This document presents information on various types of atrial arrhythmias. It discusses premature atrial complexes, atrial tachycardia, multifocal atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and wandering atrial pacemaker. For each type, it covers etiology, characteristics, and treatment approaches. The document is presented by Baby Haokip from the College of Nursing, NEIGRIHMS.
This document discusses the assessment of severity in valvular heart disease. It addresses three main issues in managing patients with valvular heart disease: assessing disease severity, determining the effect on the cardiovascular system, and deciding the timing and type of intervention. Disease severity is classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on physical exam findings, echocardiography, and other tests. Only severe disease generally causes symptoms and requires intervention. Assessment of severity integrates data from multiple tests and should guide decisions about treatment.
This document contains a 14 question cardiology MCQ exam based on chapters from Harrison's 18th Edition on noninvasive cardiac imaging modalities and diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Each question is multiple choice with 4 answer options and includes the reference used to write the question. The questions cover topics like echocardiography findings, fractional flow reserve measurement, intravascular ultrasound, stress myocardial perfusion imaging, positron emission tomography, computed tomography of the chest, coronary angiography, and hemodynamic measurements.
1) Patients with diabetes have more than double the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events like myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure compared to those without diabetes.
2) Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and not smoking along with controlling blood pressure and lipids through medication are more important for reducing cardiovascular risk than glycemic control alone.
3) Cardiovascular disease risk is significantly increased in those with diabetes, with women seeing higher relative risks than men. Multiple factors contribute to diabetes being a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
This document summarizes a symposium on heart failure held on January 23rd, 2013 sponsored by Servier Laboratories. The full-day programme consisted of two sessions with multiple speakers covering topics such as the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of acute and chronic heart failure. New diagnostic tools and treatments discussed include biomarkers like galectin-3 and BNP, cardiac imaging modalities, device therapies, and novel drugs in development. Prognostic factors and approaches to integrated end-of-life care in heart failure were also addressed.
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dysfunction that occurs independently of coronary artery disease or hypertension. Hyperglycemia causes structural and functional damage to cardiac myocytes through increased advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress that impair calcium handling. Other risk factors include insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity. Over time, these factors can lead to myocardial fibrosis and decreased systolic and diastolic function. Strict control of blood sugar and associated cardiovascular risk factors is important to prevent and manage diabetic cardiomyopathy.
This document contains several case studies in cardiology presented by Dr. Magdi Awad Sasi from the CCU department of Octoper Hospital in Benghazi, Libya.
The first case discusses a 55-year-old man presenting with chest pain and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The most appropriate initial diagnostic procedure is listed as cardiac catheterization.
The second case involves a 35-year-old woman who died of pulmonary embolism, and upon autopsy was found to have mitral stenosis, likely due to previous rheumatic fever.
The third case describes a 74-year-old man found to have widening of the mediastinum and aortic insufficiency murmur, indicating
This document presents information on various types of atrial arrhythmias. It discusses premature atrial complexes, atrial tachycardia, multifocal atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and wandering atrial pacemaker. For each type, it covers etiology, characteristics, and treatment approaches. The document is presented by Baby Haokip from the College of Nursing, NEIGRIHMS.
This document discusses the assessment of severity in valvular heart disease. It addresses three main issues in managing patients with valvular heart disease: assessing disease severity, determining the effect on the cardiovascular system, and deciding the timing and type of intervention. Disease severity is classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on physical exam findings, echocardiography, and other tests. Only severe disease generally causes symptoms and requires intervention. Assessment of severity integrates data from multiple tests and should guide decisions about treatment.
This document contains a 14 question cardiology MCQ exam based on chapters from Harrison's 18th Edition on noninvasive cardiac imaging modalities and diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Each question is multiple choice with 4 answer options and includes the reference used to write the question. The questions cover topics like echocardiography findings, fractional flow reserve measurement, intravascular ultrasound, stress myocardial perfusion imaging, positron emission tomography, computed tomography of the chest, coronary angiography, and hemodynamic measurements.
1) Patients with diabetes have more than double the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events like myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure compared to those without diabetes.
2) Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and not smoking along with controlling blood pressure and lipids through medication are more important for reducing cardiovascular risk than glycemic control alone.
3) Cardiovascular disease risk is significantly increased in those with diabetes, with women seeing higher relative risks than men. Multiple factors contribute to diabetes being a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
This document summarizes a symposium on heart failure held on January 23rd, 2013 sponsored by Servier Laboratories. The full-day programme consisted of two sessions with multiple speakers covering topics such as the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of acute and chronic heart failure. New diagnostic tools and treatments discussed include biomarkers like galectin-3 and BNP, cardiac imaging modalities, device therapies, and novel drugs in development. Prognostic factors and approaches to integrated end-of-life care in heart failure were also addressed.
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dysfunction that occurs independently of coronary artery disease or hypertension. Hyperglycemia causes structural and functional damage to cardiac myocytes through increased advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress that impair calcium handling. Other risk factors include insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity. Over time, these factors can lead to myocardial fibrosis and decreased systolic and diastolic function. Strict control of blood sugar and associated cardiovascular risk factors is important to prevent and manage diabetic cardiomyopathy.
This document contains several case studies in cardiology presented by Dr. Magdi Awad Sasi from the CCU department of Octoper Hospital in Benghazi, Libya.
The first case discusses a 55-year-old man presenting with chest pain and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The most appropriate initial diagnostic procedure is listed as cardiac catheterization.
The second case involves a 35-year-old woman who died of pulmonary embolism, and upon autopsy was found to have mitral stenosis, likely due to previous rheumatic fever.
The third case describes a 74-year-old man found to have widening of the mediastinum and aortic insufficiency murmur, indicating
This document contains 16 medical cases involving electrocardiogram (ECG) readings and interpretations. Each case provides an ECG image and description of a patient's symptoms or medical history, and asks the reader to identify the diagnosis or next step. The document also includes explanations of various ECG patterns and conditions, such as R on T phenomenon, hyperkalemia, Brugada syndrome, lead reversals, and long QT interval with T-wave alternans. The goal is to teach readers how to properly analyze ECGs and apply that analysis to diagnosing cardiac conditions.
Acetazolamide in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure with Volume ADVOR.pptxhospital
This study aimed to determine if acetazolamide, when added to intravenous loop diuretics, could improve decongestion in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and volume overload compared to placebo plus diuretics. The study randomly assigned such patients to receive either intravenous acetazolamide or placebo in addition to standardized intravenous loop diuretics. The primary outcome was successful decongestion within 3 days without needing increased decongestive therapy. Secondary outcomes included death or rehospitalization for heart failure within 3 months. The study aimed to evaluate if acetazolamide could enhance the effects of loop diuretics to more rapidly and effectively decongest patients.
This document discusses heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). It makes several key points:
1. HFpEF represents 50% of heart failure cases and its prevalence is increasing annually. It causes similar functional decline and hospital readmissions as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) but is not "benign" as previously thought.
2. Diagnosing HFpEF requires diligence as symptoms are nonspecific and biomarkers like BNP can be normal. Echocardiography should show evidence of diastolic dysfunction and elevated pulmonary artery pressures help identify HFpEF.
3. Dynamic testing with exercise echocardiography or cardiac catheterization may be needed to confirm the
Supraventricular arrhythmias are tachyarrhythmias with a rate over 90 beats per minute that are usually associated with symptoms. They are classified as narrow or wide complex tachycardias based on the width of the QRS complex on ECG. Narrow complex tachycardias (NCTs) require rapid activation of the ventricles through the His-Purkinje system and depend on AV node conduction. The most common types of NCTs are atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT), and atrial tachycardia. Initial management of stable NCTs involves
Pulmonary Hypertension for general physicians Sarfraz Saleemi
This patient, a 30-year-old woman, presented with progressive shortness of breath on exertion for two years. Tests revealed her pulmonary artery pressure was elevated at 55 mm Hg. Right heart catheterization confirmed a diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension, showing a mean pulmonary artery pressure of 66 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance of 15 wood units. As treatment for this non-vasoreactive pulmonary arterial hypertension, she will begin oral combination therapy based on her intermediate risk status.
This document provides an overview of stress echocardiography including objectives, indications, protocols, interpretation, and complications. Key points include: stress echo can evaluate CAD using exercise or pharmacologic stress with dobutamine; it has good sensitivity and specificity for CAD compared to nuclear imaging; and provides prognostic information on cardiac events. Interpretation focuses on changes in wall motion, ejection fraction, and detection of ischemia. Stress echo helps evaluate multiple conditions including viability, valvular disease, and cardiomyopathies.
This document discusses coronary perforation, which occurs when there is extravasation of contrast medium or blood from the coronary artery during or following a percutaneous coronary intervention. Coronary perforations are classified based on location and severity. Risk factors include older age, previous CABG, device-lumen mismatch, oversized balloons, calcification, and chronic total occlusions. Treatment depends on the type and severity of perforation, ranging from conservative measures like balloon inflation, to covered stents or surgery for more severe perforations involving cardiac tamponade. Covered stents help seal the perforation but have limitations including reduced flexibility.
This document discusses low flow, low gradient aortic stenosis. It begins by introducing aortic stenosis and its prevalence. It then outlines the different types of low flow, low gradient aortic stenosis, including those with low ejection fraction and those with normal ejection fraction. For those with low EF, the document discusses the pathophysiology, importance of distinguishing true from pseudo-severe stenosis, and role of dobutamine stress echocardiography in making this distinction. It provides details on dobutamine stress echo protocol and parameters used to identify true severe stenosis versus pseudosevere stenosis.
Simultaneous or Rapid Sequence Initiation of Quadruple Therapy for HFrEFDuke Heart
1) Initiating all four guideline directed medical therapies (GDMT) simultaneously or in rapid sequence for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) provides early clinical benefits by reducing mortality and hospitalization within weeks.
2) Starting medications together enables better tolerance as therapies help patients tolerate side effects of each other. Delaying any medication needlessly increases risks.
3) There is no evidence that simultaneous initiation increases intolerance, and initiating at low doses with up-titration mitigates risks. Not starting medications exposes patients to worsening health outcomes.
How to follow up a patient with a pacemakerYasmeen Kamal
For the craziest medical doctors on earth who love cardiology and electrophysiology , for nuts and dreamers who try to make this world a better place ... how to follow up a patient with a pacemaker ?
themed "Her" movie
L'ipertensione polmonare:come diagnosticarla e trattarlaASMaD
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Carmine Dario Vizza - XII° Congresso Nazionale FIMeG 2018 - The Silver Tsunami: l'anziano fra appropriatezza e farmaeconomia
1. The document discusses various cardiac arrhythmias including supraventricular tachycardias, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.
2. It provides details on characteristics, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of these arrhythmias based on American and European cardiology guidelines.
3. The treatment discussed includes electrical cardioversion, antiarrhythmic medications, catheter ablation, and implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
Acute pulmonary embolism - risk stratification and managementPrithvi Puwar
what is the guideline recommendation and ideal to be done in management of acute pulmonary embolism. the presentation includes risk stratification, recommendation and approach to investigations (guidelines based) and management options with evidence.
This document discusses strategies for diagnosing and treating stable coronary artery disease (CAD), including revascularization options of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). It states that revascularization more effectively relieves angina, reduces medication usage, and improves quality of life compared to medical therapy alone. It also notes that guidelines recommend medical treatment prior to and along with revascularization. The document provides indications and considerations for revascularization and addresses strategies for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients.
The document summarizes several studies on cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) for heart failure. The Block HF trial found that CRT was superior to right ventricular pacing alone in reducing death and heart failure-related events in patients with heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, and AV block. Subsequent trials like COMPANION, CARE-HF, REVERSE, and MADIT-CRT also demonstrated benefits of CRT over medical therapy alone in improving outcomes like mortality, hospitalizations, quality of life and left ventricular function. Updated guidelines have expanded the use of CRT to patients in NYHA class I/II with left bundle branch block and QRS duration over 150ms.
The document discusses an ECG of a 75-year-old female patient presenting with chest pain. The initial ECG showed left bundle branch block (LBBB) and signs of an acute myocardial infarction (MI) in the left anterior descending artery. A repeat ECG after 24 hours showed signs of left ventricular hypertrophy and anterior and inferior wall ischemia. The document then discusses various criteria for diagnosing MI in patients presenting with LBBB, including the Sgarbossa criteria. It also describes different subtypes and variants of LBBB that can complicate the diagnosis of MI.
1) HFpEF is the most common form of heart failure, affecting over 70% of heart failure patients over age 65. It is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.
2) HFpEF is challenging to diagnose because ejection fraction is normal and cardiac congestion is difficult to evaluate non-invasively. It is defined hemodynamically as a clinical syndrome associated with a lack of capacity of the heart to pump blood adequately without elevated cardiac filling pressures.
3) There is currently no effective pharmacological treatment for HFpEF. Treatment focuses on controlling congestion through diuretics, managing comorbidities, and promoting exercise. Future efforts to better characterize HFpEF phenotypes may allow individualized therapies
This document defines and describes sick sinus syndrome, which is a dysfunction of the sinoatrial node that can cause abnormal heart rhythms like bradycardia, tachycardia, and alternating slow and fast rhythms. It may be caused by certain drugs, aging, or underlying heart conditions. Symptoms can include fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Diagnosis involves an electrocardiogram showing arrhythmias. Treatment options include medications or a pacemaker if symptoms are severe. The document also briefly discusses different types of heart block.
Echo assessment of lv systolic function and swmaFuad Farooq
This document discusses various techniques for assessing left ventricular systolic function using echocardiography, including:
- Visual assessment of endocardial motion and wall thickening to evaluate global and regional function
- Quantitative measures like fractional shortening, ejection fraction, and volumes
- Tissue Doppler imaging of mitral annular velocities
- Tissue tracking and strain imaging to evaluate timing and extent of myocardial contraction
- Wall motion scoring to characterize regional abnormalities
This document contains 16 medical cases involving electrocardiogram (ECG) readings and interpretations. Each case provides an ECG image and description of a patient's symptoms or medical history, and asks the reader to identify the diagnosis or next step. The document also includes explanations of various ECG patterns and conditions, such as R on T phenomenon, hyperkalemia, Brugada syndrome, lead reversals, and long QT interval with T-wave alternans. The goal is to teach readers how to properly analyze ECGs and apply that analysis to diagnosing cardiac conditions.
Acetazolamide in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure with Volume ADVOR.pptxhospital
This study aimed to determine if acetazolamide, when added to intravenous loop diuretics, could improve decongestion in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and volume overload compared to placebo plus diuretics. The study randomly assigned such patients to receive either intravenous acetazolamide or placebo in addition to standardized intravenous loop diuretics. The primary outcome was successful decongestion within 3 days without needing increased decongestive therapy. Secondary outcomes included death or rehospitalization for heart failure within 3 months. The study aimed to evaluate if acetazolamide could enhance the effects of loop diuretics to more rapidly and effectively decongest patients.
This document discusses heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). It makes several key points:
1. HFpEF represents 50% of heart failure cases and its prevalence is increasing annually. It causes similar functional decline and hospital readmissions as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) but is not "benign" as previously thought.
2. Diagnosing HFpEF requires diligence as symptoms are nonspecific and biomarkers like BNP can be normal. Echocardiography should show evidence of diastolic dysfunction and elevated pulmonary artery pressures help identify HFpEF.
3. Dynamic testing with exercise echocardiography or cardiac catheterization may be needed to confirm the
Supraventricular arrhythmias are tachyarrhythmias with a rate over 90 beats per minute that are usually associated with symptoms. They are classified as narrow or wide complex tachycardias based on the width of the QRS complex on ECG. Narrow complex tachycardias (NCTs) require rapid activation of the ventricles through the His-Purkinje system and depend on AV node conduction. The most common types of NCTs are atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT), and atrial tachycardia. Initial management of stable NCTs involves
Pulmonary Hypertension for general physicians Sarfraz Saleemi
This patient, a 30-year-old woman, presented with progressive shortness of breath on exertion for two years. Tests revealed her pulmonary artery pressure was elevated at 55 mm Hg. Right heart catheterization confirmed a diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension, showing a mean pulmonary artery pressure of 66 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance of 15 wood units. As treatment for this non-vasoreactive pulmonary arterial hypertension, she will begin oral combination therapy based on her intermediate risk status.
This document provides an overview of stress echocardiography including objectives, indications, protocols, interpretation, and complications. Key points include: stress echo can evaluate CAD using exercise or pharmacologic stress with dobutamine; it has good sensitivity and specificity for CAD compared to nuclear imaging; and provides prognostic information on cardiac events. Interpretation focuses on changes in wall motion, ejection fraction, and detection of ischemia. Stress echo helps evaluate multiple conditions including viability, valvular disease, and cardiomyopathies.
This document discusses coronary perforation, which occurs when there is extravasation of contrast medium or blood from the coronary artery during or following a percutaneous coronary intervention. Coronary perforations are classified based on location and severity. Risk factors include older age, previous CABG, device-lumen mismatch, oversized balloons, calcification, and chronic total occlusions. Treatment depends on the type and severity of perforation, ranging from conservative measures like balloon inflation, to covered stents or surgery for more severe perforations involving cardiac tamponade. Covered stents help seal the perforation but have limitations including reduced flexibility.
This document discusses low flow, low gradient aortic stenosis. It begins by introducing aortic stenosis and its prevalence. It then outlines the different types of low flow, low gradient aortic stenosis, including those with low ejection fraction and those with normal ejection fraction. For those with low EF, the document discusses the pathophysiology, importance of distinguishing true from pseudo-severe stenosis, and role of dobutamine stress echocardiography in making this distinction. It provides details on dobutamine stress echo protocol and parameters used to identify true severe stenosis versus pseudosevere stenosis.
Simultaneous or Rapid Sequence Initiation of Quadruple Therapy for HFrEFDuke Heart
1) Initiating all four guideline directed medical therapies (GDMT) simultaneously or in rapid sequence for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) provides early clinical benefits by reducing mortality and hospitalization within weeks.
2) Starting medications together enables better tolerance as therapies help patients tolerate side effects of each other. Delaying any medication needlessly increases risks.
3) There is no evidence that simultaneous initiation increases intolerance, and initiating at low doses with up-titration mitigates risks. Not starting medications exposes patients to worsening health outcomes.
How to follow up a patient with a pacemakerYasmeen Kamal
For the craziest medical doctors on earth who love cardiology and electrophysiology , for nuts and dreamers who try to make this world a better place ... how to follow up a patient with a pacemaker ?
themed "Her" movie
L'ipertensione polmonare:come diagnosticarla e trattarlaASMaD
Presentazione a cura del Dottor Carmine Dario Vizza - XII° Congresso Nazionale FIMeG 2018 - The Silver Tsunami: l'anziano fra appropriatezza e farmaeconomia
1. The document discusses various cardiac arrhythmias including supraventricular tachycardias, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.
2. It provides details on characteristics, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of these arrhythmias based on American and European cardiology guidelines.
3. The treatment discussed includes electrical cardioversion, antiarrhythmic medications, catheter ablation, and implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
Acute pulmonary embolism - risk stratification and managementPrithvi Puwar
what is the guideline recommendation and ideal to be done in management of acute pulmonary embolism. the presentation includes risk stratification, recommendation and approach to investigations (guidelines based) and management options with evidence.
This document discusses strategies for diagnosing and treating stable coronary artery disease (CAD), including revascularization options of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). It states that revascularization more effectively relieves angina, reduces medication usage, and improves quality of life compared to medical therapy alone. It also notes that guidelines recommend medical treatment prior to and along with revascularization. The document provides indications and considerations for revascularization and addresses strategies for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients.
The document summarizes several studies on cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) for heart failure. The Block HF trial found that CRT was superior to right ventricular pacing alone in reducing death and heart failure-related events in patients with heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, and AV block. Subsequent trials like COMPANION, CARE-HF, REVERSE, and MADIT-CRT also demonstrated benefits of CRT over medical therapy alone in improving outcomes like mortality, hospitalizations, quality of life and left ventricular function. Updated guidelines have expanded the use of CRT to patients in NYHA class I/II with left bundle branch block and QRS duration over 150ms.
The document discusses an ECG of a 75-year-old female patient presenting with chest pain. The initial ECG showed left bundle branch block (LBBB) and signs of an acute myocardial infarction (MI) in the left anterior descending artery. A repeat ECG after 24 hours showed signs of left ventricular hypertrophy and anterior and inferior wall ischemia. The document then discusses various criteria for diagnosing MI in patients presenting with LBBB, including the Sgarbossa criteria. It also describes different subtypes and variants of LBBB that can complicate the diagnosis of MI.
1) HFpEF is the most common form of heart failure, affecting over 70% of heart failure patients over age 65. It is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.
2) HFpEF is challenging to diagnose because ejection fraction is normal and cardiac congestion is difficult to evaluate non-invasively. It is defined hemodynamically as a clinical syndrome associated with a lack of capacity of the heart to pump blood adequately without elevated cardiac filling pressures.
3) There is currently no effective pharmacological treatment for HFpEF. Treatment focuses on controlling congestion through diuretics, managing comorbidities, and promoting exercise. Future efforts to better characterize HFpEF phenotypes may allow individualized therapies
This document defines and describes sick sinus syndrome, which is a dysfunction of the sinoatrial node that can cause abnormal heart rhythms like bradycardia, tachycardia, and alternating slow and fast rhythms. It may be caused by certain drugs, aging, or underlying heart conditions. Symptoms can include fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Diagnosis involves an electrocardiogram showing arrhythmias. Treatment options include medications or a pacemaker if symptoms are severe. The document also briefly discusses different types of heart block.
Echo assessment of lv systolic function and swmaFuad Farooq
This document discusses various techniques for assessing left ventricular systolic function using echocardiography, including:
- Visual assessment of endocardial motion and wall thickening to evaluate global and regional function
- Quantitative measures like fractional shortening, ejection fraction, and volumes
- Tissue Doppler imaging of mitral annular velocities
- Tissue tracking and strain imaging to evaluate timing and extent of myocardial contraction
- Wall motion scoring to characterize regional abnormalities
2. Innledning
Hjertesvikt er et alvorlig helseproblem i den vestlige
verden.
Prevalensen av pasienter med denne diagnosen er stadig
økende.
Pasientgruppen utgjør omtrent 2 % av den voksne
befolkning.
Prevalensdata angir at 1 – 2 % av befolkningen i alderen 25 –
75 år har hjertesvikt.
Det er økt prevalens med økende alder.
Enkelte befolkningsundersøkelser basert på klinisk
klassifisering av hjertesvikt viser at opptil 9 – 12 % av dem
over 75 år har tegn på sykdommen
4. NYHA-klassifisering
Klasse I: Hjertesykdom foreligger, men uten nedsatt
funksjon. Ingen symptomer eller begrensninger i
fysisk aktivitet.
Klasse II: Pasienten opplever dyspné og mindre
begrensninger ved moderat fysisk anstrengelse. Ingen
symptomer ved hvile.
Klasse III: Pasienten opplever dyspné og betydelige
begrensninger ved lett fysisk anstrengelse. Ingen
symptomer ved hvile.
Klasse IV: Pasienten opplever hviledyspné.
7. Primær medikamentell behandling
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Begynne lavt, forsiktig gradvis opptrapping
Obs nyresvikt og stigende kreatinin (>30%).
Meget god dokumentert vitenskapelig
CONSENSUS, Enalapril: 27% RRR i mortalitet
SOLVD, Enalapril: 16% RRR i mortalitet og 26% HF-innleggelse
ATLAS, Lisinopril: 15% RRR i mortalitet + HF-innleggelse
AIRE, Ramipril: 26% RRR i mortalitet
8. Primær medikamentell behandling
Beta-blokkere
Begynne lavt, forsiktig gradvis opptrapping
ObS bradycardi, blokkeringer, nærsyncoper m.m.
Meget god dokumentert vitenskapelig
US-Carvedilol study(1996): 23% RRR i mortalitet etter 1,3 år
Ingen på ACE-inh.
CIBIS II (Bisoporpol)
COPERNICUS (Carvedilol)
MERIT-HF (Metoprolol
>90 var behandlet med ACE-inh.
~ 34% RRR i mortalitet
28-36% RRR i HF-innleggelser
9. Primær medikamentell behandling
Angiotensin Receptor Blokkere (ARB)
Brukes hvis pt. ikke tolerer ACE-inh.
Kan legges til ACE-inh.
Val-HeFT (Valsartan)
93% fikk ACE, 24% RRR i HF-innlegg.
CHARM-Added (Candesartan)
100% fikk ACE, 16% RRR i mort., 24% RRR i HF-innlegg.
CHARM-Alternative
Ingen fikk ACE (bivirkninger)
23% RRR i hjerterelaterte innleggelser mot placebo
Andre ARB-studier her ikke vist seg bedre enn ACE-inh.
10. Primær medikamentell behandling
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA)
Diuretisk og antihypertensiv virkning. Ved konkurrerende hemning
av aldosteron gir spironolakton økt natriumutskillelse i urinen og
samtidig reduseres utskillelsen av kalium
Obs hyperkalemi, forvering an nyresvikt, pseudomammae
RALES (Spirolonactone) 1999: NYHA III-IV, bare 11% på BB.
30% RRR i mortalitet og 35% i HF innleggelse.
EPHESUS (Eplerenone) 2003: Postinfarktsvikt. +BB, +ACE/ARB.
15% RRR i mortalitet
11. Primær medikamentell behandling
Diuretica
Brukes hvis ødemer og stuvning
Variabel dosering
Pt. bør lære å dosere selv til en viss grad
Ingen RPC-studier
Men man ser effekten!
Bumetanid
Furosemid
Obs. dehydrering og hypokalemi
12. Sekundær medikamentell behandling
Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (Entresto)
ARNI (valsartan/sakubitril)
PARADIGM-HF study
ARNI vs Enalpril, 8442 pt.,stopp etter 27 mndr.
20% RRR I CV-død eller hjertesviktinnleggelse i ARNI-grupp.
4,7% absulott risikoreduksjon
ACE og ARB må seponeres.
Obs. hypotensjon, hyperkalemi og nyresvikt
Bør brukes mer!
13. Sekundær medikamentell behandling
Ivabradin (Procoralan)
hos pasienter i sinusrytme HR ≥75, i inkl. behandling
med betablokkere, eller når behandling med
betablokkere ikke tålereres.
SHIFT (2010): Ivabradin i tillegg til optimal beh.
HR >75, 88% på BB.
18% RRR i CV død + HF-innleggelser etter 30 mndr.
Er foreløpig lite brukt i Norge
14. Evidence-based doses of disease-modifying drugs in key randomized trials in
heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (or after myocardial infarction)
15. Annen medikamentell behandling
Digoxin
Kan brukes til å frekvensregulere AF.
Obs. nyresvikt og smalt terapeutisk bredde.
Er prøvd ved SR men studier er ikke overbevisende
Digitoxin er dessverre borte
Uavhengi av nyrefunksjonen
Bredere terapeutisk område
16. Annen medikamentell behandling
Jernbehandling
Ferinject ®, gis i.v.
FAIR-HF study: Treatment with Ferinject® improved symptoms,
physical performance and quality of life compared with placebo in
patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).
CONFIRM-HF study: demonstrates that Ferinject® improves
exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure
ESC Guidelines HF 2016: Ferritin and transferrin saturation
(TSAT) are included in the recommended diagnostic tests for HF.
Ferinject®-treatment is recommended when ferritin is <100 µg/L, or
ferritin is between 100-299 µg/L and TSAT <20%.
17. Annen medikamentell behandling
Nitrater
Kan prøves ved ischemisk hjertesvikt
Eldre pos RCT som ikke kan brukes i dag.
Bør prøves hvis pt. ikke kan bruke ACE og BB
Kosttilskudd
Vitaminer og mineraler
Omega-3
Omacor (reduserer triglycerider og V-arytmier)
Vaksiner
Influenza og pneumokokk
21. ICD-indikasjoner
Betydelig reduksjon i mortalitet med ICD
MADIT I og II, MUSST m.fl. studier
Primærprofylakse
Sympt. pt. (NYHA 2-3), EF < 35%, > 3 mndr. OMB.
IA indikasjon ved Ischemisk hjertesvikt
IB indikasjon ved DCM
Sekundærprofykse
Hjertesvikt pt. som har gjennomgått hemodynamsik
ustabil VT/VF. (IA).
23. CARE-HF
CArdiac Resynchronization in Heart Failure
Cleland et al., NEJM 2005
-37%
Unplanned CV Hospitalization or Death
Follow up
29 months
CRT
Medical
Time (days)
CRT: 39% (159) vs. Medical: 55% (224)
Relative Risk Reduction: -37%, p <0.001
1 år 2 år 3 år
25. Moss A et al., NEJM 2009
HF Event/Death
MADIT CRT
Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial with CRT
26.
27.
28. Hvem responderer best på CRT-behandling?
28
Clinical Factors Influencing the Likelihood to Respond to CRT
Brignole et al. Eur Heart J (2013) 34, 2281-2329
30. LVAD
Pt. med alvorlig hjertesvikt
NYHA 3-4
I påvente av TxCor
Hos myocardittpt. Som kan
forvente bedring
Hos pt. hvor TxCor ikke er mulig.
31. Hjertetransplantasjon (TxCor)
Siden 1983 har ca 850 pt. blitt transplantert i Norge
30-35 pt. pr. år.
90 % av organene fra Norge, de siste 10 % gjennom
Scandiatransplant.
VO2max ≤ 12 ml/kg/min har IB-anbefaling for Tx
Kontraindikasjoner
Pulmonal hypertensjon
Betydelig atherosclerose
Nyre og/eller levversvikt
Malign sykdom
Adipositas
Alder over 65 år
Røyking( absolutt røykestopp innen 3 mndr).