This document provides a list of examination specimens for a histology, embryology, and cytology course. There are over 200 specimens listed from various tissues and organ systems in the human body, including epithelial tissues, bone, muscle tissues, nervous system, endocrine glands, digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system, and reproductive system. Each specimen listing includes a brief description and is available for virtual examination on the given date.
Stress management techniques can help reduce the negative impact of stress. The presentation discusses various types of stress including acute, chronic, and eustress versus distress. It also outlines common signs and causes of stress as well as advantages and disadvantages of stress management. Techniques proposed for managing stress include deep breathing, visualization, humor, gratitude, physical activity, and maintaining work-life balance. The conclusion emphasizes that stress problems are common and stress management can help reduce their negative effects.
The document summarizes key information about the anatomy, histology, physiology, carcinogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment and screening of gastric cancer. It describes the J-shaped structure of the stomach and its blood supply. Gastric cancer typically presents with nonspecific symptoms like dyspepsia, weight loss or anemia. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy and staging involves CT, EUS or PET scanning. Treatment depends on stage but commonly includes surgery with lymph node dissection and chemotherapy or radiation. Screening high-risk individuals can detect early gastric cancer and improve survival rates.
This document discusses adrenal insufficiency, including its anatomy, physiology, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and follow up. It notes that adrenal insufficiency can be primary, secondary or tertiary. Primary is failure of the adrenal glands, most commonly due to autoimmune disease like Addison's. Secondary is failure of the HPA axis, usually due to exogenous steroids. Tertiary is hypothalamic dysfunction. Adrenal crisis can occur in untreated patients and requires ICU care with IV steroids. Treatment involves glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement depending on the type of insufficiency.
There are three stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) that describes how the body responds to stress:
1. The alarm stage triggers the fight-or-flight response as the body prepares for stressors.
2. In the resistance stage, the body tries to repair itself and return to normal functioning, but may remain on high alert if stress continues.
3. Prolonged stress can lead to exhaustion as resources become drained and the ability to cope is lost.
Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel inside the brain bursts, accounting for 20% of all strokes. There are two main types: intracerebral hemorrhage, which occurs within the brain tissue, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, which occurs between the brain and the skull. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, cocaine use, and alcohol. Symptoms include sudden severe headache, confusion, trouble seeing or walking, and numbness. Treatment depends on the type of hemorrhage but may involve surgery, medication to control blood pressure, and lifestyle changes to prevent future strokes.
The document provides an introduction to the anatomy of the central nervous system, focusing on the spinal cord. It describes the basic structures and classifications of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), sensory and motor divisions, and autonomic nervous system. Key aspects of the spinal cord are discussed, such as its external and internal structures, as well as the organization of gray matter into nuclei and ganglia and white matter into tracts. The roles of neurons and neuroglia are also summarized.
Hyperprolactinemia is a condition characterized by elevated prolactin levels which usually presents with hypogonadism and/or galactorrhea. Common causes include physiological stimuli, drugs that antagonize dopamine or deplete it, primary hypothyroidism, prolactinomas and macroprolactinemia. Management involves correcting underlying causes if possible through cessation of offending drugs or thyroid hormone replacement. Dopamine agonist therapy is used to normalize prolactin levels and restore gonadal function. Prolactinomas are treated with dopamine agonists, surgery or radiation therapy.
The document provides information about the structure and functions of the brain and its main parts. It discusses the midbrain, brainstem, forebrain, diencephalon, hypothalamus, and third ventricle. The midbrain coordinates visual and auditory functions and contains nuclei for cranial nerves. The brainstem integrates functions from the midbrain, pons, and medulla, containing tracts, cranial nerve nuclei, and vital centers. The forebrain includes the telencephalon and diencephalon. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus, hypothalamus, and third ventricle. The hypothalamus controls
Stress management techniques can help reduce the negative impact of stress. The presentation discusses various types of stress including acute, chronic, and eustress versus distress. It also outlines common signs and causes of stress as well as advantages and disadvantages of stress management. Techniques proposed for managing stress include deep breathing, visualization, humor, gratitude, physical activity, and maintaining work-life balance. The conclusion emphasizes that stress problems are common and stress management can help reduce their negative effects.
The document summarizes key information about the anatomy, histology, physiology, carcinogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment and screening of gastric cancer. It describes the J-shaped structure of the stomach and its blood supply. Gastric cancer typically presents with nonspecific symptoms like dyspepsia, weight loss or anemia. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy and staging involves CT, EUS or PET scanning. Treatment depends on stage but commonly includes surgery with lymph node dissection and chemotherapy or radiation. Screening high-risk individuals can detect early gastric cancer and improve survival rates.
This document discusses adrenal insufficiency, including its anatomy, physiology, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and follow up. It notes that adrenal insufficiency can be primary, secondary or tertiary. Primary is failure of the adrenal glands, most commonly due to autoimmune disease like Addison's. Secondary is failure of the HPA axis, usually due to exogenous steroids. Tertiary is hypothalamic dysfunction. Adrenal crisis can occur in untreated patients and requires ICU care with IV steroids. Treatment involves glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement depending on the type of insufficiency.
There are three stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) that describes how the body responds to stress:
1. The alarm stage triggers the fight-or-flight response as the body prepares for stressors.
2. In the resistance stage, the body tries to repair itself and return to normal functioning, but may remain on high alert if stress continues.
3. Prolonged stress can lead to exhaustion as resources become drained and the ability to cope is lost.
Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel inside the brain bursts, accounting for 20% of all strokes. There are two main types: intracerebral hemorrhage, which occurs within the brain tissue, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, which occurs between the brain and the skull. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, cocaine use, and alcohol. Symptoms include sudden severe headache, confusion, trouble seeing or walking, and numbness. Treatment depends on the type of hemorrhage but may involve surgery, medication to control blood pressure, and lifestyle changes to prevent future strokes.
The document provides an introduction to the anatomy of the central nervous system, focusing on the spinal cord. It describes the basic structures and classifications of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), sensory and motor divisions, and autonomic nervous system. Key aspects of the spinal cord are discussed, such as its external and internal structures, as well as the organization of gray matter into nuclei and ganglia and white matter into tracts. The roles of neurons and neuroglia are also summarized.
Hyperprolactinemia is a condition characterized by elevated prolactin levels which usually presents with hypogonadism and/or galactorrhea. Common causes include physiological stimuli, drugs that antagonize dopamine or deplete it, primary hypothyroidism, prolactinomas and macroprolactinemia. Management involves correcting underlying causes if possible through cessation of offending drugs or thyroid hormone replacement. Dopamine agonist therapy is used to normalize prolactin levels and restore gonadal function. Prolactinomas are treated with dopamine agonists, surgery or radiation therapy.
The document provides information about the structure and functions of the brain and its main parts. It discusses the midbrain, brainstem, forebrain, diencephalon, hypothalamus, and third ventricle. The midbrain coordinates visual and auditory functions and contains nuclei for cranial nerves. The brainstem integrates functions from the midbrain, pons, and medulla, containing tracts, cranial nerve nuclei, and vital centers. The forebrain includes the telencephalon and diencephalon. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus, hypothalamus, and third ventricle. The hypothalamus controls
This document summarizes the anatomy and function of the human eye. It describes how light passes through the cornea, pupil, and lens, and is focused onto the retina. It explains that the lens is attached to ciliary muscles that can change the lens's curvature to allow for focusing on near and far objects. This accommodation reflex involves both changes to the lens and constriction/dilation of the pupil. The document also discusses pupillary reflexes, lens disorders like myopia and hyperopia, and the roles of the cornea, iris, ciliary body, lens, retina, and associated muscles in vision and focusing.
The document summarizes several key environmental laws in India, including the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986. It also discusses the Water Act of 1974, Wildlife Act of 1972, Forest Conservation Act of 1980, and Air Act of 1981. These acts were implemented to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, prevent water and air pollution, and check deforestation. Additionally, the document briefly introduces ISO 14000 environmental management standards, which provide a framework for organizations to minimize their environmental impact and continually improve their performance.
The document discusses glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes. It introduces key players like glucose, insulin, glucagon, the pancreas, liver, muscles and fat cells. It explains how these systems normally work together to maintain balanced blood glucose levels. However, insulin resistance can develop if receptors do not bind insulin as well, overworking the pancreas and potentially leading to beta cell damage and type 2 diabetes. The stages from prediabetes to full diabetes are outlined based on blood glucose levels.
The document discusses HIV and AIDS. It defines HIV and AIDS, explains how HIV progresses to AIDS by destroying CD4+ immune cells. As the CD4+ cell count decreases and viral load increases, the immune system is weakened and opportunistic infections can occur. The natural history of HIV infection involves initial infection, asymptomatic stage, symptomatic stage, and AIDS. The document also outlines transmission routes and prevention strategies.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This document summarizes the anatomy and function of the human eye. It describes how light passes through the cornea, pupil, and lens, and is focused onto the retina. It explains that the lens is attached to ciliary muscles that can change the lens's curvature to allow for focusing on near and far objects. This accommodation reflex involves both changes to the lens and constriction/dilation of the pupil. The document also discusses pupillary reflexes, lens disorders like myopia and hyperopia, and the roles of the cornea, iris, ciliary body, lens, retina, and associated muscles in vision and focusing.
The document summarizes several key environmental laws in India, including the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986. It also discusses the Water Act of 1974, Wildlife Act of 1972, Forest Conservation Act of 1980, and Air Act of 1981. These acts were implemented to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, prevent water and air pollution, and check deforestation. Additionally, the document briefly introduces ISO 14000 environmental management standards, which provide a framework for organizations to minimize their environmental impact and continually improve their performance.
The document discusses glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes. It introduces key players like glucose, insulin, glucagon, the pancreas, liver, muscles and fat cells. It explains how these systems normally work together to maintain balanced blood glucose levels. However, insulin resistance can develop if receptors do not bind insulin as well, overworking the pancreas and potentially leading to beta cell damage and type 2 diabetes. The stages from prediabetes to full diabetes are outlined based on blood glucose levels.
The document discusses HIV and AIDS. It defines HIV and AIDS, explains how HIV progresses to AIDS by destroying CD4+ immune cells. As the CD4+ cell count decreases and viral load increases, the immune system is weakened and opportunistic infections can occur. The natural history of HIV infection involves initial infection, asymptomatic stage, symptomatic stage, and AIDS. The document also outlines transmission routes and prevention strategies.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
Exam specimens.pptx
1. Examination specimens
for the discipline:
Histology, embryology,
cytology.
ОРЕНБУРГ, 2022
ORENBURG STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF HISTOLOGY, CYTOLOGY AND
EMBRYOLOGY
PREEXAM TRAINING