International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses research on using extrusion honing (EH) to improve the surface finish of Inconel 625 fabricated by electric discharge machining (EDM). EH involves flowing an abrasive-laden polymer media over a material's surface to deburr, polish, and remove defects. The study investigated the effect of EH process parameters on the surface roughness of square Inconel 625 samples. Results showed that EH significantly improved surface finish by removing microcracks and recast layers from EDM. Surface roughness decreased dramatically in the first few EH passes then continued to gradually improve up to the 11th pass. Scanning electron microscope images confirmed that EH successfully removed defects from EDM.
PARAMETERS OF FRICTION STIR PROCESSING ALONG WITH REINFORCEMENT OF COMPOSITIO...Journal For Research
This document summarizes a study on friction stir processing of an aluminium and tungsten carbide composite. The researchers varied the tool shoulder diameter between 16-20 mm while keeping other parameters constant. They found that a shoulder diameter of 18 mm produced the finest grain size and maximum tensile strength and microhardness. Smaller and larger diameters produced less heat, resulting in coarser grains and poorer properties. Microstructure analysis showed more uniform reinforcement particle dispersion with an 18 mm diameter tool.
The document summarizes research into the effect of different tool pin profiles on the mechanical properties of friction stir processed 6063 aluminium. It finds that aluminium samples processed with a pentagonal pin profile exhibited the best impact strength and hardness compared to circular, square, and threaded pin profiles. Microstructural analysis showed the pentagonal profile produced the finest grain structure without cracks in the processed zone, contributing to enhanced mechanical properties. Overall, the study demonstrates that tool pin profile selection is an important parameter for optimizing the mechanical response of friction stir processed aluminium alloys.
This document discusses friction stir processing (FSP), a technique for modifying the microstructure of metals near the surface. FSP uses a rotating tool to generate heat and plasticize the metal. As the tool traverses the material, it leaves behind a fine-grained microstructure. The document outlines the working principle of FSP and its applications, including fabricating surface composites, refining cast alloys, and producing superplasticity. FSP effectively improves mechanical properties like strength and ductility compared to the as-cast condition.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A356 BASED COMPO...sathish sak
Recently friction stir processing (FSP) has emerged as an effective tool for enhancing sheet metal properties through microstructure modification. Significant grain refinement and homogenization can be achieved in a single FSP pass leading to improved formability, especially at elevated temperatures.
FSP is a solid-state process where the material within the processed zone undergoes intense plastic deformation resulting in dynamically recrystallized grain structure.
Most of the research conducted on FSP focuses on aluminum alloys. Despite the potential weight reduction that can be achieved using Titanium dioxide(B4C) alloys.
In this work, we examine the possibility of using FSP to modify the microstructure and properties of commercial A356-B4C alloy particles. The effect of various process parameters on thermal histories, resulting microstructure and properties to be investigated.
Surface hybrid nanocomposites via friction stir processingmohammed noor
Friction stir Processing (FSP) is a new innovative technology developed based on the principle of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technique.
In FSP, the ceramic particulates are reinforced into the base metal by adding it into the groove and Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is performed.
In this study, the aluminum alloy 6061 is chosen as the base metal, alumina and graphite Nano powder as reinforcement.
The process parameters such traverse speed of 64 mm/min and the tool rotational speed of 1060 rpm and tilt angle of 2deg were selected, The Friction Powder Processing was carried out on vertical milling machine.
New parameters such as powder type and number of passes were involved and we also study the effect of heat treatment.
The influence of FSP was checked using some tests such as the microstructure analysis that was carried out using optical microscope (OM) and the mechanical characteristics were analyzed using tensile test and hardness test.
The micrograph results revealed that powder particulates were evenly distributed in the stir zone and reduction in grain size also observed; the reason for the grain size reduction was stirring action of the FPP tool’s pin.
The tensile strength results showed a significant improvement in strength by a percent of
50% compared to base metal but when T6 heat treatment is applied, the tensile strength decreased.
Fatigue Performance in Grinding and Turning: An OverviewIJMER
This paper analysis the influence of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Turning and Grinding on
fatigue performance of Fe250. Surface condition has a strong effect on fatigue life, and that most surfaces
produced by conventional manufacturing operations such as machining and forging have poor fatigue
behavior than polished surfaces commonly used for laboratory specimens. It is found that the surfaces
produced with different machining process and having the same surface roughness having different fatigue
performances. High –cycle fatigue data was obtained for Fe 250 using three types of machining process
viz, AFM, Turning and Grinding .S-N curve is plotted for the samples obtained with all the three process. It
was found that the samples produced with AFM having the highest fatigue life.
IRJET-A Critical Analysis on Network Layer Attacks in Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document describes the modeling and fabrication of an abrasive jet machine (AJM). It discusses:
1) The individual components of the AJM were modeled using CATIA software, including the mixing chamber, nozzle, and machining chamber.
2) The individual parts were then fabricated in the workshop as per the models.
3) The complete AJM was assembled, allowing for X-Y movement of the nozzle to machine complex shapes in difficult to machine materials like ceramics.
This document discusses research on using extrusion honing (EH) to improve the surface finish of Inconel 625 fabricated by electric discharge machining (EDM). EH involves flowing an abrasive-laden polymer media over a material's surface to deburr, polish, and remove defects. The study investigated the effect of EH process parameters on the surface roughness of square Inconel 625 samples. Results showed that EH significantly improved surface finish by removing microcracks and recast layers from EDM. Surface roughness decreased dramatically in the first few EH passes then continued to gradually improve up to the 11th pass. Scanning electron microscope images confirmed that EH successfully removed defects from EDM.
PARAMETERS OF FRICTION STIR PROCESSING ALONG WITH REINFORCEMENT OF COMPOSITIO...Journal For Research
This document summarizes a study on friction stir processing of an aluminium and tungsten carbide composite. The researchers varied the tool shoulder diameter between 16-20 mm while keeping other parameters constant. They found that a shoulder diameter of 18 mm produced the finest grain size and maximum tensile strength and microhardness. Smaller and larger diameters produced less heat, resulting in coarser grains and poorer properties. Microstructure analysis showed more uniform reinforcement particle dispersion with an 18 mm diameter tool.
The document summarizes research into the effect of different tool pin profiles on the mechanical properties of friction stir processed 6063 aluminium. It finds that aluminium samples processed with a pentagonal pin profile exhibited the best impact strength and hardness compared to circular, square, and threaded pin profiles. Microstructural analysis showed the pentagonal profile produced the finest grain structure without cracks in the processed zone, contributing to enhanced mechanical properties. Overall, the study demonstrates that tool pin profile selection is an important parameter for optimizing the mechanical response of friction stir processed aluminium alloys.
This document discusses friction stir processing (FSP), a technique for modifying the microstructure of metals near the surface. FSP uses a rotating tool to generate heat and plasticize the metal. As the tool traverses the material, it leaves behind a fine-grained microstructure. The document outlines the working principle of FSP and its applications, including fabricating surface composites, refining cast alloys, and producing superplasticity. FSP effectively improves mechanical properties like strength and ductility compared to the as-cast condition.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A356 BASED COMPO...sathish sak
Recently friction stir processing (FSP) has emerged as an effective tool for enhancing sheet metal properties through microstructure modification. Significant grain refinement and homogenization can be achieved in a single FSP pass leading to improved formability, especially at elevated temperatures.
FSP is a solid-state process where the material within the processed zone undergoes intense plastic deformation resulting in dynamically recrystallized grain structure.
Most of the research conducted on FSP focuses on aluminum alloys. Despite the potential weight reduction that can be achieved using Titanium dioxide(B4C) alloys.
In this work, we examine the possibility of using FSP to modify the microstructure and properties of commercial A356-B4C alloy particles. The effect of various process parameters on thermal histories, resulting microstructure and properties to be investigated.
Surface hybrid nanocomposites via friction stir processingmohammed noor
Friction stir Processing (FSP) is a new innovative technology developed based on the principle of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technique.
In FSP, the ceramic particulates are reinforced into the base metal by adding it into the groove and Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is performed.
In this study, the aluminum alloy 6061 is chosen as the base metal, alumina and graphite Nano powder as reinforcement.
The process parameters such traverse speed of 64 mm/min and the tool rotational speed of 1060 rpm and tilt angle of 2deg were selected, The Friction Powder Processing was carried out on vertical milling machine.
New parameters such as powder type and number of passes were involved and we also study the effect of heat treatment.
The influence of FSP was checked using some tests such as the microstructure analysis that was carried out using optical microscope (OM) and the mechanical characteristics were analyzed using tensile test and hardness test.
The micrograph results revealed that powder particulates were evenly distributed in the stir zone and reduction in grain size also observed; the reason for the grain size reduction was stirring action of the FPP tool’s pin.
The tensile strength results showed a significant improvement in strength by a percent of
50% compared to base metal but when T6 heat treatment is applied, the tensile strength decreased.
Fatigue Performance in Grinding and Turning: An OverviewIJMER
This paper analysis the influence of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Turning and Grinding on
fatigue performance of Fe250. Surface condition has a strong effect on fatigue life, and that most surfaces
produced by conventional manufacturing operations such as machining and forging have poor fatigue
behavior than polished surfaces commonly used for laboratory specimens. It is found that the surfaces
produced with different machining process and having the same surface roughness having different fatigue
performances. High –cycle fatigue data was obtained for Fe 250 using three types of machining process
viz, AFM, Turning and Grinding .S-N curve is plotted for the samples obtained with all the three process. It
was found that the samples produced with AFM having the highest fatigue life.
IRJET-A Critical Analysis on Network Layer Attacks in Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document describes the modeling and fabrication of an abrasive jet machine (AJM). It discusses:
1) The individual components of the AJM were modeled using CATIA software, including the mixing chamber, nozzle, and machining chamber.
2) The individual parts were then fabricated in the workshop as per the models.
3) The complete AJM was assembled, allowing for X-Y movement of the nozzle to machine complex shapes in difficult to machine materials like ceramics.
IMPROVING OPTIMIZED THE SURFACE QUALITY OF STAINLESS STEEL JIS 440 ON LAPPING...IAEME Publication
This objective of research was studied to study lapping process for achieving high quality alumina the surface quality of stainless steel JIS 440 on lapping process. Factorial experiment was applied to analyze the four-alumina powder size of 0.3 µm and nine-lapping time of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 and 270 min, respectively. In preparing of specimen surface roughness for experimental, was used the ratio between the alumina powder of 200 g, alumina powder lubricant of 150 ml and water of 1 l which has Five surface roughness values, Ra were then prepared: 0.4 μm, 0.8 μm, 1.2 μm, 1.6 μm and 2.0 μm, respectively. Alumina abrasive powder size of 0.3 µm at a surface roughness of Ra 0.8 µm at 30 min resulted in the best average surface roughness (Ra) of 0.0575 µm when considering the satisfaction value. (Desirability: D) with regard to statistical processing, it was found that the value was as high as 99.37% Correlation of surface quality with lapping parameters was established to achieve process optimization.
This is the presentation of my 8th semester project on Application of Artificial Neural Network in Friction Stir Processing. We have used AA5052. The presentation starts from the basics of Aluminium and FSP process and then first we predict the properties of Hardness, Roughness and Tensile strength using Minitab16 and then use Minitab16 to create dummy outputs which are fed into the ANN to train it.
Surface layer alterations in aisi 4140 steel from turn assisted deep cold rol...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on using turn-assisted deep cold rolling (TADCR) to improve the surface integrity of AISI 4140 steel. TADCR was performed using tungsten carbide balls of varying diameters at different rolling forces and numbers of passes. Microhardness measurements found that TADCR increased hardness in the surface layer by about 36% compared to the bulk material. Microstructure analysis found alteration to a depth of around 300μm, reflecting an increase in residual compressive stress from the initial turned state. Overall, the results indicate that TADCR is an effective method for modifying the surface properties of AISI 4140 steel.
Cutting force and surface roughness in cryogenic machining of elastomerIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on cryogenic machining of elastomers. Experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of rake angle, cutting speed, and feed rate on cutting force and surface roughness under ambient and cryogenic conditions. The results showed that cutting forces were higher for cryogenic machining but decreased with increasing rake angle. Cryogenic machining produced significantly lower surface roughness than ambient machining, especially at high rake angles and cutting speeds, due to increased material rigidity at lower temperatures.
Abrasive flow machining (AFM) is a method developed in the 1960s to polish, deburr, and finish intricate internal surfaces and passages. There are three main types of AFM: one-way, two-way, and orbital. AFM uses an abrasive media that is extruded through the workpiece to remove material and produce a very smooth surface down to Ra of 50nm. Key advantages include simultaneously deburring, radiusing, and polishing, and producing uniform results. AFM is widely used in aerospace, automotive, medical, and mold industries to improve surfaces, reduce friction, eliminate imperfections, and extend component life. Research aims to further improve monitoring and control of
The document describes a study on the mechanical properties of friction stir processed AA5754 sheet metal at different temperatures and strain rates. The objectives were to characterize the tensile properties of FSPed and base metal sheets under various conditions and develop a Johnson Cook model to predict flow stress. Tensile tests were conducted on FSPed and base metal specimens at temperatures from room temperature to 400°C and crosshead velocities from 1-200mm/min. The results showed that both yield strength and ultimate tensile strength generally decreased with increasing temperature and strain rate for both materials. The FSPed material exhibited higher ductility than the base metal across most test conditions.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF DIE FOR BLOW FORMINGvijayabashkar
The document describes the design and fabrication of a die for blow forming aluminum alloy Al 6063 sheets through a superplastic forming process. Key points:
- Al 6063 disks were gas pressure formed into hemispheres using an in-house designed forming apparatus at 5800C. Dome height was measured for different forming pressures.
- The die design included a male and female die with a hemispherical cavity of 30mm diameter. Calculations were performed to determine the thickness, strain, and stress on the formed part.
- Blow forming tests were successfully conducted using the fabricated die to form Al 6063 sheets at different temperatures and pressures. This allows for producing lightweight automotive components through superplastic forming.
COMPARISON OF MAIN EFFECT OF VEGETABLE OIL AND AL2O3 NANOFLUIDS USED WITH MQL...IAEME Publication
The growing demands for high productivity of machining need use of high cutting velocity and feed rate. Such machining inherently produces high cutting temperature, which not only reduces tool life but also impairs the product quality. Application of cutting fluids changes the performance of machining operations because of their lubrication, cooling, and chip flushing functions. But the conventional cutting fluids are not that effective in such high production machining, particularly in continuous cutting of materials likes steels. So Nanofluids have novel properties that make them potentially useful in heat transfer medium in cutting zone and Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) presents itself as a viable alternative for turning with respect to tool wear, heat dissipation, and machined surface quality.
Effect of welding parameters and tool shape on properties of friction stir we...IJERA Editor
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a widely used solid state joining process for soft materials such as aluminium alloys because it avoids many of the common problems of fusion welding. It has many benefits when applied to welding of aluminum alloys. FSW process parameters such as welding speed, rotational speed and tool geometry play vital roles in the weld quality. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of different welding speeds, rotational speeds and tool pin profile on the weld quality of a AA6061 aluminum alloy. A friction stir welding tool consists of rotating shoulder and pin that heats the working piece by friction and moves a softened alloy around it to form a joint. In this research work the effect of the tool shape and welding parameters (rotating speed and welding speed) on the mechanical properties of an aluminium plates will be investigated experimentally. The induced heat during the welding process played the main role in the mechanical and appearance of the joints, which is related to the welding parameters.
The document describes abrasive flow machining (AFM) and summarizes two research papers on the topic. It defines AFM and discusses different types of AFM machines. The first research paper studies the effect of process variables in AFM and develops models to optimize the process. The second paper examines using AFM to finish difficult-to-machine titanium alloy and finds that boron carbide and silicon carbide abrasives most effectively remove surface imperfections within few cycles. Scanning electron microscopy images show the removal of heat-affected layers on the titanium.
Abrasive flow machining is a finishing process that uses a viscous abrasive media to deburr and polish complex internal surfaces and passages. It can produce a smooth surface finish on difficult to access areas and remove burrs from holes and intersecting passages. The process involves extruding an abrasive media containing abrasive particles mixed in a viscoelastic polymer through fixtures surrounding the workpiece under pressure. This allows the media to flow through holes and passages to abrade away imperfections. Abrasive flow machining is commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, die and mold industries to improve surfaces, reduce wear and extend component life.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Study of sliding wear rate of hot rolled steel specimen subjected to Zirconia...IJERA Editor
Wear is nothing but loss of material by usage. In a mechanical industry mechanical components will operate
under severe load, temperature and high speeds. Under such a type of situation, when metal to metal contact take
place the surfaces that comes in contact is subjected to wear. These should be considered as a serious affair in an
industry because if the process of wear continues it can reduce service life of the component and also to the
entire mechanical system to which the component has been used. In the light of the above the present work
mainly deals with the study of wear behavior of hot rolled steel with and without zirconia coating on the contact
surface and the effect of zirconia coating with varying thickness.
This document presents an optimization study of friction stir welding process parameters for aluminum alloys to achieve maximum tensile strength. Experiments were conducted using Taguchi's design of experiments method to evaluate the effects of rotational speed, tool tilt angle, and travel speed on joint strength. Analysis of variance revealed that tool tilt angle was the most influential parameter, contributing 47.39% to tensile strength, followed by travel speed at 42.18%. The optimal parameters predicted were 1300 rpm rotational speed, 1° tool tilt angle, and 60 mm/min travel speed, which were expected to yield a maximum tensile strength of 285 MPa. Experimental validation of these optimal parameters produced a joint strength of 288 MPa, close to the predicted value.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding graphite particles to an aluminum matrix composite reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) particles. Samples were produced by stir casting of aluminum with 6 wt% SiC alone (SS), and with both 6 wt% SiC and 6 wt% graphite (SG). Tests showed that adding SiC alone improved hardness by 184.8% and compressive strength by 85%, while the hybrid composite saw more modest improvements of 33% and 23% respectively. Machining tests found that SiC alone increased surface roughness and cutting forces by 32-80% and 50.5-100%, but the hybrid saw lower increases of only 22.9-70.4% and 42
Mechanical properties and reliability of glass aluminium composite as insert ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Plastic injection mold made of tool steel is generally utilized for large lots production. Running for small lots of product is a new trend of demand, so that the mold would be relatively expensive and not competitive. The aim of the present work is to find an alternative material and process for low cost injection mold that suitable for small lots. For these reasons, aluminum-glass-acrylic particulate composite would be proposed as a material for manufacturing of low cost plastic injection mold. In this work, an insert mold as part of the injection molding was selected for the case study. Composite was examined to know its characteristics. The part with size of (80mm x 10mm x 10mm) and (30mm x30mm x30mm) made of particulate composite material was selected as specimen. Material of the specimen was aluminum powders (<297><74><74 μm); the volume ratio is 1:1:1. Acrylic was used for binder when composite made by layer manufacturing method, using Selective Heater Melting (SHM) machine. The specimen was prepared into three steps: manufacturing of composite (green specimen) by SHM machine, heating green specimen to burn up the acrylic, and resin impregnation. There were 3 types of specimens: green specimen before heating at 700°C, green specimen after heating at 700°C, and green specimen after heating at 700°C that continued by resin impregnation. Tests was performed to investigate its bending strength, surface hardness, surface roughness, and dimensional error. The other composite (specimen) was insert mold, made by layer manufacturing method, using SHM machine. Case study was carried out by testing an insert mold to know the reliability of insert mold. Bending strengths of green specimen, before and after heating at 700°C, were 2.07 and 8.23 MPa, respectively; and after resin impregnation was 17.15 MPa. Dimensional errors in the direction of X, Y, and Z-axis for green specimen of (30mm x 30mm x30mm) before heating at 700°C were 8.65, 2.7, and 3.8 mm, respectively; and after heating at 700°C were 7.90, 1.10 and 0.90 mm, respectively. Surface roughness of green specimen before and after heating at 700°C were 46.12 and 33.48 μm, respectively; and after resin impregnation was 12.17 μm. Surface hardness of specimen after resin impregnation was 14.199 BHN. The amount of plastic parts that could be produced by insert mold was 120 and 126 pieces. Although mechanical strength of this composite was lower than that of tool steel that used for common plastic injection mold, but this composite material was less expensive and suitable for small lots production. Keywords: Layer manufacturing, Selective Heater Melting (SHM) machine, green specimen, insert mold.
Effects and defects of the polypropylene plate for different parameters in fr...eSAT Publishing House
1. The document analyzes the effects of different parameters on friction stir welding of polypropylene plates, including tool pin profile, rotational speed, and welding speed.
2. Microstructural images and hardness tests were used to evaluate the quality of the welds under different conditions.
3. The results showed that a threaded pin profile with rotational speed of 2250 rpm and welding speed of 40-50 mm/min produced welds with the fewest defects in the polypropylene material.
Wear and corrosion studies on ferritic stainless steel (ss 409 m)eSAT Journals
Abstract The wear and corrosion behavior of SS 409M have been evaluated and compared with Mild steel ferritic stainless steel SS 430, and austenitic stainless steel SS 304. The SS 409M is a utility grade ferritic stainless steel, and has a very low Ni percentage less than 0.30%. Annealed SS 409M contains ferrite and low percentage of tempered martensite whereas normalized SS 409M has low ferrite and higher percentage of tempered martensite. The manufacturing cost for this steel is low as compared to other grades of stainless steel but it has high strength with excellent corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance and can be easily fabricated. Thus SS 409M has been found to be a suitable material for replacing mild steel in structural applications. SS 409M has also got good wear resistance and this can be considered as an alternate material for mild steel in the railway wagons, track armor, and chemical tanks. The dry wear test has been carried out using the pin on disc machine for all the specimens. The results show that 409M has higher wear resistance as compared to mild steel and SS 430. The corrosion test has been carried out using the potentiostat for SS 409M both in annealed and in the normalized condition and the results are compared with SS 430 and SS 304. SS 304 and SS 430 stainless steels show excellent corrosion resistance while SS 409M both in annealed and in normalized condition reveal higher corrosion resistance than mild steel. Results are discussed with published work on these steels. Keywords: SS 409M, SS 409M, SS 430, SS 304
El documento compara las ventajas y desventajas de cuatro herramientas de oficina en la nube: SkyDrive, Google Docs, Zoho y Thinkfree. SkyDrive permite almacenar y compartir archivos en línea de forma gratuita pero tiene limitaciones de tamaño de archivo y solo es compatible con Internet Explorer. Google Docs permite la colaboración en tiempo real pero también tiene limitaciones de tamaño y requiere una metodología de trabajo previa. Zoho ofrece más aplicaciones pero de forma separada y su versión gratuita es limitada. Thinkfree
La morfología estudia la estructura interna de las palabras y cómo están formadas por raíces y afijos. Se distingue de la sintaxis en que esta última examina cómo se combinan las palabras para formar oraciones. Dentro de la gramática generativa, algunos aspectos de la morfología tradicional caen bajo la morfofonética. Los morfemas pueden ser léxicos o gramaticales y existen también morfemas libres. Los alomorfos son variaciones fonéticas de un mismo morfema.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
IMPROVING OPTIMIZED THE SURFACE QUALITY OF STAINLESS STEEL JIS 440 ON LAPPING...IAEME Publication
This objective of research was studied to study lapping process for achieving high quality alumina the surface quality of stainless steel JIS 440 on lapping process. Factorial experiment was applied to analyze the four-alumina powder size of 0.3 µm and nine-lapping time of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 and 270 min, respectively. In preparing of specimen surface roughness for experimental, was used the ratio between the alumina powder of 200 g, alumina powder lubricant of 150 ml and water of 1 l which has Five surface roughness values, Ra were then prepared: 0.4 μm, 0.8 μm, 1.2 μm, 1.6 μm and 2.0 μm, respectively. Alumina abrasive powder size of 0.3 µm at a surface roughness of Ra 0.8 µm at 30 min resulted in the best average surface roughness (Ra) of 0.0575 µm when considering the satisfaction value. (Desirability: D) with regard to statistical processing, it was found that the value was as high as 99.37% Correlation of surface quality with lapping parameters was established to achieve process optimization.
This is the presentation of my 8th semester project on Application of Artificial Neural Network in Friction Stir Processing. We have used AA5052. The presentation starts from the basics of Aluminium and FSP process and then first we predict the properties of Hardness, Roughness and Tensile strength using Minitab16 and then use Minitab16 to create dummy outputs which are fed into the ANN to train it.
Surface layer alterations in aisi 4140 steel from turn assisted deep cold rol...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on using turn-assisted deep cold rolling (TADCR) to improve the surface integrity of AISI 4140 steel. TADCR was performed using tungsten carbide balls of varying diameters at different rolling forces and numbers of passes. Microhardness measurements found that TADCR increased hardness in the surface layer by about 36% compared to the bulk material. Microstructure analysis found alteration to a depth of around 300μm, reflecting an increase in residual compressive stress from the initial turned state. Overall, the results indicate that TADCR is an effective method for modifying the surface properties of AISI 4140 steel.
Cutting force and surface roughness in cryogenic machining of elastomerIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on cryogenic machining of elastomers. Experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of rake angle, cutting speed, and feed rate on cutting force and surface roughness under ambient and cryogenic conditions. The results showed that cutting forces were higher for cryogenic machining but decreased with increasing rake angle. Cryogenic machining produced significantly lower surface roughness than ambient machining, especially at high rake angles and cutting speeds, due to increased material rigidity at lower temperatures.
Abrasive flow machining (AFM) is a method developed in the 1960s to polish, deburr, and finish intricate internal surfaces and passages. There are three main types of AFM: one-way, two-way, and orbital. AFM uses an abrasive media that is extruded through the workpiece to remove material and produce a very smooth surface down to Ra of 50nm. Key advantages include simultaneously deburring, radiusing, and polishing, and producing uniform results. AFM is widely used in aerospace, automotive, medical, and mold industries to improve surfaces, reduce friction, eliminate imperfections, and extend component life. Research aims to further improve monitoring and control of
The document describes a study on the mechanical properties of friction stir processed AA5754 sheet metal at different temperatures and strain rates. The objectives were to characterize the tensile properties of FSPed and base metal sheets under various conditions and develop a Johnson Cook model to predict flow stress. Tensile tests were conducted on FSPed and base metal specimens at temperatures from room temperature to 400°C and crosshead velocities from 1-200mm/min. The results showed that both yield strength and ultimate tensile strength generally decreased with increasing temperature and strain rate for both materials. The FSPed material exhibited higher ductility than the base metal across most test conditions.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF DIE FOR BLOW FORMINGvijayabashkar
The document describes the design and fabrication of a die for blow forming aluminum alloy Al 6063 sheets through a superplastic forming process. Key points:
- Al 6063 disks were gas pressure formed into hemispheres using an in-house designed forming apparatus at 5800C. Dome height was measured for different forming pressures.
- The die design included a male and female die with a hemispherical cavity of 30mm diameter. Calculations were performed to determine the thickness, strain, and stress on the formed part.
- Blow forming tests were successfully conducted using the fabricated die to form Al 6063 sheets at different temperatures and pressures. This allows for producing lightweight automotive components through superplastic forming.
COMPARISON OF MAIN EFFECT OF VEGETABLE OIL AND AL2O3 NANOFLUIDS USED WITH MQL...IAEME Publication
The growing demands for high productivity of machining need use of high cutting velocity and feed rate. Such machining inherently produces high cutting temperature, which not only reduces tool life but also impairs the product quality. Application of cutting fluids changes the performance of machining operations because of their lubrication, cooling, and chip flushing functions. But the conventional cutting fluids are not that effective in such high production machining, particularly in continuous cutting of materials likes steels. So Nanofluids have novel properties that make them potentially useful in heat transfer medium in cutting zone and Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) presents itself as a viable alternative for turning with respect to tool wear, heat dissipation, and machined surface quality.
Effect of welding parameters and tool shape on properties of friction stir we...IJERA Editor
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a widely used solid state joining process for soft materials such as aluminium alloys because it avoids many of the common problems of fusion welding. It has many benefits when applied to welding of aluminum alloys. FSW process parameters such as welding speed, rotational speed and tool geometry play vital roles in the weld quality. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of different welding speeds, rotational speeds and tool pin profile on the weld quality of a AA6061 aluminum alloy. A friction stir welding tool consists of rotating shoulder and pin that heats the working piece by friction and moves a softened alloy around it to form a joint. In this research work the effect of the tool shape and welding parameters (rotating speed and welding speed) on the mechanical properties of an aluminium plates will be investigated experimentally. The induced heat during the welding process played the main role in the mechanical and appearance of the joints, which is related to the welding parameters.
The document describes abrasive flow machining (AFM) and summarizes two research papers on the topic. It defines AFM and discusses different types of AFM machines. The first research paper studies the effect of process variables in AFM and develops models to optimize the process. The second paper examines using AFM to finish difficult-to-machine titanium alloy and finds that boron carbide and silicon carbide abrasives most effectively remove surface imperfections within few cycles. Scanning electron microscopy images show the removal of heat-affected layers on the titanium.
Abrasive flow machining is a finishing process that uses a viscous abrasive media to deburr and polish complex internal surfaces and passages. It can produce a smooth surface finish on difficult to access areas and remove burrs from holes and intersecting passages. The process involves extruding an abrasive media containing abrasive particles mixed in a viscoelastic polymer through fixtures surrounding the workpiece under pressure. This allows the media to flow through holes and passages to abrade away imperfections. Abrasive flow machining is commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, die and mold industries to improve surfaces, reduce wear and extend component life.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Study of sliding wear rate of hot rolled steel specimen subjected to Zirconia...IJERA Editor
Wear is nothing but loss of material by usage. In a mechanical industry mechanical components will operate
under severe load, temperature and high speeds. Under such a type of situation, when metal to metal contact take
place the surfaces that comes in contact is subjected to wear. These should be considered as a serious affair in an
industry because if the process of wear continues it can reduce service life of the component and also to the
entire mechanical system to which the component has been used. In the light of the above the present work
mainly deals with the study of wear behavior of hot rolled steel with and without zirconia coating on the contact
surface and the effect of zirconia coating with varying thickness.
This document presents an optimization study of friction stir welding process parameters for aluminum alloys to achieve maximum tensile strength. Experiments were conducted using Taguchi's design of experiments method to evaluate the effects of rotational speed, tool tilt angle, and travel speed on joint strength. Analysis of variance revealed that tool tilt angle was the most influential parameter, contributing 47.39% to tensile strength, followed by travel speed at 42.18%. The optimal parameters predicted were 1300 rpm rotational speed, 1° tool tilt angle, and 60 mm/min travel speed, which were expected to yield a maximum tensile strength of 285 MPa. Experimental validation of these optimal parameters produced a joint strength of 288 MPa, close to the predicted value.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding graphite particles to an aluminum matrix composite reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) particles. Samples were produced by stir casting of aluminum with 6 wt% SiC alone (SS), and with both 6 wt% SiC and 6 wt% graphite (SG). Tests showed that adding SiC alone improved hardness by 184.8% and compressive strength by 85%, while the hybrid composite saw more modest improvements of 33% and 23% respectively. Machining tests found that SiC alone increased surface roughness and cutting forces by 32-80% and 50.5-100%, but the hybrid saw lower increases of only 22.9-70.4% and 42
Mechanical properties and reliability of glass aluminium composite as insert ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Plastic injection mold made of tool steel is generally utilized for large lots production. Running for small lots of product is a new trend of demand, so that the mold would be relatively expensive and not competitive. The aim of the present work is to find an alternative material and process for low cost injection mold that suitable for small lots. For these reasons, aluminum-glass-acrylic particulate composite would be proposed as a material for manufacturing of low cost plastic injection mold. In this work, an insert mold as part of the injection molding was selected for the case study. Composite was examined to know its characteristics. The part with size of (80mm x 10mm x 10mm) and (30mm x30mm x30mm) made of particulate composite material was selected as specimen. Material of the specimen was aluminum powders (<297><74><74 μm); the volume ratio is 1:1:1. Acrylic was used for binder when composite made by layer manufacturing method, using Selective Heater Melting (SHM) machine. The specimen was prepared into three steps: manufacturing of composite (green specimen) by SHM machine, heating green specimen to burn up the acrylic, and resin impregnation. There were 3 types of specimens: green specimen before heating at 700°C, green specimen after heating at 700°C, and green specimen after heating at 700°C that continued by resin impregnation. Tests was performed to investigate its bending strength, surface hardness, surface roughness, and dimensional error. The other composite (specimen) was insert mold, made by layer manufacturing method, using SHM machine. Case study was carried out by testing an insert mold to know the reliability of insert mold. Bending strengths of green specimen, before and after heating at 700°C, were 2.07 and 8.23 MPa, respectively; and after resin impregnation was 17.15 MPa. Dimensional errors in the direction of X, Y, and Z-axis for green specimen of (30mm x 30mm x30mm) before heating at 700°C were 8.65, 2.7, and 3.8 mm, respectively; and after heating at 700°C were 7.90, 1.10 and 0.90 mm, respectively. Surface roughness of green specimen before and after heating at 700°C were 46.12 and 33.48 μm, respectively; and after resin impregnation was 12.17 μm. Surface hardness of specimen after resin impregnation was 14.199 BHN. The amount of plastic parts that could be produced by insert mold was 120 and 126 pieces. Although mechanical strength of this composite was lower than that of tool steel that used for common plastic injection mold, but this composite material was less expensive and suitable for small lots production. Keywords: Layer manufacturing, Selective Heater Melting (SHM) machine, green specimen, insert mold.
Effects and defects of the polypropylene plate for different parameters in fr...eSAT Publishing House
1. The document analyzes the effects of different parameters on friction stir welding of polypropylene plates, including tool pin profile, rotational speed, and welding speed.
2. Microstructural images and hardness tests were used to evaluate the quality of the welds under different conditions.
3. The results showed that a threaded pin profile with rotational speed of 2250 rpm and welding speed of 40-50 mm/min produced welds with the fewest defects in the polypropylene material.
Wear and corrosion studies on ferritic stainless steel (ss 409 m)eSAT Journals
Abstract The wear and corrosion behavior of SS 409M have been evaluated and compared with Mild steel ferritic stainless steel SS 430, and austenitic stainless steel SS 304. The SS 409M is a utility grade ferritic stainless steel, and has a very low Ni percentage less than 0.30%. Annealed SS 409M contains ferrite and low percentage of tempered martensite whereas normalized SS 409M has low ferrite and higher percentage of tempered martensite. The manufacturing cost for this steel is low as compared to other grades of stainless steel but it has high strength with excellent corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance and can be easily fabricated. Thus SS 409M has been found to be a suitable material for replacing mild steel in structural applications. SS 409M has also got good wear resistance and this can be considered as an alternate material for mild steel in the railway wagons, track armor, and chemical tanks. The dry wear test has been carried out using the pin on disc machine for all the specimens. The results show that 409M has higher wear resistance as compared to mild steel and SS 430. The corrosion test has been carried out using the potentiostat for SS 409M both in annealed and in the normalized condition and the results are compared with SS 430 and SS 304. SS 304 and SS 430 stainless steels show excellent corrosion resistance while SS 409M both in annealed and in normalized condition reveal higher corrosion resistance than mild steel. Results are discussed with published work on these steels. Keywords: SS 409M, SS 409M, SS 430, SS 304
El documento compara las ventajas y desventajas de cuatro herramientas de oficina en la nube: SkyDrive, Google Docs, Zoho y Thinkfree. SkyDrive permite almacenar y compartir archivos en línea de forma gratuita pero tiene limitaciones de tamaño de archivo y solo es compatible con Internet Explorer. Google Docs permite la colaboración en tiempo real pero también tiene limitaciones de tamaño y requiere una metodología de trabajo previa. Zoho ofrece más aplicaciones pero de forma separada y su versión gratuita es limitada. Thinkfree
La morfología estudia la estructura interna de las palabras y cómo están formadas por raíces y afijos. Se distingue de la sintaxis en que esta última examina cómo se combinan las palabras para formar oraciones. Dentro de la gramática generativa, algunos aspectos de la morfología tradicional caen bajo la morfofonética. Los morfemas pueden ser léxicos o gramaticales y existen también morfemas libres. Los alomorfos son variaciones fonéticas de un mismo morfema.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
This document summarizes a study of CEO succession events among the largest 100 U.S. corporations between 2005-2015. The study analyzed executives who were passed over for the CEO role ("succession losers") and their subsequent careers. It found that 74% of passed over executives left their companies, with 30% eventually becoming CEOs elsewhere. However, companies led by succession losers saw average stock price declines of 13% over 3 years, compared to gains for companies whose CEO selections remained unchanged. The findings suggest that boards generally identify the most qualified CEO candidates, though differences between internal and external hires complicate comparisons.
Parametric Analysis of Mild Steel Specimens Using Roller Burnishing ProcessIRJESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Burnishing, a cold working process, is a very simple and effective method of improving surface properties, which can easily be carried out using existing machines, such as lathe. With changing trends in manufacturing industry, special attention is given on surface finish along with dimensional accuracy and tight geometrical tolerances. Burnishing comes in mind as one of popular finishing process because it is completely chip-less as compared to other finishing processes such as grinding, honing etc. The purpose of the research was to demonstrate burnishing process on ferrous metals namely mild steel alloy. Parametric analysis was done using speed and feed rate as input parameters and surface roughness & surface micro hardness as response variables. Burnishing was performed using Hindustan machine tools (HMT) power lathe (NH 26 model)
Investigation of Metal Removal Rate and Surface Finish on Inconel 718 by Abra...AM Publications
Abrasive Waterjet (AWJ) cutting has proven to be an effective technology for material processing with the distinct advantages of no thermal distortion, high machining versatility, high flexibility and small cutting forces. In this paper, Taguchi robust design analysis is employed to determine optimal combination of process parameters. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is also applied to identify the most significant factor. The process parameters such as pressure, transverse speed, stand of distance and abrasive flow rate are optimized to investigate their influence on Metal Removal Rate (MRR) and Surface Roughness (Ra) of Inconel. Experiments are carried out by L9 orthogonal array and the results are provided to verify this approach and credible tendencies of output parameters with respect to the input parameters are discussed, from which recommendations are made for process control and optimization.
Friction stir processing is a technique for improving the characteristics of metals by causing local, severe plastic deformation. This deformation is achieved by forcing a non-consumable tool into the workpiece and rotating it in a stirring action while being pushed laterally through it. The primary goal of this experiment is to investigate Friction Stir processing parameters, surface composite production using friction stirs, and material mechanical characteristics. The various ceramic particles, such as SiC and Al2O3, were used as reinforcement particles. The parameter for this experiment is considered as the traveling speed, tool rotation speed, and tilt angles.
Regression analysis of shot peening process for performance characteristics o...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of roller burnishing process on aluminum work pieces using design of ex...IAEME Publication
This document discusses a study on the roller burnishing process for aluminum workpieces using design of experiments. Roller burnishing is a cold working process that improves the surface finish and hardness of a softer workpiece material through plastic deformation. The study aims to determine the optimum spindle speed, tool feed rate, and number of passes to minimize the surface roughness of aluminum workpieces. Design of experiments techniques are used to understand the individual and interactive effects of the process parameters on surface roughness. The results of this study can be applied to finish aluminum components for applications in various industries such as aerospace where low weight is important.
Studies on jet penetration and kerf width at various operating pressure in ma...eSAT Journals
Abstract Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) machining is one of the non-traditional machining method popular method for machining of hard, heat sensitive and brittle materials. The present work attempts to investigate the effect of operating pressure on depth of penetration and kerf characteristics generated while machining of D2 heat treated steel. It is found that increase in operating pressure increases the depth of penetration and decreases the surface taper on the work-piece. Keywords: Kerf width, Depth of cut, Operating pressure, AWJ Machining
SURFACE LAYER ALTERATIONS IN AISI 4140 STEEL FROM TURN-ASSISTED DEEP COLD ROL...IAEME Publication
Mechanical surface enhancement (MSE) techniques have been used to modify the surface reliability properties
of many materials by generating ultrafine or even nanometer-sized grains in the surface and subsurface region. These fine
grained materials created by mechanical surface enhancement techniques usually have higher hardness and frequently exhibit enhanced mechanical properties. Turn-assisted deep cold rolling (TADCR) process is used to improve the surface integrity of AISI 4140 steel which is commonly used in automobile industry.
Experimental Study on Surface Roughness by Using Abrasive ParticlesIJERA Editor
New advancement of technology and never satisfying demands of the civilization are putting huge pressure on the natural fuel resources and these resources are at a constant threat to its sustainability. Surface finish has a vital influence on functional properties such as wear resistance and power loss due to friction on most of the engineering components. Voltage, mesh number, revolutions per minute (rpm) of electromagnet, and percentage weight of abrasives has been identified as important process parameters affecting surface roughness. The experiments were planned using response surface methodology and percentage change in surface roughness (ΔRa) was considered as response. Analysis of experimental data showed that percentage change in surface roughness (ΔRa) was highly influenced by mesh number followed by percentage weight of abrasives, rpm of electromagnet, and voltage. The process has been investigated extensively in the finishing of cylindrical surfaces. The surface finish was found to improve significantly with an increase in the grain size, relative size of abrasive particles vis-à-vis the iron particles, feed rate and current. Super finishing is a micro-finishing process that produces a controlled and smooth surface condition on work pieces. It is not primarily a sizing operation, its major purpose is to produce a surface on a work piece capable of sustaining uneven distribution of a load by improving the geometrical accuracy. The wear life of the parts micro finished to maximum smoothness is extended considerably. According to the design of experimentation, mathematical model for Lapping operation on advance ceramic material is proposed. In order to get minimum values of the surface roughness, optimization of the mathematical model is done and optimal operation of the examined factors is going to be determined. The obtained res
ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steelijtsrd
Friction surface treatment is well established solid technology and is used for deposition, abrasion and corrosion protection coatings on rigid materials. This novel process has wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the field of reclamation and repair of damaged and worn engineering components. In this paper, present the prediction of tensile of friction surface treated tool steel using ANN for simulated results of friction surface treatment. This experiment was carried out to obtain tool steel coatings of low carbon steel parts by changing input process parameters such as friction pressure, rotational speed and welding speed. The simulation is performed by a 33 factor design that takes into account the maximum and minimum limits of the experimental work performed by the 23 factor design. Neural network structures, such as the Feed Forward Neural Network FFNN , were used to predict tensile tool steel sediments caused by friction. V. Pitchi Raju "ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29169.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29169/ann-model-based-calculation-of-tensile-of-friction-surfaced-tool-steel/v-pitchi-raju
A Review of Optimization of Surface Roughness of Inconel 718 in End Milling u...IJERA Editor
The document discusses optimizing the surface roughness of Inconel 718 during end milling. It aims to optimize surface roughness using four machining parameters: nose radius, depth of cut, feed rate, and cutting speed. 27 experimental runs were conducted using an L27 orthogonal array design from Taguchi methods. The document provides background information on Inconel 718, end milling processes, factors that influence surface roughness, and the methodology used for the experimental design.
Experimental investigation of Solid Particle Erosion of Brass, Stainless Stee...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the erosion behavior of brass, stainless steel 304, and aluminum 6063 due to solid particle impact. Tests were conducted using an air jet erosion tester at different impact velocities (40-70 m/s) and angles (30-90 degrees) using alumina particles. The results showed that increasing impact velocity increased the erosion rate of all materials, following a power law relationship. The maximum erosion for all materials occurred at an impact angle of 60 degrees. Brass exhibited the highest erosion rate while aluminum showed the best erosion resistance. The study provides experimental data to calibrate erosion wear models for computational analysis of industrial systems.
Review of the cryogenic machining in turning and milling processeSAT Journals
Abstract Cryogenic Coolents are used in conventional machining in material removing process can increase tool life, better surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and reduce the cutting temp. Main objectives of this paper is to understand the cryogenic machining operations. Various research scholar has done the experimental investigation on the cryogenic coolants in different materials in turning and milling Process,. At the end of the review obsrved that cryogenic coolant is most favourable methods for material cutting operations in various aspects for future research is proposed. Key Words: Cryogenic coolents and Machining, Literature Review, cryogenic LN2Setup, cryogenic CO2 Setup,
Numerical simulation of friction stir butt welding processes for az91 magnesi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process. In particular, it can be used to join high-strength aerospace magnesium and other metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. It was performed on 4 mm thickness AZ91 Magnesium alloy. Magnesium alloy have more advantage than aluminum such as light weight, softer, tendency to bend easily, cost effective in terms of energy requirements so magnesium alloy has selected in this FSW technique. In friction stir welding (FSW), a momentous residual stress is present in weld due to complex nature of fixturing system compared to fusion welding. These residual stresses can affect properties of welded components during service. Therefore, for estimating magnitude of welding residual stresses and their nature of distribution along with thermal history, a three dimensional non- linear thermo-mechanical finite element (NLTMFE) model using ABAQUS/ CAE package was developed for butt welded magnesium alloy AZ91. The objective of this work is to predict the temperature distribution in both materials and evaluate the mechanical properties during the friction stir welding on magnesium alloy. Keywords: Fsw, Nltmfe, Abaqus, Cae, Az91.
Numerical simulation of friction stir butt welding processes for az91 magnesi...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a numerical simulation of friction stir butt welding for AZ91 magnesium alloy. A 3D nonlinear thermo-mechanical finite element model was developed using ABAQUS to predict temperature distribution and evaluate mechanical properties during the welding process. The model considers heat generation due to friction between the rotating tool and workpiece. Results show the maximum temperature reached was 483°C and residual stress was highest along the weld path. Pressure was also highest in the weld midpoint. Graphs of internal energy and strain energy over time were produced from the simulation results.
Analysis of Conditions in Boundary Lubrications Using Bearing MaterialsIJMER
In order to clearly establish the tribological potential of these alloys as bearing materials, the tribological parameters of the RAR Zn-Al alloys are compared to parameters of the CuPb15Sn8 lead-tin bronze, as a widely applied conventional bearing material. Existing Bearing of connecting rod is manufactured by using non ferrous materials like Gunmetal, Phosphor Bronze etc.. This paper describes the tribological behavior analysis for the conventional materials i.e. Brass and Gunmetal as well as New non metallic material Cast Nylon. Friction and Wear are the most important parameters to decide the
performance of any bearing. In this paper attempt is made to check major tribological parameters for three material and try to suggest better new material compared to conventional existing material. It could help us to minimize the problem of handling materials like Lead , Tin, Zinc etc.After Test on wear machine. Our experimental results are accessing efficient processing in bearing conditions in semantic data representation of extracted related data materials
This document summarizes a study that investigated applying a stainless steel spray coating called SS-II to an LM13 aluminum alloy used in engine applications. The study aimed to reduce surface roughness and friction of reciprocating engine parts. Key findings include:
1) Surface roughness and hardness tests found that applying the SS-II coating maintained surface roughness while increasing hardness.
2) Pin-on-disk friction tests found that the SS-II coating reduced the coefficient of friction at different speeds compared to uncoated LM13 alloy.
3) Scanning electron microscope images showed the SS-II coating had low porosity and good adhesion to the LM13 substrate, as well as evidence of wear on coated samples tested.
This document summarizes research on the erosion behavior of stainless steel when exposed to solid particle erosion. Testing was conducted on stainless steel samples at different impact angles (30, 60, 90 degrees), pressures (4-6 kgf/mm2), and standoff distances (100-200mm) between the nozzle and sample. The results showed that erosion rate increased with decreasing impact angle and increasing pressure, with the highest erosion occurring at 30 degrees and highest pressure. Microscopic analysis of eroded surfaces found evidence of plastic deformation and abrasion damage. The research contributes to understanding the erosion resistance of ductile metals under various testing parameters.
This document summarizes a study that optimized cutting parameters and the grinding process for surface roughness using the Taguchi method and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The study aimed to achieve a good surface finish by optimizing parameters like cutting fluid, wheel speed, workpiece speed, depth of cut, grinding wheel grades, and material hardness. CFD analysis was used to simulate the grinding process and analyze temperature, pressure, velocity, and coolant flow distributions. The Taguchi method was employed to investigate the effects of parameters on surface roughness and find the optimum parameters. The results showed that coolant flow rate and table speed had significant effects on surface roughness, while depth of cut had a lower effect.
Surface Quality Improvement Using Modified Tool Clamping In Boring OperationsIJRES Journal
Boring operations are challenging owing to limited process performance due to inherent tool overhang and resulting vibrations. The tool vibrations can be suppressed with insertion of suitable damping methodology. The present work adopts a method suitable for machine operators, where in insertion of packing sheets at the boring tool support has been suggested. Insertion of number of layers causes frictional phenomenon to dissipate the exciting energy thereby damping the vibrations. Substantial improvement of surface quality of the internally machined surfaces has been noticed in the experiments
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Project Management Semester Long Project - Acuityjpupo2018
Acuity is an innovative learning app designed to transform the way you engage with knowledge. Powered by AI technology, Acuity takes complex topics and distills them into concise, interactive summaries that are easy to read & understand. Whether you're exploring the depths of quantum mechanics or seeking insight into historical events, Acuity provides the key information you need without the burden of lengthy texts.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
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Ho3613381343
1. H P Raju et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1338-1343
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
Extrusion Honed Surface Characteristics of Inconel 600
H P Raju1, Devadath V R2, N L Murali Krishna3
1
Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, P E S C E, Mandya – 571 401, Karnataka, India
Research Scholar, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, P E S C E, Mandya – 571 401, Karnataka, India
3
Research Scholar, Dept. of I & P Engineering, P E S C E, Mandya – 571 401, Karnataka, India.
2
ABSTRACT
Precision finishing of internal surfaces and complex geometries is always of concern in industry since it is
labour intensive and difficult to control. Due to the development of new difficult-to machine materials like
Inconel and also complex geometrical shapes of engineering components, the available traditional finishing
processes alone are not capable of producing required surface finish and other characteristics. Extrusion honing
(EH) is a relatively new non-traditional micro-machining process to debur, radius, polish and remove recast
layer of components in a wide range of applications. Material is removed from the work-piece by flowing
abrasive laden medium under pressure through or past the work surface to be finished. Components made up of
complex passages having surface/areas inaccessible to traditional methods can be finished to high quality and
precision by this process. Inconel alloy 600 is a difficult metal to shape and machine using traditional
techniques. In this study, extrude honing of Inconel 600 has been performed in an indigenously built hydraulic
operated extrusion honing setup using select grade of polymer as a carrier medium and SiC grit of 36 mesh size
as abrasive. The internal surface finish results obtained with the use of extrusion honing process are discussed.
Keywords— abrasive, carrier medium, extrusion honing, Inconel, surface finish.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Extrusion honing (EH) also known as
abrasive flow machining (AFM) is a process for the
production of excellent surface qualities of inner
profiles that are difficult to access and outside edges,
as well as for deburring and edge rounding. EH
process removes small quantity of material by flowing
a semisolid abrasive-laden compound called ‘media’
through or across the surface of the workpiece to be
finished.Two vertically opposed cylinders extrude
media back and forth through passages formed by the
workpiece and tooling (Fig.1). Abrasive action occurs
wherever the media enters and passes through the
most restrictive passages. The media is composed of
semisolid carrier and abrasive grains. Most commonly
used abrasive grains are silicon carbide, boron carbide,
aluminium oxide and diamond. The most commonly
used carrier is polyborosiloxane. The unique features
of EH such as versatility, efficiency, economy makes
the process useful to perform a wide range of
precision machining operations in the aerospace and
automobile industries, manufacture of dies and
medical instruments. Some of the components
machined by EH include fuel injector nozzles, turbine
blades, combustion liners, dies etc. It can
simultaneously process multiple parts or many areas
of a single workpiece. Inaccessible areas and complex
internal passages can be finished economically and
effectively. Inconel 600 is a difficult metal to shape
and machine using traditional techniques due to
rapid work hardening.
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Rhoades [3-4] experimentally investigated the basic
principles of AFM process and identified its control
parameters. He observed that when the medium is
suddenly forced through restrictive passage, its
viscosity temporarily rises. Significant material
removal is observed only when medium is thickened.
Jain and Adsul [5] reported that initial surface
roughness and hardness of the work-piece affects
material removal during AFM process. Material
removal and reduction in surface roughness values are
reported higher for the case of softer work-piece
material as compared to harder materials. Perry [9]
reported that abrasion is high where medium velocity
is high. An increase in pressure and medium viscosity
increases material removal rate while surface finish
value (Ra) decreases. Williams and Rajurkar [10]
reported that metal removal and surface finish in AFM
are significantly affected by the medium viscosity.
Jain and Jain [11] also reported that reduction in
surface roughness (Ra Value) increases with increase
in extrusion pressure and abrasive concentration, but
they also observed that reduction in surface roughness
(Ra value) is higher with increase in average grain
size.
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2. H P Raju et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1338-1343
.
FIGURE 1 – TWO-WAY EXTRUSION PROCESS
Jain and Adsul [13] reported that MRR is
high in the first few cycles due to higher initial
coarseness of work-piece surface, and thereafter, it
starts slightly decreasing in every cycle. Jain et.al. [14]
reported that percentage of abrasives in the medium,
grain size and viscosity of the base medium are
important parameters that influence stock removal and
medium velocity. Gorana et.al. [15-16] reported that
depth of penetration of abrasive particle depends on
extrusion pressure, abrasive medium viscosity, and
grain size. Due to the combined effect of radial force
and axial force, the material is removed in the form of
microchip.
Some of the researchers have studied the
effects of process parameters like extrusion pressure,
abrasive concentration, grain size, number of cycles
etc. with respect to surface roughness and material
removal of ferrous and non ferrous metal work-piece.
Inconel alloy 600 has wide application areas like
chemical industry, heat treatment plant and
aeronautical field. Hardly any information is available
in the literature regarding the effect of EH process
parameters on surface finish of Inconel 600.
In the present study, extrude honing
operations were performed on super alloy Inconel 600
at laboratory using indigenously built EH setup. A
select grade of low cost polymeric material as medium
and silicon carbide as abrasive has been used for finish
process experimentation. The extrude honed surface of
Inconel 600 have been evaluated in terms of surface
finish parameters and the results show positive
response.
II.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Extrude honing experimentation were
conducted in an indigenously built EH setup at
laboratory and the surface finish parameters were
evaluated after each trial.
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www.ijera.com
[1]
A. Material
1. Work material: Inconel® (nickel-chromium-iron)
alloy 600 (UNSN06600/W.Nr. 2.4816) is a standard
engineering material for applications which require
resistance to corrosion and heat. The alloy also has
excellent mechanical properties and presents the
desirable combination of high strength and good
workability. The limiting chemical composition of
Inconel alloy 600 is shown in Table 1. The versatility
of Inconel 600 has led to its use in a variety of
applications involving temperatures from cryogenic to
above 1095°C. The alloy is used extensively in the
chemical industry for its strength and corrosion
resistance. The alloy's strength and oxidation
resistance at high temperatures make it useful for
many applications in the heat-treating industry. In the
aeronautical field, it is used for a variety of engine and
airframe components. This alloy is a standard material
of construction for nuclear reactors. [Special metals]
TABLE 1 - CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF INCONEL 600
WT %
Element
Al
Chromium
Iron
Carbon
Manganese
Ti
Silicon
Copper
Cobalt
Nickel
Concentration [wt. %]
0.18
15.24
8.50
0.08
0.21
0.23
0.42
0.17
0.19
Balance
Tensile Strength
Yield Strength
Hardness
550-690 Mpa
170-345 Mpa
85BHN
2. Carrier medium: In the present study, a select
grade of polymer was used as working medium and
commercially available silicon carbide of 36 grit size
was used as abrasive. Silicon carbide (25 vol.%) were
thoroughly mixed with polymer medium using a
laboratory built mixing device. The details of carrier
medium are shown in Table .2
[2] B. Specimen preparation
Inconel 600 specimens of Ǿ 25mm and
length 10mm were used for experimentation. The
specimens were drilled using carbide drill bit of Ǿ
8mm of Ra value 6-8 microns. After washing the
specimens, extrusion honing trials were conducted.
[3] C. Experiment trials
The experiment setup was designed and
fabricated in the lab to perform extrusion honing.
Fig.2 shows the schematic diagram of the setup for the
EH process. This set up is a one way type of EH
process, i.e the medium flows in only one direction. It
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3. H P Raju et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1338-1343
consists of an abrasive media cylinder coupled to a
hydraulic cylinder and to control the actuation suitable
directional control valve has been utilized. Abrasive
media cylinder is a piston cylinder arrangement with
end cap which has a fixture for housing the specimen.
The fixture helps to mount and dismount specimen
easily from the cylinder. Abrasive media enters the
specimen from one side and extrudes out at the other
side. The extruded abrasive media is collected in the
collector shown in fig. 3. The parameters used in the
trials are presented in Table. 2. Each specimen was
honed for 15 passes under similar conditions and after
each pass surface finish parameters were measured at
two locations of entry side (side 1)and at two locations
of exit side (side 2) of the specimen using Surfcom
shown in Fig. 4
TABLE 2 – EXTRUSION HONING PROCESS PARAMETERS
Parameter
Details
Pressure
60 bar
Volume fraction (abrasive)
0.25
Temperature
Ambient
Stroke length
500 mm
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FIGURE 4: SURFCOM - SURFACE ROUGHNESS
MEASURING INSTRUMENT
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The extrude honed surface of Inconel 600
was evaluated in terms of surface finish parameters.
Fig. 5,6,7 depicts roughness parameters at entry side
first point. Fig.8,9,10 entry side second point Fig.
11,12,13 exit side first point Fig. 14,15,16 exit side
second point. Fig. 5 and Fig 8 shows surface
parameters at first and second point of entry side. It
shows that during the early stages of honing there is
drastic reduction in Rz, Rt, Rpk values however as the
number of passes increases there is progressive
reduction in these value. Trend of these values
changes after thirteenth pass. There is a progressive
reduction in Ra value from initial pass to thirteenth
pass later Ra value also increases.
FIGURE 2: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE EXTRUSION
HONING PROCESS
Work piece
Work piece Holder
Abrasive Media
FIGURE 3: EXTRUSION HONING PROCESS
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FIGURE 5: SURFACE ROUGHNESS PARAMETERS
CHARACTERISTICS AT FIRST POINT OF ENTRY SIDE
It can be observed that after thirteenth pass
deterioration of surface texture occurs in both entry
and exit side of the specimen as well. Fig. 11and Fig
14 shows surface parameters at first and second point
of exit side. It also shows the variation of Ra, Rz, Rt
and Rpk values similar to entry side i.e. drastic
1340 | P a g e
4. H P Raju et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1338-1343
www.ijera.com
reduction during the early stages of honing,
progressive reduction as the number of passes are
increased. Trend of all these values increases after the
thirteenth pass.
Fig. 6 and Fig. 9 shows the variation of Rt/Ra
with number of passes at first and second point of
entry side. A steady reduction in Rt/Ra can be seen up
to thirteen passes later there is a rise in Rt/Ra. This
indicates that the work piece attains core roughness by
thirteen passes and later roughness increases. Exit side
values at first point and second point shown in Fig. 12
and Fig.15 follow the same pattern.
FIGURE 8: SURFACE ROUGHNESS PARAMETERS
CHARACTERISTICS AT SECOND POINT OF ENTRY
SIDE
FIGURE 6: VARIATION OF RT/RA AT FIRST POINT OF
ENTRY SIDE
Fig. 7 and Fig. 10 shows the percent wise
change in roughness characteristics at first and second
point of entry side. It is seen that all the characteristics
Ra, Rz, Rt, and Rpk show a drastic reduction in
percentage change in early three passes this maybe
due to removal of active asperity over the length the
surface. Further honing shows steady change in all the
characteristics Ra, Rz, Rt, and Rpk. After thirteenth pass
all the characteristics show negative values. Exit side
values at first point and second point shown in Fig. 13
and Fig.16 also depicts similar variation in percent
wise change in roughness characteristics.
FIGURE 9: VARIATION OF RT/RA AT SECOND POINT
OF ENTRY SIDE
FIGURE 10: percentage of change in individual
characteristics at second point Of entry side
FIGURE 7: PERCENTAGE OF CHANGE IN INDIVIDUAL
CHARACTERISTICS AT FIRST POINT OF ENTRY SIDE
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5. H P Raju et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1338-1343
www.ijera.com
FIGURE 11: SURFACE ROUGHNESS PARAMETERS
CHARACTERISTICS AT FIRST POINT OF EXIT SIDE
FIGURE 14: SURFACE ROUGHNESS PARAMETERS
CHARACTERISTICS AT SECOND POINT OF EXIT SIDE
FIGURE 12: VARIATION OF RT/RA AT FIRST POINT
FIGURE 15: VARIATION OF RT/RA AT SECOND POINT
OF EXIT SIDE
OF EXIT SIDE
FIGURE 13: percentage of change in individual
characteristics AT first point of exit side
FIGURE 16: PERCENTAGE OF CHANGE IN INDIVIDUAL
CHARACTERISTICS AT SECOND POINT OF EXIT SIDE
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6. H P Raju et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1338-1343
IV.
CONCLUSION
In the present study extrusion honing of
Inconel 600 has been carried out using select grade of
silicone polymer. The surface finish parameters of
Inconel 600 were measured at two locations on entry
side and exit side of abrasive media. The conclusions
drawn from the study are:
1. The extrusion honing process in 60 bar range
shows good results in super finishing Inconel 600
2. The surface finish parameters show a progressive
improvement till thirteenth pass in both entry and
exit side of the specimen beyond which the
surface starts deteriorating.
3. Till thirteenth pass core roughness is achieved
and in later passes abrasive particles dig into the
surface causing the surface parameters values to
increase.
4. At the entry side of the specimen drastic reduction
in surface finish parameters occurs till fourth pass
later gradual reduction up to thirteenth pass.
5. While at the exit side drastic reduction occurs till
third pass only later gradual reduction in surface
finish parameters up to thirteenth pass
6. Surface at the exit side is better than entry side
due to better contact with abrasive medium.
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[13] V.K.Jain, C. Ranganatha, K.Muralidhar,
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