Hmp shunt seminar
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The HMP shunt involves oxidative and non-oxidative phases, with the oxidative phase consisting of 4 steps to produce NADPH and pentose sugars, and the non-oxidative phase rearranging phosphates. The shunt provides reducing power in the form of NADPH for antioxidant functions like maintaining red blood cell integrity, and produces pentose sugars used for nucleotide synthesis. Clinical significance includes G6PD deficiency causing hemolytic anemia and favism when exposed to oxidative stress, as well as other conditions related to NADPH levels like methemoglobinemia and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
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Hmp shunt pathway
The HMP shunt, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or phosphogluconate pathway, is an alternative pathway to glycolysis and the TCA cycle for glucose oxidation. It is more anabolic in nature and concerned with biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses. The pathway occurs in the cytosol of tissues involved in biosynthesis like the liver, adipose tissue, and erythrocytes. It is significant in generating NADPH and pentoses like ribose-5-phosphate. NADPH is important for biosynthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and antioxidant defense while pentoses are precursors for nucleic acid synthesis. Regulation involves inhibition of the first step by NADPH. Genetic deficiencies can
Hmp shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate. NADPH is important for protecting cells against reactive oxygen species through its role in reducing glutathione. The pathway occurs in two phases - an oxidative phase that produces ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH, and a non-oxidative phase that recycles pentose phosphates. A defect in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase can cause hemolytic anemia by impairing the production of NADPH and the ability to detoxify reactive oxygen species. The entry of glucose-6-phosphate into the pathway is regulated by NADPH levels.
HMP Shunt | Hexose Monophosphate Pathway | Pentose Phosphate Pathway | Phosph...
This PPT contains HMP Shunt, Reactions of the pathway i.e. Oxidative & Non-oxidative. Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, Regulation of Pathway, Significance of HMP shunt
HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT
The document summarizes the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP pathway), also known as the pentose phosphate pathway. It has three main functions: 1) supply NADPH, 2) convert hexoses to pentoses, and 3) enable complete oxidation of pentoses. NADPH functions as an electron donor in biosynthetic reactions, unlike NADH which generates ATP. The pathway occurs in the cytosol and is important in tissues that synthesize fatty acids and steroids, as it provides the required NADPH. Glucose utilization via this pathway varies between tissues and is higher in liver, adipose tissue, and erythrocytes. Deficiencies in enzymes in this pathway can cause
Lec07 hm ppath
The document summarizes key aspects of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). It describes the two main functions of the PPP as generating NADPH and producing ribose-5-phosphate. It also outlines the oxidative and nonoxidative branches of the PPP and explains how the pathway can operate in different modes depending on the cell's needs for NADPH, ribose-5-phosphate, or ATP. The document also discusses glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and its implications.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentoses through oxidative and non-oxidative phases. It produces NADPH, an important cellular antioxidant, in tissues like liver and red blood cells. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency results in inadequate NADPH production and leads to hemolytic anemia upon exposure to oxidative drugs or foods. A case study describes a medical student with malaria treated with primaquine who developed hemolytic anemia due to his unknown G6PD deficiency.
Hmp shunt
The HMP shunt is an alternative pathway to glycolysis and the TCA cycle that oxidizes glucose. It is more anabolic in nature and responsible for biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses (riboses) which are used to produce important biological molecules like DNA, RNA, fatty acids, and steroids. The HMP shunt involves 4 steps - 1) glucose-6-phosphate is converted to 6-phospho-glucono-δ-lactone producing NADPH, 2) hydrolysis of 6-phospho-glucono-δ-lactone to 6-phosphogluconate, 3) dehydrogenation and decarboxylation of 6-phosphog
Pentose phosphate pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentoses through oxidative and non-oxidative phases. It occurs prominently in tissues that require NADPH for fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and antioxidant defenses. The pathway includes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which is the first and rate-limiting step. Deficiency of this enzyme, as in G6PD deficiency, can lead to hemolytic anemia when exposed to oxidative drugs or foods due to impaired antioxidant activity in red blood cells. A case study describes a patient with G6PD deficiency who developed hemolytic anemia after treatment for malaria with the oxidative drug primaquine.
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Hmp shunt pathway
The HMP shunt, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or phosphogluconate pathway, is an alternative pathway to glycolysis and the TCA cycle for glucose oxidation. It is more anabolic in nature and concerned with biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses. The pathway occurs in the cytosol of tissues involved in biosynthesis like the liver, adipose tissue, and erythrocytes. It is significant in generating NADPH and pentoses like ribose-5-phosphate. NADPH is important for biosynthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and antioxidant defense while pentoses are precursors for nucleic acid synthesis. Regulation involves inhibition of the first step by NADPH. Genetic deficiencies can
Hmp shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate. NADPH is important for protecting cells against reactive oxygen species through its role in reducing glutathione. The pathway occurs in two phases - an oxidative phase that produces ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH, and a non-oxidative phase that recycles pentose phosphates. A defect in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase can cause hemolytic anemia by impairing the production of NADPH and the ability to detoxify reactive oxygen species. The entry of glucose-6-phosphate into the pathway is regulated by NADPH levels.
HMP Shunt | Hexose Monophosphate Pathway | Pentose Phosphate Pathway | Phosph...
This PPT contains HMP Shunt, Reactions of the pathway i.e. Oxidative & Non-oxidative. Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, Regulation of Pathway, Significance of HMP shunt
HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT
The document summarizes the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP pathway), also known as the pentose phosphate pathway. It has three main functions: 1) supply NADPH, 2) convert hexoses to pentoses, and 3) enable complete oxidation of pentoses. NADPH functions as an electron donor in biosynthetic reactions, unlike NADH which generates ATP. The pathway occurs in the cytosol and is important in tissues that synthesize fatty acids and steroids, as it provides the required NADPH. Glucose utilization via this pathway varies between tissues and is higher in liver, adipose tissue, and erythrocytes. Deficiencies in enzymes in this pathway can cause
Lec07 hm ppath
The document summarizes key aspects of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). It describes the two main functions of the PPP as generating NADPH and producing ribose-5-phosphate. It also outlines the oxidative and nonoxidative branches of the PPP and explains how the pathway can operate in different modes depending on the cell's needs for NADPH, ribose-5-phosphate, or ATP. The document also discusses glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and its implications.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentoses through oxidative and non-oxidative phases. It produces NADPH, an important cellular antioxidant, in tissues like liver and red blood cells. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency results in inadequate NADPH production and leads to hemolytic anemia upon exposure to oxidative drugs or foods. A case study describes a medical student with malaria treated with primaquine who developed hemolytic anemia due to his unknown G6PD deficiency.
Hmp shunt
The HMP shunt is an alternative pathway to glycolysis and the TCA cycle that oxidizes glucose. It is more anabolic in nature and responsible for biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses (riboses) which are used to produce important biological molecules like DNA, RNA, fatty acids, and steroids. The HMP shunt involves 4 steps - 1) glucose-6-phosphate is converted to 6-phospho-glucono-δ-lactone producing NADPH, 2) hydrolysis of 6-phospho-glucono-δ-lactone to 6-phosphogluconate, 3) dehydrogenation and decarboxylation of 6-phosphog
Pentose phosphate pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentoses through oxidative and non-oxidative phases. It occurs prominently in tissues that require NADPH for fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and antioxidant defenses. The pathway includes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which is the first and rate-limiting step. Deficiency of this enzyme, as in G6PD deficiency, can lead to hemolytic anemia when exposed to oxidative drugs or foods due to impaired antioxidant activity in red blood cells. A case study describes a patient with G6PD deficiency who developed hemolytic anemia after treatment for malaria with the oxidative drug primaquine.
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
The Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMP shunt) is an alternative pathway to glucose oxidation that generates NADPH and pentose sugars rather than ATP. It occurs in the cytosol and is most active in tissues involved in lipid and steroid biosynthesis that require NADPH. The pathway has an oxidative phase that produces NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that regenerates pentose sugars. It is important because it provides precursors for nucleic acid synthesis and NADPH for lipid synthesis, steroidogenesis, and antioxidant defenses. Deficiencies in the pathway can cause hemolytic anemia or neurological disorders.
HMP Shunt
The document summarizes key aspects of the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP pathway or pentose phosphate pathway). It describes the pathway's location in the cytosol and key tissues where it is active. The oxidative and non-oxidative phases of the pathway and their reactions are outlined. Regulation of the pathway by NADPH concentration is mentioned. The significance of the pathway is that it generates pentoses and NADPH, which is important for biosynthesis and antioxidant reactions. Deficiencies in the pathway can cause hemolytic anemia.
Pentose phosphate pathway (Hexose Monophosphate Pathway)
Pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative pathway to glycolysis and TCA cycle for oxidation of glucose. It is a shunt of glycolysis. It is also known as hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt or phosphogluconate pathway. It occurs in cytoplasm of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. While it involves oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. It is an important pathway that generates precursors for nucleotide synthesis and is especially important in red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Sacharidy3 11 angl
The document summarizes several metabolic pathways including:
1) The pentose phosphate pathway which generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate in the oxidative phase and converts intermediates to glycolysis in the nonoxidative phase.
2) Fructose metabolism which occurs mainly in the liver and bypasses regulation of glycolysis.
3) Galactose metabolism which is converted to glucose-1-phosphate in the liver.
URONIC ACID PATHWAY
The glucuronic acid pathway is a quantitatively minor route of glucose metabolism. Like the pentose phosphate pathway, it provides biosynthetic precursors and inter-converts some less common sugars to ones that can be metabolized.
Hmp shunt pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway occurs in the cytosol of cells and produces two molecules of NADPH for each glucose 6-phosphate molecule oxidized, without directly consuming or producing ATP. NADPH is important for processes like fatty acid synthesis in the liver and lactating mammary glands, and for maintaining glutathione levels in red blood cells. The pathway consists of oxidative and nonoxidative reactions, with the oxidative reactions producing pentose sugars and NADPH regulated by the enzyme G6PD.
Significance of HMP Pathway
The hexose monophosphate shunt pathway generates NADPH which is used for reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and steroids in the liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, and mammary glands. NADPH is also used for free radical scavenging, maintaining red blood cell membrane integrity, preventing formation of met-hemoglobin, detoxification, preserving lens transparency, and bacterial killing by macrophages. The oxidative phase occurs in tissues that require NADPH for lipid and steroid synthesis, while the non-oxidative phase can occur in all tissues to produce ribose for DNA and RNA synthesis.
Hmp shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), also known as the phosphogluconate pathway or hexose monophosphate shunt, is an alternative glucose metabolism pathway to glycolysis that occurs in the cytoplasm. It has two major functions: generating reducing potential in the form of NADPH for biosynthesis, and synthesizing ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis. The pathway occurs in two phases - an oxidative phase that generates NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that interconverts five carbon sugars. It is important for tissues that require NADPH for reductive biosynthesis like fatty acids, steroids, and glutathione maintenance.
Hexose monophosphate shunt
The document summarizes the pentose phosphate pathway, which oxidizes glucose-6-phosphate to generate pentose phosphates and the reducing agent NADPH. Rapidly dividing cells use pentoses for nucleic acid and coenzyme synthesis. Other tissues like the liver use the NADPH for fatty acid synthesis and reducing equivalents to counteract oxidative damage. The pathway contains an oxidative and nonoxidative phase, with the nonoxidative phase recycling pentoses back to glucose-6-phosphate to sustain the oxidative reactions. A mutation impairing this pathway causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome due to NADPH and thiamine deficiencies. The pathway flux is regulated by cellular NADPH and NAD
HMP shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentose sugars. It has both an oxidative and non-oxidative phase. In the oxidative phase, glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH. In the non-oxidative phase, 5-carbon sugars are converted into 3 and 6 carbon sugars through a series of isomerization, epimerization, and transketolase reactions. The pathway is important as it provides NADPH for biosynthetic reactions and pentose sugars for nucleotide synthesis. A defect in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase can lead to insufficient NADPH and glutathione, resulting in hemolytic anemia due to oxidative damage of red blood cells.
EMP vs ED vs HMP
Simply differentiated between Embden-Mayerhoff Pathway (EMP) and Entner–Doudoroff pathway (ED pathway) and Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) Pathway or Pentose Phosphate Pathway.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Hexose Monophosphate Shunt)
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate. It occurs in the cytosol in two phases: an oxidative phase that produces NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate from glucose-6-phosphate, and a non-oxidative reversible phase. NADPH is used to produce fatty acids, amino acids, and reduced glutathione which protects cells from reactive oxygen species. A deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which produces the first NADPH, can cause hemolytic anemia due to increased oxidative damage from a lack of protection against reactive oxygen species. The pathway is regulated by NADPH levels, with more NADPH production when NADPH is used in other pathways
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt Pathway - HMP Pathway
The HMP pathway, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or phosphogluconate oxidative pathway, is an alternate pathway to glycolysis where glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and pentoses like ribose-5-phosphate. It occurs in the cytosol of liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, and red blood cells. The pathway has two phases - an oxidative phase that generates NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that produces pentoses. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the first reaction of the oxidative phase, is regulated by NADPH levels. The uronic acid pathway is another oxidative pathway for glucose that produces glucuronic
Hmp shunt
The document summarizes the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), also known as the phosphogluconate pathway or hexose monophosphate shunt. It has two main functions: providing NADPH and producing pentoses. The PPP occurs mainly in the liver, lactating mammary glands, and other tissues. It has an oxidative and non-oxidative phase and involves enzymes that oxidize glucose-6-phosphate to produce NADPH and pentose phosphates through a series of reactions. Deficiencies in enzymes in this pathway can cause hemolytic anemia, neurological disorders, and other conditions.
Hmp pathway
The document summarizes two pathways - the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway and the uronic acid pathway. The HMP pathway, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway, generates pentoses and NADPH through oxidative and non-oxidative phases involving multiple enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The uronic acid pathway is an alternative oxidative pathway for glucose that results in the synthesis of glucuronic acid, pentoses, and vitamin C, through a series of four phases including the formation of UDP-glucuronate and its conversion to L-gulonate.
Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway
It covers the UG CBCS syllabus of Sem VI Botany Honors students. However, it is suitable for both UG and PG students.
Pentose phosphate pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) has two phases:
1) The oxidative phase generates NADPH and pentoses like ribose-5-phosphate. Glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and other intermediates.
2) The non-oxidative phase interconverts pentose phosphates to produce ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis. It can also regenerate glycolytic intermediates.
The PPP is important because it generates NADPH for biosynthesis of fatty acids, nucleic acids, and protects cells from oxidative damage. It also produces ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis. The rate is regulated by NADPH inhibiting glucose-
Carbohydrate metabolism, part 3
1. Gluconeogenesis is the process by which the body produces glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates during periods of fasting or starvation. It occurs primarily in the liver and kidney.
2. Three irreversible steps in glycolysis present thermodynamic barriers that must be bypassed through new reactions to allow the formation of glucose from substrates like lactate, glycerol, and amino acids.
3. The Cori and glucose-alanine cycles help dispose of excess lactate produced in tissues like muscle and integrate anaerobic glycolysis with gluconeogenesis. The HMP shunt provides an alternative pathway for glucose oxidation and generates NADPH.
HMP Shunt by Mueez
This document summarizes the pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt). It begins with an introduction to the pathway, noting that it occurs in the cytosol of certain cell types and produces NADPH through oxidative reactions. The summary then outlines the key steps of the oxidative and non-oxidative reactions, describing the role of rate-limiting enzyme G6PD and other enzymes involved like transketolase. It concludes by explaining the importance of the pathway in producing NADPH, reducing oxidative stress, and forming pentoses and nucleotides.
hmp-shunt
The hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or PP pathway, functions to produce NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate. It occurs in the cytoplasm and is divided into oxidative and non-oxidative phases. The oxidative phase produces NADPH through irreversible reactions, while the non-oxidative phase produces ribose-5-phosphate through reversible reactions. NADPH is important for reducing glutathione and eliminating hydrogen peroxide, while ribose-5-phosphate contributes to nucleic acid synthesis. Deficiencies in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme in the oxidative phase of the HMP pathway, can cause hemolytic anemia by inhibiting the production
HMP SHUNT PATHWAY
The HMP shunt, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or phosphogluconate pathway, is an alternative pathway to glycolysis and the TCA cycle for glucose oxidation. It is more anabolic in nature and concerned with biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses. Approximately 10% of glucose enters this pathway daily, with the liver and RBCs metabolizing around 30% of glucose through this pathway. The HMP shunt occurs in the cytosol and generates NADPH and pentoses like ribose-5-phosphate, which are important for lipid, steroid, and nucleic acid synthesis. No ATP is directly utilized or produced in the HMP shunt.
Hmp shunt
The document summarizes the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP pathway), also known as the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). The key points are:
1. The HMP pathway is an alternative glucose oxidation pathway to glycolysis that occurs in the cytosol and generates reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH as well as pentoses for nucleic acid synthesis.
2. Glucose-6-phosphate enters the oxidative phase of the pathway where it is dehydrogenated by G6PD, producing NADPH. It is then hydrolyzed and decarboxylated further producing a second NADPH molecule.
3. The non-oxidative phase interconverts
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Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
The Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMP shunt) is an alternative pathway to glucose oxidation that generates NADPH and pentose sugars rather than ATP. It occurs in the cytosol and is most active in tissues involved in lipid and steroid biosynthesis that require NADPH. The pathway has an oxidative phase that produces NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that regenerates pentose sugars. It is important because it provides precursors for nucleic acid synthesis and NADPH for lipid synthesis, steroidogenesis, and antioxidant defenses. Deficiencies in the pathway can cause hemolytic anemia or neurological disorders.
HMP Shunt
The document summarizes key aspects of the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP pathway or pentose phosphate pathway). It describes the pathway's location in the cytosol and key tissues where it is active. The oxidative and non-oxidative phases of the pathway and their reactions are outlined. Regulation of the pathway by NADPH concentration is mentioned. The significance of the pathway is that it generates pentoses and NADPH, which is important for biosynthesis and antioxidant reactions. Deficiencies in the pathway can cause hemolytic anemia.
Pentose phosphate pathway (Hexose Monophosphate Pathway)
Pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative pathway to glycolysis and TCA cycle for oxidation of glucose. It is a shunt of glycolysis. It is also known as hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt or phosphogluconate pathway. It occurs in cytoplasm of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. While it involves oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. It is an important pathway that generates precursors for nucleotide synthesis and is especially important in red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Sacharidy3 11 angl
The document summarizes several metabolic pathways including:
1) The pentose phosphate pathway which generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate in the oxidative phase and converts intermediates to glycolysis in the nonoxidative phase.
2) Fructose metabolism which occurs mainly in the liver and bypasses regulation of glycolysis.
3) Galactose metabolism which is converted to glucose-1-phosphate in the liver.
URONIC ACID PATHWAY
The glucuronic acid pathway is a quantitatively minor route of glucose metabolism. Like the pentose phosphate pathway, it provides biosynthetic precursors and inter-converts some less common sugars to ones that can be metabolized.
Hmp shunt pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway occurs in the cytosol of cells and produces two molecules of NADPH for each glucose 6-phosphate molecule oxidized, without directly consuming or producing ATP. NADPH is important for processes like fatty acid synthesis in the liver and lactating mammary glands, and for maintaining glutathione levels in red blood cells. The pathway consists of oxidative and nonoxidative reactions, with the oxidative reactions producing pentose sugars and NADPH regulated by the enzyme G6PD.
Significance of HMP Pathway
The hexose monophosphate shunt pathway generates NADPH which is used for reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and steroids in the liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, and mammary glands. NADPH is also used for free radical scavenging, maintaining red blood cell membrane integrity, preventing formation of met-hemoglobin, detoxification, preserving lens transparency, and bacterial killing by macrophages. The oxidative phase occurs in tissues that require NADPH for lipid and steroid synthesis, while the non-oxidative phase can occur in all tissues to produce ribose for DNA and RNA synthesis.
Hmp shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), also known as the phosphogluconate pathway or hexose monophosphate shunt, is an alternative glucose metabolism pathway to glycolysis that occurs in the cytoplasm. It has two major functions: generating reducing potential in the form of NADPH for biosynthesis, and synthesizing ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis. The pathway occurs in two phases - an oxidative phase that generates NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that interconverts five carbon sugars. It is important for tissues that require NADPH for reductive biosynthesis like fatty acids, steroids, and glutathione maintenance.
Hexose monophosphate shunt
The document summarizes the pentose phosphate pathway, which oxidizes glucose-6-phosphate to generate pentose phosphates and the reducing agent NADPH. Rapidly dividing cells use pentoses for nucleic acid and coenzyme synthesis. Other tissues like the liver use the NADPH for fatty acid synthesis and reducing equivalents to counteract oxidative damage. The pathway contains an oxidative and nonoxidative phase, with the nonoxidative phase recycling pentoses back to glucose-6-phosphate to sustain the oxidative reactions. A mutation impairing this pathway causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome due to NADPH and thiamine deficiencies. The pathway flux is regulated by cellular NADPH and NAD
HMP shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentose sugars. It has both an oxidative and non-oxidative phase. In the oxidative phase, glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH. In the non-oxidative phase, 5-carbon sugars are converted into 3 and 6 carbon sugars through a series of isomerization, epimerization, and transketolase reactions. The pathway is important as it provides NADPH for biosynthetic reactions and pentose sugars for nucleotide synthesis. A defect in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase can lead to insufficient NADPH and glutathione, resulting in hemolytic anemia due to oxidative damage of red blood cells.
EMP vs ED vs HMP
Simply differentiated between Embden-Mayerhoff Pathway (EMP) and Entner–Doudoroff pathway (ED pathway) and Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) Pathway or Pentose Phosphate Pathway.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Hexose Monophosphate Shunt)
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate. It occurs in the cytosol in two phases: an oxidative phase that produces NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate from glucose-6-phosphate, and a non-oxidative reversible phase. NADPH is used to produce fatty acids, amino acids, and reduced glutathione which protects cells from reactive oxygen species. A deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which produces the first NADPH, can cause hemolytic anemia due to increased oxidative damage from a lack of protection against reactive oxygen species. The pathway is regulated by NADPH levels, with more NADPH production when NADPH is used in other pathways
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt Pathway - HMP Pathway
The HMP pathway, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or phosphogluconate oxidative pathway, is an alternate pathway to glycolysis where glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and pentoses like ribose-5-phosphate. It occurs in the cytosol of liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, and red blood cells. The pathway has two phases - an oxidative phase that generates NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that produces pentoses. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the first reaction of the oxidative phase, is regulated by NADPH levels. The uronic acid pathway is another oxidative pathway for glucose that produces glucuronic
Hmp shunt
The document summarizes the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), also known as the phosphogluconate pathway or hexose monophosphate shunt. It has two main functions: providing NADPH and producing pentoses. The PPP occurs mainly in the liver, lactating mammary glands, and other tissues. It has an oxidative and non-oxidative phase and involves enzymes that oxidize glucose-6-phosphate to produce NADPH and pentose phosphates through a series of reactions. Deficiencies in enzymes in this pathway can cause hemolytic anemia, neurological disorders, and other conditions.
Hmp pathway
The document summarizes two pathways - the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway and the uronic acid pathway. The HMP pathway, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway, generates pentoses and NADPH through oxidative and non-oxidative phases involving multiple enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The uronic acid pathway is an alternative oxidative pathway for glucose that results in the synthesis of glucuronic acid, pentoses, and vitamin C, through a series of four phases including the formation of UDP-glucuronate and its conversion to L-gulonate.
Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway
It covers the UG CBCS syllabus of Sem VI Botany Honors students. However, it is suitable for both UG and PG students.
Pentose phosphate pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) has two phases:
1) The oxidative phase generates NADPH and pentoses like ribose-5-phosphate. Glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and other intermediates.
2) The non-oxidative phase interconverts pentose phosphates to produce ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis. It can also regenerate glycolytic intermediates.
The PPP is important because it generates NADPH for biosynthesis of fatty acids, nucleic acids, and protects cells from oxidative damage. It also produces ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis. The rate is regulated by NADPH inhibiting glucose-
Carbohydrate metabolism, part 3
1. Gluconeogenesis is the process by which the body produces glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates during periods of fasting or starvation. It occurs primarily in the liver and kidney.
2. Three irreversible steps in glycolysis present thermodynamic barriers that must be bypassed through new reactions to allow the formation of glucose from substrates like lactate, glycerol, and amino acids.
3. The Cori and glucose-alanine cycles help dispose of excess lactate produced in tissues like muscle and integrate anaerobic glycolysis with gluconeogenesis. The HMP shunt provides an alternative pathway for glucose oxidation and generates NADPH.
HMP Shunt by Mueez
This document summarizes the pentose phosphate pathway (HMP shunt). It begins with an introduction to the pathway, noting that it occurs in the cytosol of certain cell types and produces NADPH through oxidative reactions. The summary then outlines the key steps of the oxidative and non-oxidative reactions, describing the role of rate-limiting enzyme G6PD and other enzymes involved like transketolase. It concludes by explaining the importance of the pathway in producing NADPH, reducing oxidative stress, and forming pentoses and nucleotides.
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The hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or PP pathway, functions to produce NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate. It occurs in the cytoplasm and is divided into oxidative and non-oxidative phases. The oxidative phase produces NADPH through irreversible reactions, while the non-oxidative phase produces ribose-5-phosphate through reversible reactions. NADPH is important for reducing glutathione and eliminating hydrogen peroxide, while ribose-5-phosphate contributes to nucleic acid synthesis. Deficiencies in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme in the oxidative phase of the HMP pathway, can cause hemolytic anemia by inhibiting the production
HMP SHUNT PATHWAY
The HMP shunt, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or phosphogluconate pathway, is an alternative pathway to glycolysis and the TCA cycle for glucose oxidation. It is more anabolic in nature and concerned with biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses. Approximately 10% of glucose enters this pathway daily, with the liver and RBCs metabolizing around 30% of glucose through this pathway. The HMP shunt occurs in the cytosol and generates NADPH and pentoses like ribose-5-phosphate, which are important for lipid, steroid, and nucleic acid synthesis. No ATP is directly utilized or produced in the HMP shunt.
Hmp shunt
The document summarizes the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP pathway), also known as the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). The key points are:
1. The HMP pathway is an alternative glucose oxidation pathway to glycolysis that occurs in the cytosol and generates reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH as well as pentoses for nucleic acid synthesis.
2. Glucose-6-phosphate enters the oxidative phase of the pathway where it is dehydrogenated by G6PD, producing NADPH. It is then hydrolyzed and decarboxylated further producing a second NADPH molecule.
3. The non-oxidative phase interconverts
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The pentose phosphate shunt, also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP shunt), is a metabolic pathway that generates NADPH and pentoses through oxidative and non-oxidative phases. It occurs mainly in the liver, adipose tissue, mammary glands, adrenal cortex, and red blood cells. The HMP shunt is a source of ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis and NADPH, which is used for fatty acid synthesis and antioxidant defenses through glutathione reduction. It helps maintain red blood cell integrity by protecting hemoglobin and preventing hemolysis.
Hexose monophosphate shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentose sugars through oxidative and non-oxidative branches. In the oxidative branch, glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and ribulose-5-phosphate. A series of isomerizations and transketolase reactions in the non-oxidative branch generate additional pentose phosphates and hexose phosphates. Overall, the pathway generates reducing power in the form of NADPH and pentose sugars used for nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis.
HMP Pathway- A Quick Revision
The hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) pathway is an alternative pathway to glycolysis that occurs in the cytoplasm of liver, adipose tissue, and red blood cells. It has two phases: an oxidative phase that produces NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that generates pentoses and glycolytic intermediates. The HMP pathway is important because it provides NADPH for reductive biosynthesis, pentoses for nucleotide and coenzyme synthesis, and intermediates that can re-enter glycolysis or gluconeogenesis.
Hmp shunt
Glucose-6-phosphate acts as a branch point for several metabolic pathways. It can be used for glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and gluconeogenesis. The hexose monophosphate shunt produces NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate. NADPH is used for biosynthetic reactions like fatty acid synthesis. Ribose-5-phosphate is used for nucleotide synthesis. The pathway involves glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase which generate NADPH in irreversible steps. Later reversible steps interconvert pentose phosphates to regenerate pathway intermediates.
Regulation of glycolysis
Glycolysis is regulated at several control points including hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1, and pyruvate kinase. Glucagon regulates phosphofructokinase-1 in the liver which controls the rate of glycolysis. Glycolysis can also utilize other sugars besides glucose.
Ap Bio Ch 13 Power Point
The document discusses biotechnology and its traditional and modern applications. It summarizes that biotechnology has traditionally involved techniques like using yeast to make beer/wine and selective breeding of plants and animals. Modern biotechnology focuses on genetic engineering using recombinant DNA technology to modify genes and achieve goals like understanding disease and improving agriculture. It also discusses techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis that are used in biotechnology and forensics.
Volhard`s Method
Volhard's method is an indirect argentometric titration procedure used to determine anions that precipitate with silver ions. It involves adding excess silver nitrate to the analyte to form a silver salt precipitate. The unreacted silver ions are then back titrated with a standard thiocyanate solution using an iron(III) indicator to detect the endpoint color change from red to bright lemon yellow. Volhard's method is useful for determining halides and other anions like phosphate, arsenate, and chromate, especially in acidic conditions where carbonate and oxalate do not interfere.
Thermal analysis
The document summarizes several thermal analysis techniques such as TMA, DSC, TGA, DTA, and TPD. It explains that these techniques involve heating a sample at a constant rate while measuring its properties, such as weight, size, heat flow, or gases evolved. The data
Human nutrition, gut microbiome and immune system
Dr Zahida Chaudnary talks with the students about nutrition, gut microbiomes, and nutrition as we look at diseases and how your body reacts to what you eat.
Check out the slideshow by itself here.
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Tannins 5
The document discusses different types of tannins, their properties, classification, and examples. It describes three specific types of tannins - Hamamelis, Catechu, and Nutt gall - including their botanical origins, constituents, and uses. Tannins are polyphenolic compounds that occur in plants and can precipitate proteins. They are classified as hydrolysable, condensed, or complex based on their chemical structure and properties.
DSC and DTA
Differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry are thermal analysis techniques that involve measuring physical properties of a sample as it is heated or cooled. In differential thermal analysis, the temperature difference between a sample and inert reference is measured as the sample undergoes physical or chemical changes. Differential scanning calorimetry directly measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated or cooled. Both techniques provide information about phase transitions, purity, crystallinity, and reactions in polymers, pharmaceuticals, minerals, and other materials.
Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA)
This document provides an overview of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA measures how the mass of a sample changes as it is heated. Key points:
- TGA uses a high-precision balance called a thermogravimetric analyzer or thermobalance to measure mass changes as temperature is increased.
- Results are displayed as thermogravimetric (TG) curves plotting mass change vs. temperature or time. Curves reveal information about decomposition temperatures, reactions, and composition.
- Instrumentation includes the microbalance, furnace, temperature controller, and data recorder. Microbalances must precisely and rapidly detect small mass changes under varying conditions.
- Interpretation of TG
Precipitation Titration
This document discusses precipitation titration, which involves the formation of an insoluble precipitate during titration. It describes the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods for detecting the endpoint of precipitation titrations using different indicators like chromate, iron, and fluorescein. The Volhard method, which detects the endpoint potentiometrically by titrating excess silver with thiocyanate, is highlighted as being widely used. Limitations and ways to overcome problems of precipitation titration are also outlined.
GLYCOLYSIS & ITS REGULATION
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytosol of cells and has three phases: energy investment, splitting of molecules, and energy generation. Glycolysis is regulated by three key enzymes - hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. It yields two ATP per glucose under anaerobic conditions when pyruvate is reduced to lactate, and eight ATP when pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions.
Miscelanous tests
The document describes various tests conducted on pharmaceutical samples, including:
- Weight/ml and density tests to determine the weight of a liquid per milliliter.
- Total solids tests to determine the residue left after drying a sample.
- Ash testing to determine acid soluble, acid insoluble, water soluble and sulphated ash contents.
- Toxicity tests conducted on finished drug products and packaging to assess safety.
- Loss on drying tests to determine volatile content lost after drying under specified conditions.
- Moisture content tests using thermogravimetric analysis or Karl Fischer titration.
TGA and DSC ppt
This document discusses Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). TGA measures the change in weight of a sample during heating or cooling, while DSC measures the heat absorbed or released by a sample during phase transitions or chemical reactions. Both techniques provide information about physical and chemical changes in materials as functions of temperature. The document describes the principles, instrumentation, experimental procedures, sources of error, and applications of TGA and DSC for characterizing materials.
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Hmp shunt seminar
- 1. HMP Shunt
- 3. STEP 1
- 4. STEP 2
- 5. STEP 3
- 6. STEP 4
- 8. STEP 1
- 12. STEP 2
- 14. STEP 3
- 15. Summary of phase 2
- 17. Regulation gggGLU6PO4 is shunted between glycolysis and HMP Shunt
- 18. • Glycolysis , gluconeogenesis and HMP shunt are inter -related
- 19. Physiological significance • 1)NADPH • 2)Pentose sugar ribose
- 22. Maintenance of RBC membrane integrity NADPH CONCENTRATION 5mM
- 23. Sorbitol pathway
- 26. Clinical significance • 1)G6PD deficiency and favism • Normal concentration of G6PD IS • 6 – 12 U/ gm Hb • 2)MethHb • 3)Wernickes korsakoff syndrome