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![Small cell
• Small cells[1] are low-powered radio access nodes
that operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum
that have a range of 10 meters to 1 or 2
kilometers.
• They are "small" compared to a mobile macrocell,
which may have a range of a few tens of
kilometers. With mobile operators struggling to
support the growth in mobile data traffic,[2]
•](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3-weakbysirtahzaib-180405180208/75/Homogeneous-Homogeneous-Issues-Involve-in-a-Heterogeneous-Network-8-2048.jpg)
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Homogeneous & Homogeneous & Issues Involve in a Heterogeneous Network:
The document explains the differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous networks, with homogeneous networks consisting of similar configurations and protocols, such as Microsoft Windows over TCP/IP, while heterogeneous networks integrate multiple different systems and protocols. It elaborates on the challenges that heterogeneous networks face, including security, compatibility, cost, and complexity issues, and discusses the relevant technologies like GSM and small cells. It emphasizes the necessity for proper training and configuration management to successfully manage these complex networks.
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Similar to Homogeneous & Homogeneous & Issues Involve in a Heterogeneous Network:
Homogeneous & Homogeneous & Issues Involve in a Heterogeneous Network:
- 1. Homogeneous Network A homogeneousnetwork is a computer network contain of computers using similar configurations and protocols. A good example of a homogeneous network is a one using Microsoft Windows over TCP/IP.
- 2. Heterogeneous Network • Aheterogeneous network is a computer network that combines one or more different computers or protocols. A good example would be a network with both Dell and Apple Macintosh computers.
- 3. Heterogeneous networks (HetNet) •Heterogeneous networks (HetNet) is a term used for modern mobile communications networks. • A modern mobile communications network is contain of a combination of different cell types and different access technologies. • A typical HetNet uses a combination of legacy systems (e.g. GSM and UMTS) and modern radio access technologies such as LTE, possibly completed with Wi-Fi.
- 4. GSM(Global System forMobile ) • The Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) is a wireless telecommunications standard for digital cellular services. • The original standard was optimized for voice communications and provided only circuit- switched data connections at a bit rate of 9.6 kbps and a short messages service (SMS). • Later enhancements made higher bit rates and packet switched data possible. • GSM is based on TDMA technology.
- 5. GSM • GSM networksoperate in different frequency ranges: • 900 MHz, the core band that is extended later (E-GSM); • 1800 MHz, • 1900 MHz,
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- 7. Heterogeneous networks (HetNet) •Reference to a HetNet often indicates the use of multiple types of access nodes in a wireless network. • A Wide Area Network can use macrocells, picocells, and/or femtocells in order to offer wireless coverage in an environment with a wide variety of wireless coverage zones, ranging from an open outdoor environment to office buildings, homes, and underground areas.
- 8. Small cell • Smallcells[1] are low-powered radio access nodes that operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum that have a range of 10 meters to 1 or 2 kilometers. • They are "small" compared to a mobile macrocell, which may have a range of a few tens of kilometers. With mobile operators struggling to support the growth in mobile data traffic,[2] •
- 9. GSM (Global Systemfor Mobile communication) • GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. • GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA).
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- 11. • MS MobileStation = phone + SIM card • BTS Base Transceiver Station • BSC Base Station Controller • HLR Home Location Register • MSC Mobile services Switching Centre • VLR Visitor Location Register • AUC Authentication Centre Stand-alone or integrated in HLR • EIR Equipment Identity Register For blacklisting stolen and unwanted equipment • SMSC Short Message Service ”Support” Centre • VMS Voice Messaging System • PrePaid Node Hosting prepaid service system • IN Intelligent Network services • PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network • PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange MSC/VLR Warid Telenore BSC SMSC EIR INTERNET MobilinkPSTN BSC PrePaid Node VMS HLR MSC w AUC
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- 16. BSC Base Station Controller The call request reaches the BSC from the BTS and is forwarded to MSC. After call is established, the BSC will perform decoding of the call (in typical config.)
- 17. BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR INTERNETIN PrePaid VMS Voicemail MSCBSC PABXPSTN International PSTN Fixed Network
- 18. BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR INTERNETIN PrePaid VMS Voicemail MSCBSC PABXPSTN International PSTN Fixed Network
- 19. BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR INTERNETIN PrePaid VMS Voicemail MSCBSC PABXPSTN International PSTN Fixed Network
- 20. • Checks Anumber. • To whom is A subscriber calling? (Checks B number) • Example : A subscriber has prepaid number. MSC Mobile Switching Centre
- 21. BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR INTERNETIN PrePaid VMS Voicemail MSCBSC PABXPSTN International PSTN Fixed Network
- 22. BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR INTERNETIN PrePaid VMS Voicemail MSCBSC PABXPSTN International PSTN Fixed Network
- 23. BSC HLR MSC SMSC EIR INTERNETIN PrePaid VMS Voicemail MSCBSC PABXPSTN International PSTN Fixed Network
- 24. • Does theA subscriber have money left on his/her account? • When the call is established and on-going the subscriber’s account is decremented accordingly. PrePaid Node
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- 28. • Where isthe B subscriber? • MSC interrogates in HLR. (HLR = Home Location Register) MSC Mobile Switching Centre
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- 32. • HLR says’I am the home of the B subscriber and I know where he/she is right now’ (i.e. which VLR) • Tells this VLR ’Give me a visitor address for this subscriber’ (Roaming Number) HLR Home Location Register
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- 38. • Hosting MSC/VLRreturns TEMPORARILY assigned visitor/roaming address for B- subscriber to HLR. MSC Mobile Switching Centre
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- 44. • ’Thanks forthe visitor address!’ • ’I will send this address to the MSC that requested for it.’ HLR Home Location Register
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- 48. • ’Thank you,HLR!’ • Speech connection path will set up now towards the MSC/VLR where the B subscriber is presently located. MSC Mobile Switching Centre
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- 52. • Sets upa speech connection towards BSC. • Delivers B-subscriber ID to BSC and asks to page for the subscriber using that ID. MSC Mobile Switching Centre
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- 56. • BSC nowsends a PAGING MESSAGE to all the BTSs that it covers/controls. • Carrys PAGING RESPONSE from called MS back to MSC. • Allocates a RADIO channel through a BTS with best available and allowable SIGNAL STRENGTH for called MS. • Performs SPEECH CODING when call is established. BSC Base Station Controller
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- 58. Issues Involve ina Heterogeneous Network: There are many issues involved in a heterogeneous network. These networks are more complex and expensive than homogeneous network. The heterogenous network is also a wireless network using different access technology. • Some major issues that involve in heterogenous network are given.
- 59. Issues Involve ina Heterogeneous Network: • Security Issue • Software or Installation Issue • Compatibility Issue • Cost Issue • Complexity Issue • Non Technical person or Training issue • Configuration Issue • Connectivity issue • Handling Issue
- 60. 1. Security Issue: • Almostall the networks or in other organization security is the first priority now a days. We can't compromise in security , we must secure our networks , accounts , sources, devices, cloud , services and app stores. • Every devices has its own security measures may be different protocols and operating system. So security management is the major issue to secure the network . we must secure our network from internal as well as external threats, and security management should solve all the security issues and all the possibilities of threats.
- 61. 2. Software orInstallation Issue: • To install a different operating system in different devices connected with each other via heterogeneous network is the painful and complex activity. Some software and operating system are not computable for all the devices so we cannot overcome this issue, so we must solve all the software and installation issue to prevent from any type of troubleshooting.
- 62. 3.Compatibility Issue: • Inthis network , the network is hardware dependent and not all hardware products are compatible when we connect two computers, they must use the Same protocols, this is the compatibility issue and we must solve this issue to connect different network successfully.
- 63. 4.Cost Issue: • Cost isalso the big issue of heterogeneous network, Because in a heterogeneous network we purchase different devices of different companies so due to this reason cost of the network is increased. We must purchase such type of devices that is best for us and also we can afford them
- 64. 5.Complexity Issue: • In heterogeneousnetwork we connect different devices of different protocols and operating system so to handle these types of network is not a simple or easy task. So it is very complex network. Due to different protocols and operating system, it may cause very complexity and it is very complex to handle these networks So we must solve the complexity issue.
- 65. 6.Non Technical orTraining Issue: • Training is one of the most important issues in a heterogeneous network. It is necessary when different devices communicate with each other in a network frame. To handle different devices is not so easy some training measures necessary for this purpose. People who control or set heterogeneous network must be well trained and have a good communication with network and have ability to solve the any heterogeneous network. •
- 66. 7. Configuration Issue: • Toconfigure a heterogeneous network is a big problem . Configuration management is may be not exist but it is necessary to solve the configuration issue. Due to different routers of different companies and have a different addresses and protocols so while connecting configuration issue may occur. So we must solve the configuration issue.
- 67. 8. Connectivity Issue: • Aswe know that in heterogeneous network we connect devices of different networks of different protocols or operating system so due to different devices that belongs to different companies it may cause connectivity issues . We should resolve all the connectivity issue so we can successfully create the connectivity of different devices without troubleshooting.
- 68. 9.Handling Issue: • Handling theheterogeneous network is also a major role and it is more difficult to handle than homogeneous network . we should have well trained people for handling heterogeneous network.