The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3D Cephalometrics and morphometrics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Corneal topography, also known as photokeratoscopy or videokeratography, is a non-invasive medical imaging technique for mapping the surface curvature of the cornea, the outer structure of the eye. Corneal topography is a computer assisted diagnostic tool that creates a three-dimensional map of the surface curvature of the cornea. ... The greatest advantage of corneal topography is its ability to detect irregular conditions invisible to most conventional testing.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Diagnostic imaging / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Validity of cephalometrics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Advances in diagnostic aids/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Radiology in orthodontics dr.kavitha /certified fixed orthodontic courses by ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Corneal topography, also known as photokeratoscopy or videokeratography, is a non-invasive medical imaging technique for mapping the surface curvature of the cornea, the outer structure of the eye. Corneal topography is a computer assisted diagnostic tool that creates a three-dimensional map of the surface curvature of the cornea. ... The greatest advantage of corneal topography is its ability to detect irregular conditions invisible to most conventional testing.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnostic imaging / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Validity of cephalometrics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Holographic interferometry (HI) is a technique which enables static and dynamic
displacements of objects with optically rough surfaces to be measured to optical
interferometric precision (i.e. to fractions of a wavelength of light). These
measurements can be applied to stress, strain and vibration analysis, as well as to
non-destructive testing and radiation dosimetry. It can also be used to detect
optical path length variations in transparent media, which enables, for example,
fluid flow to be visualised and analyzed. It can also be used to generate contours
representing the form of the surface.
Holography is the two-step process of recording a diffracted light field scattered
from an object, and performing image rendering. This process can be achieved
with traditional photographic plates or with a digital sensor array, in digital
holography. If the recorded field is superimposed on the 'live field' scattered from
the object, the two fields will be identical. If, however, a small deformation is
applied to the object, the relative phases of the two light fields will alter, and it is
possible to observe interference. This technique is known as live holographic
interferometry.
It is also possible to obtain fringes by making two recordings of the light field
scattered from the object on the same recording medium. The reconstructed light
fields may then interfere to give fringes which map out the displacement of the
surface. This is known as 'frozen fringe' holography.
The form of the fringe pattern is related to the changes in surface position or air
compaction.
Cephalometrics & x ray generation principles/orthodontic courses by indian de...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Recent advances in prosthodontics / crown & bridge courses by indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. INTRODUCTION
Holography is the name given to the
process of wave front reconstruction and
comes from the Greek words ‘holos’,
meaning whole and ‘gramma’ meaning
message. So it gives whole message.
In recent years, holography has been used
increasingly in biomechanical research in
dentistry, especially in orthodontics.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. www.indiandentalacademy.com
The experiments on the dynamics of
human teeth during the masticatory
function, and the investigations of the
mobility and movement of teeth.
The center of rotation produced by
orthodontic forces was also determined.
The mechanical reactions of skull
bones and sutures induced by orthopedic
extra oral forces and the strain distribution
on the maxillary complex and
displacement of the teeth caused by
maxillary expansion forces were analyzed.
4. www.indiandentalacademy.com
So far, the experimental methods for
measuring the movements and
deformations of hard tissue of the
dentofacial complex were based mainly on
either the histologic analysis of the
apposition or resorption of bone and
sutural tissue or on cephalometric
measurements.
5. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Histologic methods for determining the
mechanical bony reactions are indirect and
give only a rough estimation of these
processes.
Furthermore, because of the limited
sensitivity of these methods, linear
and angular changes in the deeper
bony structures can be determined
only when high-magnitude force is
used for rapid expansion.
6. www.indiandentalacademy.com
These methods do not provide useful results
for the measurement of such changes when
low-magnitude forces for slow expansion are
applied.
A noninvasive and highly accurate
holographic interferometric method allows
the precise detection of very subtle initial
mechanical reactions of hard tissue to forces
and direct measurement on the specimens.
7. www.indiandentalacademy.com
METHOD OF RECORDING
Experimental apparatus consists of a flat optical
table with air suspension. The illumination for
recording and reconstruction of holograms was
provided by a 15 mW He-Ne laser.
The laser, the optical components for steering and
shaping of object and reference beams, the
experimental model, and the photosensitive
material used for recording of holograms were
rigidly mounted on top of the optical table by
means of magnetic bases.
9. www.indiandentalacademy.com
The highly coherent and
monochromatic light from the laser
source is split into two beams by
means of a beam splitter .
One of the beams is directed by
mirrors, expanded by means of a
spatial filter (microscope objective
and a pinhole assembly), and is used
to illuminate the experimental model
to be recorded.
10. www.indiandentalacademy.com
This beam, referred to as the object beam, is
modulated by a reflection from the
experimental model and carries all the
information about the instantaneous condition
of the it’s surface.
The second beam is known as the reference
beam and is not modulated by any intervening
object.
12. www.indiandentalacademy.com
If both of these beams are allowed to impinge
on some kind of a surface, they will produce a
set of fringes, on that surface, as a result of
their mutual interference.
The spacing of the fringes is entirely
dependent on the angle between the two
beams and the wavelength of the light used;
the fringe opacity is related to the intensities
of the interfering beams.
13. www.indiandentalacademy.com
The fringe pattern resulting from the
Superposition of two beams can be
recorded in the photographic emulsion
which, upon photographic processing,
becomes a hologram. The holographic
plate consists of a highly sensitized
emulsion that coated on a glass plate.
The hologram bears no resemblance to
the original object, to interpret a hologram
we need to reconstruct the image.
14. www.indiandentalacademy.com
The hologram can be reconstructed with
the original system setup used in
recording, but now it is illuminated with
the reference beam alone.
This reconstruction wave must be
identical to the reference wave used
during the formation of the hologram.This
process is called reconstruction.
15. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Double exposure holographic
interferometry
First the normal state of the object was
recorded.On the same record plate before
processing, another exposure
corresponding to the deformed portion of
the object
(for example: skull with an activated
appliance in palate)was recorded.
16. www.indiandentalacademy.com
This double exposed plate was processed after
reconstruction, one corresponding to the original
position and another corresponding to the
deformed position of the experimental model.
These two reconstructed image waves interfered
giving rise to an image with number of bright and
dark fringes on the image.
From the fringe pattern the magnitude and
direction of displacement can be calculated.
18. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Quotes of some studies
Wictorin et al (1972) were some of the first to use
holographic interferometry in dentistry.
Wedenhal P.R(1974) evaluated the dynamics of human
teeth & found that mobility of teeth & related structures
can be measured with a range of 0.5-3.0 microns.
Dermaut et al (1981) studied the bone deformation by
class II elastic forces on double exposure holograms.
Gerrit kragt and Herman S Duterloo(1982) evaluated
the initial effects of orthopedic forces on a macerated
human skull using laser holography.
19. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Kragt et al (1982) evaluated the reaction of
cervical headgear to the
maxilla.Holography used to compute .
Palvin et al (1984) studied mechanical
reactions of facial skeleton to maxillary
expansion determined by holographic
interferometry.
Duterloo et al (1985) studied macerated
human child skulls subjected to high-pull
headgear traction.Displacements were
measured using holography.
20. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dermaut et al (1986) evaluated intrusion
mechanics on a macerated human skull
using holography.
Harradine et al (1990) carried out a pilot
study using holograms as substitute for
study casts.
Legan et al (2000) evaluated displacements
in the craniofacial complex during mid
palatal suture opening using holography.
Batista et al (2002) evaluated stress area
induced by rapid expansion appliance using
double exposure holography.
21. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Holograms as substitutes for
study casts
A hologram not only provides two-
dimensional information about an object,
as found in photographs, but also depth
information. This transforms the image
of the object into three dimensions.
22. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Plaster casts are mainstay of clinical
orthodontic records since many years.
DISADVANTGES
Fragile & prone for fracture
Bulky & expensive to store and transport.
Need to keep for long periods.
23. www.indiandentalacademy.com
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
The minimum legal requirement in British
hospitals is to
retain study casts for 8 years after
completion of treatment,
or until the patient reaches the age of 25
for treatment carried out on minors
or until the patient attains age of 25
years ,for medico legal reasons.
In U.S, the patient records should be kept until
10 years after orthodontist retires from practice.
24. www.indiandentalacademy.com
Advantages of holograms
Schwaninger et al (1977) proposed potential
advantages of holograms as a substitute for study
casts.
They are
Holograms are very resistant to damage.
Better suited to transport by post.
Can be stored with patient’s clinical records.
Accurate measurements such as intercanine
width can be measured.
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In a study by Harradine et al ( 1990 Aug
AJO) with four clinicians and 56 patients,
three of the clinicians found the
holograms to be acceptable alternatives
to study casts in routine clinical
orthodontic practice.
Current holographic cameras enable
those who are not experts to produce
holograms very simply, but careful clinical
and laboratory techniques are required to
ensure that these holograms correctly
record the occlusion.
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A STUDY DONE IN OUR DEPARTMENT
USING HOLOGRAPHY
An in-vitro study was carried out in our
department regarding mechanical
reaction of facial skeleton to rapid palatal
expansion devices using laser
holography,which was done by using the
facility available in ANNA UNIVERSITY.
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A freshly macerated human skull taken
& then fastened to heavy metal
framework.With the help of preformed
bands hyrax appliance secured and
holography was performed.Then spring
jet appliance secured and holography
done,up-on activations.
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Upon recording holography,the plates were
developed & the images were recorded with a
camera in 2-Dimensional photographs.
The interpretation of photos can be done by
following a method put forward by RYSZARD J
PRYPUTRIEWICZ (1969).
A grid of 3 horizontal & 3 vertical lines which
represent the projections if the planes in which
the deformations & displacement of the sutures
were measured,were drawn on the photo of
interferograms.
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INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
Holographic interpretations can be done in two
ways.
1. qualitative analysis:By direct observation of
the fringes.
2. Quantitative analysis:By making
measurements either by directly counting the
no. of fringes or fringe spacing on the hologram
or by making measurements on the
photographs
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The displacements were calculated from the
no. of fringes using the following formula.
nλ
d = -------
2
Where d = Displacement in mm.
n = no. of fringes.
λ = He- Ne laser wavelength = 632.8×10¯ 9
nm
----------
2
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The results of our study can be concluded as
follows:
1. Activations of hyrax produced mechanical
reactions on teeth,alveolar bone,maxilla &
the circum-maxillary bones and sutures.As
the activations increased, the no of fringes
increased positively.
2. The pattern of the fringes were more
circular around the naso- maxillary complex
and zygomatico- maxillary sutures
suggesting rotational displacement of the
maxilla.
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3. The number & pattern of fringes produced
by the spring jet suggest that it produces only
dento alveolar change with minimal
orthopedic effect.
Conclusion of our study : hyrax appliance is
indicated in cases requiring maximum
orthopedic changes & the spring jet can be
advocated in dento-alveolar transverse
discrepancies.
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Conclusion
As mentioned and highlighted
holography is a remarkable tool
with extensive research potential
for clinical application. The further
enlightenment with this tool is a
question, which has to yield
positive results.