The document discusses HIV and AIDS. It defines HIV and AIDS, explains how HIV progresses to AIDS by destroying CD4+ immune cells. As the CD4+ cell count decreases and viral load increases, the immune system is weakened and opportunistic infections can occur. The natural history of HIV infection involves initial infection, asymptomatic stage, symptomatic stage, and AIDS. The document also outlines transmission routes and prevention strategies.

1. HIV PRESENTATION
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Pranavi Shewale

2. Pranavi Shewale
Lesson objectives
• Understand the global and local impact of
the epidemic
• Know about HIV/AIDS in adults, children,
and families
• Understand the natural history of HIV
infection
• Understand the modes of HIV transmission
Scope of the HIV/AIDS Pandemic
Natural History and Transmission of HIV

3. Pranavi Shewale
HIV
•Human Immunodeficiency Virus
•H = Infects only Human beings
•I = Immunodeficiency virus weakens
the immune system and increases the
risk of infection
•V = Virus that attacks the body

4. Pranavi Shewale
AIDS
•Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
•A = Acquired, not inherited
•I = Weakens the Immune system
•D = Creates a Deficiency of CD4+
cells in the immune system
•S = Syndrome, or a group of illnesses
taking place at the same time

5. Pranavi Shewale
HIV and AIDS
• When the immune system
becomes weakened by HIV, the
illness progresses to AIDS
• Some blood tests, symptoms or
certain infections indicate
progression of HIV to AIDS

6. Pranavi Shewale
HIV-1 and HIV-2
• • HIV-1 and HIV-2 are
• Transmitted through the same routes
• Associated with similar opportunistic
infections
 • HIV-1 is more common worldwide
 • HIV-2 is found in West Africa, Mozambique,
and Angola

7. Pranavi Shewale
HIV-1 and HIV-2
• HIV-2 is less easily transmitted
• HIV-2 is less pathogenic
• Duration of HIV-2 infection is shorter
• MTCT is relatively rare with HIV-2
• MTCT of HIV-2 has not been reported from
India

8. Pranavi Shewale
Transmission of HIV
•HIV is transmitted by
• Direct contact with infected blood
• Sexual contact: oral, anal, or vaginal
• Direct contact with semen or vaginal and
cervical secretions
• HIV-infected mothers to infants during
pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding

9. Pranavi Shewale
Transmission of HIV
HIV is not transmitted by
• Public baths
• Handshakes
• Work or school contact
• Using telephones
• Sharing cups, glasses,
plates, or other utensils
• Coughing, sneezing
• Insect bites
• Touching, hugging
• Water, food
• Kissing

10. Pranavi Shewale
Impact of Global HIV
• Negative economic impact on countries
• Overstrained healthcare systems
• Decreasing life expectancy
• Reversal of child survival gains
• Increased numbers of orphans

11. Pranavi Shewale
Prevention of
HIV Transmission
• Strategies to prevent HIV transmission
• Personal strategies
• Public health strategies
• Safe practices: no risk of HIV transmission
• Risk reduction: reduces but does not eliminate
risk

12. Pranavi Shewale
Prevention of
HIV Transmission
 Public health strategies to prevent HIV
transmission
• Screen all blood and blood products
• Follow universal precautions
• Educate in safer sex practices
• Identify and treat STIs/other infections
• Provide referral for treatment of drug
dependence
• Apply the comprehensive PPTCT approach to
prevent vertical transmission of HIV

13. Pranavi Shewale
Natural History of HIV Infection

14. Pranavi Shewale
Natural History of HIV Infection
•Virus can be transmitted during each stage
• Seroconversion
• Infection with HIV, antibodies develop
• Asymptomatic
• No signs of HIV, immune system
controls virus production
• Symptomatic
• Physical signs of HIV infection, some
immune suppression
• AIDS
• Opportunistic infections, end-stage
disease

15. Pranavi Shewale
Natural History of HIV Infection
• Immune suppression
• HIV attacks white blood cells,called
CD4 cells, that protect body from
illness
• Over time, the body’s ability to fight
common infections is lost
• Opportunistic infections occur

16. Pranavi Shewale
HIV Disease
•Progression of HIV disease is measured by:
– CD4+ count
• Degree of immune suppression
• Lower CD4+ count means decreasing
immunity
– Viral load
• Amount of virus in the blood
• Higher viral load means more immune
suppression

17. Pranavi Shewale
HIV Disease
• Severity of illness is
determined by amount of
virus in the body
(increasing viral load) and
the degree of immune
suppression (decreasing
CD4+ counts)
• Higher the viral load, the
sooner immune
suppression occurs

18. Pranavi Shewale
Progression of HIV Infection
• HIGH viral load (number of copies
of HIV in the blood)
• LOW CD4 count (type of white
blood cell)
• Increasing clinical symptoms (such
as opportunistic infections)

19. Pranavi Shewale
HIV Disease
•Direct infection of organ systems
• HIV can directly infect the:
• Brain (HIV dementia)
• Gut (wasting)
• Heart (cardiomyopathy)

20. Pranavi Shewale
HIV Disease: Summary
• HIV multiplies inside the CD4+ cells, destroying
them
• As CD4+ cell count decreases and viral load
increases, the immune defences are weakened
• HIV-infected people become vulnerable to
opportunistic infections
• HIV is a chronic viral infection with no known cure
• Without ARV treatment, HIV progresses to
symptomatic disease and AIDS

21. Pranavi Shewale
Key Points
• HIV is a global pandemic and the number
of people living with HIV continues to
increase worldwide.
• HIV epidemic is especially severe in
resource-constrained settings
• HIV is a virus that destroys the immune
system, leading to opportunistic infections.
• The progression from initial infection with
HIV to end-stage AIDS varies from person
to person and can take more than 10 years.

22. Pranavi Shewale
Key Points (continued)
• The most common main route of transmission
worldwide is heterosexual transmission.
• Women of childbearing age are at particular risk for
acquiring HIV through unprotected sex
• HIV-positive women who are pregnant are at risk of
passing HIV infection to their newborn.
• Risk of HIV transmission from mother-to-child can
be greatly reduced through effective PMTCT
programs