates blood throughout the body.
Molecular chaperones can be expressed during Tries remaining Select.pdffootwearpark
Molecular chaperones can be expressed during Tries remaining: Select one: a. heat stress b.
cold stress c. hypoxic stress d. Both a and b e. All of the above
Solution
answer is E all of the above .... though they are called heatshock protiens ... but research shows
that chaperones have role in cold shock and hypoxia stress also ........
More Related Content
Similar to How are proteins imported into the thylakoids of chloroplastsSo.pdf
The delivery of newly synthesized protein to their proper cellular destination, usually referred to as protein targeting or sorting.
The mode of protein transport depends chiefly on the location in the cell cytoplasm of the polysomes involved in protein synthesis.
There are two modes of protein sorting:-
1) Co - translational Transportation.
2) Post - translational Transportation.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, plasma membrane, or to exterior of the cell via secretion.
PROTEIN SORTING THROUGH NON-SECRETORY PATHWAYNamrata Singh
A brief idea on protein sorting, its history, pathways of protein sorting, targeting of Proteins into mitochondria, peroxisomes and nucleus followed by conclusion and references.
Proteins destined for secretion, integration in the plasma membrane, or inclusion in lysosomes generally share pathway that begins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins destined for mitochondria, chloroplasts, or the nucleus use three separate mechanisms. And proteins destined for the cytosol simply remain where they are synthesized.
Proteins destined for secretion, integration in the plasma membrane, or inclusion in lysosomes generally share pathway that begins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins destined for mitochondria, chloroplasts, or the nucleus use three separate mechanisms. And proteins destined for the cytosol simply remain where they are synthesized.
Match the system with its correct description. Solution(1)En.pdffootwearpark
Match the system with it\'s correct description.
Solution
(1)Endocrine system secretes hormones
(2) The integumentary system protects the body from various kinds of damage from outside.
(3)Reproductive system produces gametes
(4) Nervous system
(5)Skeletal system provides framework for the body
(6)Respiratory system exchanges gases in lungs
(7)lymphatic
(8)muscular system brings about bodily movements
(9)urinary system excetes liquid waste from the body
(10)digestive system helps in absorption of food
(11)cardiovascular circulates blood throughout the body.
Molecular chaperones can be expressed during Tries remaining Select.pdffootwearpark
Molecular chaperones can be expressed during Tries remaining: Select one: a. heat stress b.
cold stress c. hypoxic stress d. Both a and b e. All of the above
Solution
answer is E all of the above .... though they are called heatshock protiens ... but research shows
that chaperones have role in cold shock and hypoxia stress also ........
lime spent outside Time spentoutside (minutes) How might the graph be.pdffootwearpark
lime spent outside Time spentoutside (minutes) How might the graph be considered misleading?
O The x-scale is different from the y-scale The x-interval makes the data appear skewed The y-
scale is too large for the data set. o The y-interval shows exponential increase rather than linear
increase
Solution.
Let R be the relation from the set A to the set be the relation from .pdffootwearpark
Let R be the relation from the set A to the set be the relation from the set B to the set C, M_r be
the matrix representation of the relation R and Ms be the matrix representation of the relation S.
Then the composition R S from the set A to the set C is represented by the matrix, where and
M_r_2 are the matrix representations of the relations R_1 and R_2, respectively.
Solution.
If an electron in an atom has an orbital angular momentum with ml .pdffootwearpark
If an electron in an atom has an orbital angular momentum with ml = 5, what are the components
(a)Lorb,z and (b)orb,z? If the atom is in an external magnetic field that has magnitude 33 mT and
is directed along the z axis, what are (c)the potential energy Uorb associated with the electron\'s
orbital magnetic dipole moment and (d) the magnitude of the potential energy Uspin associated
with the electron\'s spin magnetic dipole moment? If, instead, the electron has ml = -5, what are
(e)Lorb,z, (f)orb,z, (g) the potential energy Uorb associated with the electron\'s orbital magnetic
dipole moment and (h) the magnitude of the potential energy Uspin associated with the
electron\'s spin magnetic dipole moment?
If an electron in an atom has an orbital angular momentum with ml = 5, what are the components
(a)Lorb,z and (b)orb,z? If the atom is in an external magnetic field that has magnitude 33 mT and
is directed along the z axis, what are (c)the potential energy Uorb associated with the electron\'s
orbital magnetic dipole moment and (d) the magnitude of the potential energy Uspin associated
with the electron\'s spin magnetic dipole moment? If, instead, the electron has ml = -5, what are
(e)Lorb,z, (f)orb,z, (g) the potential energy Uorb associated with the electron\'s orbital magnetic
dipole moment and (h) the magnitude of the potential energy Uspin associated with the
electron\'s spin magnetic dipole moment?
Solution
(a) Lorb,z =ml*h= 5*(6.6*10-34)=3.3*10-33
(b) orb,z= -ml*B
B= eh/4m =-9.274*10-24 J/T (bhor magneton)
therefore, orb,z=-5*(-9.274*10-24)
=4.637*10-23
(c) Potential energy Uorb = -orb,z . Bext
= -4.637*10-23 * (33*10-3)
=-1.53*10-24
(d)spin magnetic dipole moment component in z direction = s,z=eh/4m=9.274*10-24 J/T
potential energy Uspin = -s,z . Bext= -9.274*10-24 *(33*10-3)
=-3.06*10-25
(e)Lorb,z =ml*h= -5*(6.6*10-34)= -3.3*10-33
(f) orb,z= -ml*B
B= eh/4m =-9.274*10-24 J/T (bhor magneton)
therefore, orb,z=-(-5)*(-9.274*10-24)
= -4.637*10-23
(g) Potential energy Uorb =-orb,z . Bext
= -(-4.637*10-23) * (33*10-3)
=1.53*10-24
(h)spin magnetic dipole moment component in z direction = s,z=eh/4m=-9.274*10-24 J/T
potential energy Uspin = -s,z . Bext= 9.274*10-24 *(33*10-3)
=3.06*10-25.
Find the equation of the tangent line for the following curve at=.pdffootwearpark
Find the equation of the tangent line for the following curve at?=?/4
r=sin(2?) Must show all steps
Solution
dy/dx=[r\'()sin()+r()cos()]/[r\'()cos()-r()sin()]
=> dy/dx= [2cos(2)sin()+sin(2)cos()]/[2cos(2)cos()-sin(2)sin()] =-1 (at =/4)
at =/4 slope of tangent is -1
x=rsin()=1/2
y=rcos()=1/2
(y-1/2)/(x-1/2) =-1
=>y-1/2=1/2-x
=>x+y=2 is the equation of tangent.
Evolution questions (please answer this in short)Q1. In what sens.pdffootwearpark
Evolution questions: (please answer this in short)
Q1. In what sense might thermodynamics actually promote the development of local order [hints,
Ripples in a streamed; Dissipation driven organization]
Background information for Q2. The platypus is an unusual mammal. it lays eggs like
amphibians, reptiles, and birds, and it has hair and makes like other mammals. it also has some
very distinctive features such as the ability to detect electric fields with its snout. the genome of
the platypus was recently sequenced- an accomplishment that was described in the media with
headlines like the other one below [ I can\'t attach the figure so here is the info for the tree:
amphibian is out-group, on the first branch in ingroup, lizard, dinosaur and bird are
monophyletic, where bird and dinosaur shared the most recent common ancestor. on the second
branch, monophyletic, where platypus and other mammals shared common ancestor]. I don\'t
think you even need the tree.
Quuestion 2: from a tree thinking perspective, critique the idea that platypus are part bird, part
mammal and part reptile. in particular, how would you describe the similarities that platypus
uniquely share with other mammals (e.g. hair)? how does this differ from the similarities they
share with birds (e.g. laying eggs? explain.
Solution
Question 1:
Answer:
Laws of thermodynamics
1st law: Also known as law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed in an isolated system.
2nd law: It states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as a closed isolated system, will
always increase over time. It also states that the changes in the entropy in the universe can never
be negative.
Thermodynamics actually promote the development of local order.
For example: If a creature could take, say, a kilogram of non-living, highly disordered material
and turn it into a kilogram of highly ordered creature, then that would certainly be a big violation
of the second law of thermodynamics. However, people (for example) consume along the lines
of about 30 to 50 tons of food during the course of a lifetime. Some of that goes into building a
fine and foxy body, but most of it goes into powering that body and fighting degradation (blood
and skin and really everything wears out and needs to be replaced). So, about 0.15% (give or
take) of that food matter is used to build a body, and 99.85% is used for power and to fight the
entropy drop involved in body construction and temporarily holding back the horrifying ravages
of time.
Question 2:
Answer:
similarities that platypus uniquely share with other mammals
a) making milk to having live-born young
b) At roughly 2.2 billion base pairs, the platypus genome is about two-thirds the size of the
human genome, the researchers found. It shares more than 80 percent of its genes with other
mammals.
c) Like humans, platypuses carry an X and a Y chromosome. But unlike humans, the X and Y
are not sex chromosomes.
d) The genome also includ.
Ethanol (CH3-CH2-OH) is miscible in water because it is able to form .pdffootwearpark
Ethanol (CH3-CH2-OH) is miscible in water because it is able to form hydrogen bonds with
itself and other molecules. However, its structure only allows it to form 1-2 hydrogen bonds.
This is one reason why even low concentrations of ethanol in solution are lethal for cells. Based
on this information, explain why we can use high concentrations ethanol to precipitate DNA out
of solution. Also, describe predict the effects of increasing concentrations of ethanol in (and
around) a cell on macro-molecular interactions (i.e. on weak bonds). Finally, it is possible to
select for yeast that a tolerant to increased concentrations of ethanol. Give an example of a
physiological change in yeast cells that might make them resistant to ethanol.
Solution
1. DNA is a highly polar molecule as a result of which it is highly soluble in water. Due to its
high polarity, the electrostatic forces between charged particles is much less in aqueous solution.
There is formation of a shell by water molecules around charge particles.
Ethanol is less polar and its addition disrupts the shell formed by water molecule around charged
particles. As a result, there is ionic bond formation between phosphate groups of DNA and
positively charged ions present in the solution. This causes precipitation of DNA.
2. Ethanol disrups the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. This alters the hydrophilic
regions of the plasma membrane, thus altering their structure. There is a resultant dehydration of
cells.
3. Upon exposure to ethanol, yeast produces high amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids in
cellular lipids. This an be a method of developing ethanol tolerance in some strains of yeast..
Draw a reflection diagram out to 5t b) Squareroot 2 = c) Squarero.pdffootwearpark
Draw a reflection diagram out to 5t b) Squareroot 2 = c) Squareroot g = d) on the reflection
diagram label the voltage magnitude at each reflection c) Derive the equation for the steady state
voltage on the transmission line
Solution
reflection coefficient = ZL - Zo/ (ZL + Zo)
transmitting coeffcient 2Zo /ZL + Zo
VL/Vi =ZL - Zo/ (ZL + Zo)
VR/Vi = 2Zo /ZL + Zo.
Discrete MathIf you draw a card from a standard deck of 52 cards, .pdffootwearpark
Discrete Math
If you draw a card from a standard deck of 52 cards, how many different ways can you draw a an
8 or 10?
Solution
Using the counting principle.
__*__.
These two blanks represent the two cards that are going to be drawn.
we have to multiply the number of choices for each card together.
As there are 4 sets. 8 can be drawn in 4 different ways.
similarly 10 can be drawn in 4 ways.
4*4 = 16 ways.
16*2 = 32 ways, because based on whether 8 or 10 is drawn first.
To pick 8 or 10, there are 32 different ways..
Describe the structure and function of nematocysts.SolutionNema.pdffootwearpark
Describe the structure and function of nematocysts.
Solution
Nematocysts are protective capsules found in the phylum Cnidaria(jelly fish, sea anemone etc)
produced by specialised cells called cnidoblast.Upon proper stimulation (chemical or
mechanical) a hollow thread like structure pops aside this stinging structure is used to poison or
kill prey.Cnidocyls are sensory structure present in the cnidoblast which triggers the release of
nematocysts through an operculum.
Cnidarians are invertebrates they use a hydrostatic skeleton.Cnidocytes can be used once and
constantly replaced.
4types nematocysts are present
Penetrant:it penetrates the target and release toxins; used for defence
Volvent:it wraps around the target
Large and small Glutinant : use sticky fibres called velcro to attack target.
Describe 3 experiments that would use the three different t-tests (O.pdffootwearpark
Describe 3 experiments that would use the three different t-tests (One Sample, Correlated
Samples, and Independent Groups).
Solution
One sample t test is used to test the mean from a single sample.
Paired t-test is used for testing the mean of difference between paired values from correlated
samples
Independent samples t-test is used when we want to compare means from 2 different independent
groups..
Correctly develop the reference for each of the following itemsJo.pdffootwearpark
Correctly develop the reference for each of the following items:
Journal Article
Title: Helping Adults Learn
Author: Cindy Galbo
Publication: Thrust for Educational Leadership
Date Published: May, 1998
Volume: 27
Issue: 7
Page: 13 through 20
Publisher: Vernon Publications, Inc.
Doi: 13-256836542
Solution
The Journal article reference will be referenced with the following citation method
Author(Name), Year, Title of Article, Title of Publication, volume number, pages, link to the
journal or dob
Cindy Galbo, C . G . (1998) . Helping Adults Learn. Thrust for Educational Leadership, 7, 27,
12-20 @ Vernon Publications, Inc. (13-256836542).
Consider these Hypothesis Statements3. Which one is worseSolu.pdffootwearpark
Consider these Hypothesis Statements
3. Which one is worse?
Solution
1.
A type I error is incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis.
Thus, it is concluding that the individual is driving under the influence alcohol, when in fact,
he\'s not.
*********************
2.
A type II error is incorrectly failing to reject a false null hypothesis.
Thus, it is concluding that the individual is not driving under the influence alcohol, when in fact,
he is.
************************
3.
The type II error is worse, because he will drive again, and probably have an accident. A type I
error is sort of \"safe\"..
Bert is 16.5 kilometers away from Brenda. Both begin to walk toward .pdffootwearpark
Bert is 16.5 kilometers away from Brenda. Both begin to walk toward each other at the same
time. Bert walks at 2.5 kilometers per hour. They meet in 3 hours. How fast is Brenda walking?
Solution
let b = Brenda\'s walking speed
:
Write a distance equation: dist = speed * time
:
Br\'s dist + Be\'s dist = 16.5 km
3b + 3(2.5) = 16.5
3b + 7.5 = 16.5
3b = 16.5 - 7.5
3b = 9
b = 3 km/hr is Brenda\'s speed
:
:
check:
3(3) + 3(2.5 ) = 16.5.
At timet = 1,a particle is located at position(x, y) = (1, 5)..pdffootwearpark
At time
t = 1,
a particle is located at position
(x, y) = (1, 5).
If it moves in the velocity field
F(x, y) =
xy 1, y2 11
find its approximate location at time
t = 1.04.
(x, y) =
Solution
at t=1 particle position is (1,5)
f(x,y) = (xy-1 , y^2 -11)
f(1,5) = (5 -1 , 25 -11)
f(1,5) = (4 , 14)
now velocity
(4,14) = (x-1 , y-5)/ 1.04 - 1
(4,14) = (x-1, y-5)/0.4
(x-1, y-5) = (1.6, 5.6)
x= 2.6 and y = 10.6
the location = (2.6 , 10.6).
Assembly Language Programming Using TI MSP430 and IAR Workbench.Wr.pdffootwearpark
Assembly Language Programming Using TI MSP430 and IAR Workbench.
Write an assembly program that first initializes two 16-bit signed integers, A and B. Create a
subroutine, called SW_MUL, that multiplies the two integers together using the multiplication
technique of your choice. Parameters should be passed to the subroutine using the stack and the
result stored in R14. A second subroutine, called HW_MUL, must then be created that multiplies
the two integers using the hardware multiplier. The parameters should be passed using registers
and the result should be stored in R15. Assess the performance of the subroutines by monitoring
the clock cycle counter in the IAR Workbench.
Thanks in advance for any help!
Solution
An assembly (or assembler) language,[1] often abbreviated asm, is a low-level programming
language for a computer, or other programmable device, in which there is a very strong
(generally one-to-one) correspondence between the language and the architecture\'s machine
code instructions. Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture. In
contrast, most high-level programming languages are generally portable across multiple
architectures but require interpretingor compiling. Assembly language may also be called
symbolic machine code.[2]
Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as
an assembler. The conversion process is referred to as assembly, or assembling the source code.
Assembly time is the computational step where an assembler is run..
Analyze the structure of the mobile technology industry. How has it .pdffootwearpark
Analyze the structure of the mobile technology industry. How has it evolved in recent years?
Solution
As a consumer technology, mobile communications has been quickly adopted by consumers.
The structure of mobile technology starts with the mobile network infrastructure. It consists of
towers which are used to transmit signals. Use of core technology like 2G, 3G and 4G is the base
of the structure.
The key players in the mobile technology industry\'s value chain are: innovators for the core
communications technologies, component designers and manufacturers, original equipment
manufacturers (OEMs), infrastructure suppliers, mobile network operators, content providers,
mobile app developers, and device retailers.
Evolution: Mobile technology started with basic serviceds of voice calls, then moved to SMS
and now the use of applications (apps) is prominent on a global scale. These days there are apps
for shopping, medical advice, weather, news, travle related apps.
In terms of speed and core technology, the mobile users started with 2G, then moved to 3G.
Many countries are now roling out the 4G technology.
In terms of cost to the consumers, the figure has been falling constantly. In 2006, cost of data per
megabyte was $8, which fell down to $1 in the year 2010. (source: Cisco).
In terms of applicability, consumers these days use mobile technology for diverse activities like
banking, holding mobile wallets, making video calls, etc. The applicability of moble technology,
in its initial days was limited to calling and sending messages..
All of the following are assumptions of the error terms in the simpl.pdffootwearpark
All of the following are assumptions of the error terms in the simple linear regression model
except (Ch13)
A. Errors are normally distributed
B. Error terms are dependent on each other
C. Error terms have a constant variance
D. Error terms are independent of the explanatory variable
Solution
D. Error terms are independent of the explanatory variable.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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How are proteins imported into the thylakoids of chloroplastsSo.pdf
1. How are proteins imported into the thylakoids of chloroplasts?
Solution
Answer:
Nuclear-encoded thylakoid proteins are first imported into the chloroplast and then directed to
the thylakoid using different sorting mechanisms.
The proteins targeted for chloroplasts contain transit peptide sequence called stromal import
sequence or a stromal and thylakoid targeting sequence.
Import receptors and translocation complexes aid in targeting the protein to its respective
location. The endoproteases in stroma remove transit peptide sequences and the proteins fold into
functional form.
Proteins of the outer membrane complex are called Tocs
Inner membrane translocon complex proteins are called Tics
Proteins destined for thylakoid membrane will have both stromal and thylakoid targeting
sequence. cpSRP pathway is used for the insertion of these integral membrane proteins into the
thylakoid membrane.
