This document presents findings from a study comparing tuberculosis (TB) in pediatric patients with and without HIV co-infection. Some key findings include:
- Of 315 pediatric TB patients, 22 (6.98%) tested positive for HIV.
- HIV+ TB patients were more likely to have disseminated/miliary TB compared to HIV- TB patients.
- HIV+ TB patients had higher rates of weight loss, pallor, hepatosplenomegaly, and loose motions compared to HIV- TB patients.
- There were no significant differences in fever or cough duration between the two groups.
The document discusses HIV testing procedures for adults and children. It outlines the objectives of HIV testing, general principles, types of diagnostic tests, and strategies for testing. It also covers tests for diagnosing HIV in children under 18 months, including DNA PCR. Guidelines for monitoring disease progression and ART response via CD4 count and viral load testing are presented. The key aims of HIV testing are diagnosis, monitoring, and surveillance to help control the HIV epidemic.
Impact of Chronic HCV Co-infection on HIV Clinical Outcomes in the District o...CDC NPIN
This study analyzed surveillance data from 2000-2009 in DC to examine the impact of chronic HCV co-infection on HIV clinical outcomes. It found that 11.3% of reported HIV cases were co-infected with HCV. Co-infected individuals were more likely to be black, over age 40, and infected through injection drug use. They had lower CD4 counts at most recent tests and higher mortality, even after adjusting for covariates. While over half of co-infections were with HCV first, co-infection negatively impacts HIV disease progression. Improved data and prevention/treatment programs for high-risk groups are recommended.
David L. Wyles, MD of UC San Diego Department of Medicine presents"Acute HCV Infection in HIV+ MSM: Sexual Transmission of a Non-Sexually Transmitted Disease?"
Edward Cachay, MD, MAS
Professor of Medicine
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
The document summarizes a study on malaria cases admitted to a military fever hospital in Egypt between 2018-2022. It finds that the majority of cases were young male military staff from Greater Cairo with a history of previous malaria infections. Nearly half of cases were uncomplicated, while over a third had severe non-cerebral malaria. Complicated cases were more likely to have disturbed consciousness, vomiting, jaundice and require ICU admission.
1. The study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices of nurses regarding care of people living with HIV/AIDS before and after an education intervention at BPKIHS hospital in Nepal.
2. A training program was developed and provided to nurses based on their pre-test knowledge. It covered epidemiology, symptoms, transmission, treatment, nursing care, and services available.
3. Post-training, the nurses demonstrated significantly improved knowledge in areas like modes of transmission, symptoms, testing, treatment, and services available indicating the effectiveness of the training program in increasing nurses' capacity to care for PLWHA.
1 sun 1600 dieffenbach cdc prevention conference 30 years of aids - science...CDC NPIN
This document summarizes 30 years of progress in HIV/AIDS research and leadership by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. It discusses advances in prevention technologies for reducing HIV incidence, including antiretroviral treatment, pre-exposure prophylaxis, medical male circumcision, sexually transmitted infection treatment, microbicides, HIV vaccines, and their estimated effects. The goals of this research are reducing new HIV infections, increasing access to care to optimize health outcomes, and reducing disparities related to HIV.
The document discusses HIV testing procedures for adults and children. It outlines the objectives of HIV testing, general principles, types of diagnostic tests, and strategies for testing. It also covers tests for diagnosing HIV in children under 18 months, including DNA PCR. Guidelines for monitoring disease progression and ART response via CD4 count and viral load testing are presented. The key aims of HIV testing are diagnosis, monitoring, and surveillance to help control the HIV epidemic.
Impact of Chronic HCV Co-infection on HIV Clinical Outcomes in the District o...CDC NPIN
This study analyzed surveillance data from 2000-2009 in DC to examine the impact of chronic HCV co-infection on HIV clinical outcomes. It found that 11.3% of reported HIV cases were co-infected with HCV. Co-infected individuals were more likely to be black, over age 40, and infected through injection drug use. They had lower CD4 counts at most recent tests and higher mortality, even after adjusting for covariates. While over half of co-infections were with HCV first, co-infection negatively impacts HIV disease progression. Improved data and prevention/treatment programs for high-risk groups are recommended.
David L. Wyles, MD of UC San Diego Department of Medicine presents"Acute HCV Infection in HIV+ MSM: Sexual Transmission of a Non-Sexually Transmitted Disease?"
Edward Cachay, MD, MAS
Professor of Medicine
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
The document summarizes a study on malaria cases admitted to a military fever hospital in Egypt between 2018-2022. It finds that the majority of cases were young male military staff from Greater Cairo with a history of previous malaria infections. Nearly half of cases were uncomplicated, while over a third had severe non-cerebral malaria. Complicated cases were more likely to have disturbed consciousness, vomiting, jaundice and require ICU admission.
1. The study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices of nurses regarding care of people living with HIV/AIDS before and after an education intervention at BPKIHS hospital in Nepal.
2. A training program was developed and provided to nurses based on their pre-test knowledge. It covered epidemiology, symptoms, transmission, treatment, nursing care, and services available.
3. Post-training, the nurses demonstrated significantly improved knowledge in areas like modes of transmission, symptoms, testing, treatment, and services available indicating the effectiveness of the training program in increasing nurses' capacity to care for PLWHA.
1 sun 1600 dieffenbach cdc prevention conference 30 years of aids - science...CDC NPIN
This document summarizes 30 years of progress in HIV/AIDS research and leadership by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. It discusses advances in prevention technologies for reducing HIV incidence, including antiretroviral treatment, pre-exposure prophylaxis, medical male circumcision, sexually transmitted infection treatment, microbicides, HIV vaccines, and their estimated effects. The goals of this research are reducing new HIV infections, increasing access to care to optimize health outcomes, and reducing disparities related to HIV.
Trevor Hawkins, M.D., M.P.H. of the Univeristy of New Mexico and Southwest CARE Center, presents "Top Ten HIV Clinical Controversies 2014" at AIDS Clinical Rounds
Study I examined associations between promoter methylation of 10 tumor suppressor genes (e.g. RASSF1A, GSTP1) in breast tumor tissue and prognosis in a population-based cohort of breast cancer patients followed for 8 years. Methylation of certain genes like GSTP1 and TWIST1 were associated with increased breast cancer mortality. Patients with more methylated genes had higher mortality, with a 41% increased risk of breast cancer death for each additional methylated gene. Overall, DNA methylation shows potential as a prognostic biomarker for breast cancer outcomes.
Francesca Torriani, M.D., of UC San Diego Owen Clinicm, presents "Update on International CFAR Grant on Tuberculosis and HIV Screening in Healthcare Workers at Maputo Central Hospital in Mozambique" at AIDS Clinical Rounds
- The document summarizes research on HCV infection in young injection drug users (IDUs) aged 18-29 in the United States. It finds that over 200,000 are estimated to be infected with HCV, with an incidence of 8-27 new infections per 100 person-years of injection drug use for those injecting for less than 2 years. Several studies of young IDUs in San Francisco are described that examine prevalence, incidence, risk factors, partnerships, testing strategies, and spontaneous clearance of HCV. Prevention approaches discussed include increasing HCV treatment rates, developing vaccines, and providing counseling to reduce high-risk behaviors and reinfection.
The document summarizes an HIV/AIDS prevention project conducted by OSD Pakistan from 2011-2012. The project provided harm reduction services to 400 injecting drug users, 138 men who have sex with men, and 137 transgender individuals in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Services included syringe exchanges, condom distribution, counseling, and education. Testing showed HIV prevalence of 9.2% overall, with the highest (12%) among injecting drug users. Challenges included lack of government support and high prices of condoms and syringes.
This document summarizes HIV/AIDS statistics and prevention strategies in South Africa. It provides the following key details:
- Around 5-7 million people in South Africa are HIV positive, with 1-2 million in direct need of antiretroviral treatment but only 850,000-900,000 currently receiving it.
- South Africa sees around 1,000 HIV-related deaths and 1,900 new HIV infections daily. Over 2 million children are orphaned by the epidemic.
- The organization discusses primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies like testing and counseling, monitoring and treatment, and decentralized community care.
- Retention strategies include adherence management, social support programs, and motivation initiatives.
A comparative assessment of sociodemographic factors associated with hiv infe...Dr Saude Ibrahim
This study compared socio-demographic factors associated with HIV infection between the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), a consistently high prevalence area, and Jigawa State, a consistently low prevalence area in Nigeria. HIV prevalence was higher in FCT (6.6%) than Jigawa (1.9%). Key predictors of HIV in FCT were having multiple sexual partners and a history of blood transfusion. In Jigawa, lack of Qur'anic education was the main predictor. Across both areas, being unaware of a partner's HIV status and having sexually transmitted infections increased HIV risk. The study concludes differences in HIV prevalence may relate to socio-demographic, cultural and religious factors between the areas.
This document summarizes information about chlamydia control policies in Europe. It notes that in 2014, there were 396,128 reported chlamydia cases in Europe, most among 15-24 year olds. Control activities vary by country, from case management to opportunistic testing to organized screening programs. Chlamydia prevalence is estimated to be highest in Denmark, Netherlands, and UK. ECDC guidance recommends national control strategies including prevention, testing guidelines, surveillance, and monitoring. Main challenges to control include asymptomatic infections, participation barriers, limited implementation, and evidence gaps.
Susanna Esposito (president WAidid) - Infections and vaccines in pediatricsWAidid
Slideset presented by professor Susanna Esposito, president WAidid, in occasion of the 25th ECCMID held last April in Copenhagen. The slideset was used to support professor Esposito top paper in paediatric infectious diseases
John Tidy - Adjunctive colposcopic technologiestriumphbenelux
This document discusses various adjuvant colposcopy technologies that can help improve the performance of colposcopy. It notes that the prevalence of disease impacts colposcopy performance and new screening methods may increase women with low disease risk being referred. Several technologies are presented that could help by increasing sensitivity to detect HG-CIN, improving specificity to guide biopsies, and providing reassurance when results are normal. Technologies discussed include LuViva, DySIS, ZedScan, and TruScreen, with some clinical data presented on their ability to improve CIN detection compared to colposcopy alone. The document advocates for using such technologies to help colposcopy adapt to changes in screening populations.
1) The study aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis (TB) infection among household contacts of new TB patients and identify risk factors for TB infection among these contacts in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand.
2) The study found a 7.74% HIV prevalence and 56.98% TB infection prevalence among 1,211 household contacts based on tuberculin skin tests.
3) Risk factors for TB infection among contacts included increasing age, being male, sleeping in the same bedroom as the TB patient, caring for the TB patient, and HIV positive status.
HIV in men-who-have-sex-with-men(MSM)in the UK:predicted effectiveness and co...cheweb1
1) The document discusses using a simulation model to study the potential impact of increased HIV testing rates and changes to when antiretroviral therapy (ART) is initiated on HIV incidence in men who have sex with men (MSM) in the UK.
2) The model results suggest that increasing testing rates and initiating ART at diagnosis could reduce annual new HIV infections by up to 64% by 2030, but ongoing high levels of condomless sex and poorer adherence to ART treatment may limit these prevention benefits.
3) For HIV incidence to fall below 1 per 1000 people per year, the analysis finds that the proportion of all MSM with suppressed viral loads would need to increase from the current approximately 60%
DIAGNOSIS OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES - Slideset by professor Susanna Esposito, president WAidid, presented at the 7th International Congress of Laboratory and Clinic, held in Tehran (Iran) from 12 to 14 February 2015
This document provides an overview of Catherine T. Yu's background and credentials. It then summarizes her presentation on infectious hazards and occupational exposures for healthcare workers. The key points discussed include:
- Common infectious agents that pose risks to healthcare workers through blood or bodily fluid exposure
- Groups of healthcare workers at highest risk of acquiring bloodborne pathogens
- Modes of transmission for bloodborne pathogens like HIV, HBV, and HCV
- Post-exposure management protocols for exposures, including recommended prophylaxis and follow-up testing
An HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Pilot Program Implemented in Public Health S...CDC NPIN
This document summarizes a pilot program that implemented non-occupational HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) in public health settings in Los Angeles. The pilot demonstrated that nPEP can be feasibly implemented in clinical care settings for high-risk populations. Over the course of the pilot, 163 individuals were enrolled and received a 28-day course of antiretroviral therapy within 72 hours of exposure. Four seroconversions occurred. The next steps involve sustaining the nPEP program with a few modifications, including streamlining follow-up and integrating behavioral counseling.
The document provides information about a study conducted among nurses working at BPKIHS in Nepal that assessed their knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS. The study found that the nurses had gaps in their knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission, prevention, and services available. While most nurses had a positive attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS, some displayed negative attitudes likely due to lack of knowledge. The researchers concluded that continuous education on HIV/AIDS management and care is urgently needed for nurses at BPKIHS to address deficiencies in knowledge and some negative attitudes.
WEBINAR - Zyvac tcv master class september 2018Gaurav Gupta
WEBINAR - Zyvac tcv master class september 2018. All indian webinar on the new Indian typhoid conjugate vaccination,
Broadcast throughout India with more than 500 pediatricians from across the country registering for viewing and asking questions
Doctors should carefully observe patients like detectives during physical examinations. The document outlines the process of a physical assessment including preparation, examination methods, and conducting assessments from head to toe. Key steps involve introducing oneself, obtaining permission before examining, asking about pain or discomfort, inspecting various body systems, and documenting findings and vital signs. Physical assessments provide objective health information through direct observation and examination techniques.
Bronchiectasis in children is an irreversible dilation of the airways caused by destructive changes to the airway walls. It has many causes including cystic fibrosis, infections, immunodeficiencies, and anatomical defects. The pathology involves a vicious cycle of impaired mucus clearance leading to recurrent infections, inflammation, and further airway damage. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and breathing difficulties. Diagnosis is made through imaging like HRCT that shows changes to airway contours. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques and controlling infections with antibiotics. Management of underlying conditions and lung transplantation may be needed in severe cases.
Trevor Hawkins, M.D., M.P.H. of the Univeristy of New Mexico and Southwest CARE Center, presents "Top Ten HIV Clinical Controversies 2014" at AIDS Clinical Rounds
Study I examined associations between promoter methylation of 10 tumor suppressor genes (e.g. RASSF1A, GSTP1) in breast tumor tissue and prognosis in a population-based cohort of breast cancer patients followed for 8 years. Methylation of certain genes like GSTP1 and TWIST1 were associated with increased breast cancer mortality. Patients with more methylated genes had higher mortality, with a 41% increased risk of breast cancer death for each additional methylated gene. Overall, DNA methylation shows potential as a prognostic biomarker for breast cancer outcomes.
Francesca Torriani, M.D., of UC San Diego Owen Clinicm, presents "Update on International CFAR Grant on Tuberculosis and HIV Screening in Healthcare Workers at Maputo Central Hospital in Mozambique" at AIDS Clinical Rounds
- The document summarizes research on HCV infection in young injection drug users (IDUs) aged 18-29 in the United States. It finds that over 200,000 are estimated to be infected with HCV, with an incidence of 8-27 new infections per 100 person-years of injection drug use for those injecting for less than 2 years. Several studies of young IDUs in San Francisco are described that examine prevalence, incidence, risk factors, partnerships, testing strategies, and spontaneous clearance of HCV. Prevention approaches discussed include increasing HCV treatment rates, developing vaccines, and providing counseling to reduce high-risk behaviors and reinfection.
The document summarizes an HIV/AIDS prevention project conducted by OSD Pakistan from 2011-2012. The project provided harm reduction services to 400 injecting drug users, 138 men who have sex with men, and 137 transgender individuals in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Services included syringe exchanges, condom distribution, counseling, and education. Testing showed HIV prevalence of 9.2% overall, with the highest (12%) among injecting drug users. Challenges included lack of government support and high prices of condoms and syringes.
This document summarizes HIV/AIDS statistics and prevention strategies in South Africa. It provides the following key details:
- Around 5-7 million people in South Africa are HIV positive, with 1-2 million in direct need of antiretroviral treatment but only 850,000-900,000 currently receiving it.
- South Africa sees around 1,000 HIV-related deaths and 1,900 new HIV infections daily. Over 2 million children are orphaned by the epidemic.
- The organization discusses primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies like testing and counseling, monitoring and treatment, and decentralized community care.
- Retention strategies include adherence management, social support programs, and motivation initiatives.
A comparative assessment of sociodemographic factors associated with hiv infe...Dr Saude Ibrahim
This study compared socio-demographic factors associated with HIV infection between the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), a consistently high prevalence area, and Jigawa State, a consistently low prevalence area in Nigeria. HIV prevalence was higher in FCT (6.6%) than Jigawa (1.9%). Key predictors of HIV in FCT were having multiple sexual partners and a history of blood transfusion. In Jigawa, lack of Qur'anic education was the main predictor. Across both areas, being unaware of a partner's HIV status and having sexually transmitted infections increased HIV risk. The study concludes differences in HIV prevalence may relate to socio-demographic, cultural and religious factors between the areas.
This document summarizes information about chlamydia control policies in Europe. It notes that in 2014, there were 396,128 reported chlamydia cases in Europe, most among 15-24 year olds. Control activities vary by country, from case management to opportunistic testing to organized screening programs. Chlamydia prevalence is estimated to be highest in Denmark, Netherlands, and UK. ECDC guidance recommends national control strategies including prevention, testing guidelines, surveillance, and monitoring. Main challenges to control include asymptomatic infections, participation barriers, limited implementation, and evidence gaps.
Susanna Esposito (president WAidid) - Infections and vaccines in pediatricsWAidid
Slideset presented by professor Susanna Esposito, president WAidid, in occasion of the 25th ECCMID held last April in Copenhagen. The slideset was used to support professor Esposito top paper in paediatric infectious diseases
John Tidy - Adjunctive colposcopic technologiestriumphbenelux
This document discusses various adjuvant colposcopy technologies that can help improve the performance of colposcopy. It notes that the prevalence of disease impacts colposcopy performance and new screening methods may increase women with low disease risk being referred. Several technologies are presented that could help by increasing sensitivity to detect HG-CIN, improving specificity to guide biopsies, and providing reassurance when results are normal. Technologies discussed include LuViva, DySIS, ZedScan, and TruScreen, with some clinical data presented on their ability to improve CIN detection compared to colposcopy alone. The document advocates for using such technologies to help colposcopy adapt to changes in screening populations.
1) The study aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis (TB) infection among household contacts of new TB patients and identify risk factors for TB infection among these contacts in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand.
2) The study found a 7.74% HIV prevalence and 56.98% TB infection prevalence among 1,211 household contacts based on tuberculin skin tests.
3) Risk factors for TB infection among contacts included increasing age, being male, sleeping in the same bedroom as the TB patient, caring for the TB patient, and HIV positive status.
HIV in men-who-have-sex-with-men(MSM)in the UK:predicted effectiveness and co...cheweb1
1) The document discusses using a simulation model to study the potential impact of increased HIV testing rates and changes to when antiretroviral therapy (ART) is initiated on HIV incidence in men who have sex with men (MSM) in the UK.
2) The model results suggest that increasing testing rates and initiating ART at diagnosis could reduce annual new HIV infections by up to 64% by 2030, but ongoing high levels of condomless sex and poorer adherence to ART treatment may limit these prevention benefits.
3) For HIV incidence to fall below 1 per 1000 people per year, the analysis finds that the proportion of all MSM with suppressed viral loads would need to increase from the current approximately 60%
DIAGNOSIS OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES - Slideset by professor Susanna Esposito, president WAidid, presented at the 7th International Congress of Laboratory and Clinic, held in Tehran (Iran) from 12 to 14 February 2015
This document provides an overview of Catherine T. Yu's background and credentials. It then summarizes her presentation on infectious hazards and occupational exposures for healthcare workers. The key points discussed include:
- Common infectious agents that pose risks to healthcare workers through blood or bodily fluid exposure
- Groups of healthcare workers at highest risk of acquiring bloodborne pathogens
- Modes of transmission for bloodborne pathogens like HIV, HBV, and HCV
- Post-exposure management protocols for exposures, including recommended prophylaxis and follow-up testing
An HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Pilot Program Implemented in Public Health S...CDC NPIN
This document summarizes a pilot program that implemented non-occupational HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) in public health settings in Los Angeles. The pilot demonstrated that nPEP can be feasibly implemented in clinical care settings for high-risk populations. Over the course of the pilot, 163 individuals were enrolled and received a 28-day course of antiretroviral therapy within 72 hours of exposure. Four seroconversions occurred. The next steps involve sustaining the nPEP program with a few modifications, including streamlining follow-up and integrating behavioral counseling.
The document provides information about a study conducted among nurses working at BPKIHS in Nepal that assessed their knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS. The study found that the nurses had gaps in their knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission, prevention, and services available. While most nurses had a positive attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS, some displayed negative attitudes likely due to lack of knowledge. The researchers concluded that continuous education on HIV/AIDS management and care is urgently needed for nurses at BPKIHS to address deficiencies in knowledge and some negative attitudes.
WEBINAR - Zyvac tcv master class september 2018Gaurav Gupta
WEBINAR - Zyvac tcv master class september 2018. All indian webinar on the new Indian typhoid conjugate vaccination,
Broadcast throughout India with more than 500 pediatricians from across the country registering for viewing and asking questions
Doctors should carefully observe patients like detectives during physical examinations. The document outlines the process of a physical assessment including preparation, examination methods, and conducting assessments from head to toe. Key steps involve introducing oneself, obtaining permission before examining, asking about pain or discomfort, inspecting various body systems, and documenting findings and vital signs. Physical assessments provide objective health information through direct observation and examination techniques.
Bronchiectasis in children is an irreversible dilation of the airways caused by destructive changes to the airway walls. It has many causes including cystic fibrosis, infections, immunodeficiencies, and anatomical defects. The pathology involves a vicious cycle of impaired mucus clearance leading to recurrent infections, inflammation, and further airway damage. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and breathing difficulties. Diagnosis is made through imaging like HRCT that shows changes to airway contours. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques and controlling infections with antibiotics. Management of underlying conditions and lung transplantation may be needed in severe cases.
This document discusses pneumonia in children. It provides definitions, epidemiology, risk factors, classification, etiology, clinical presentation, investigations, treatment and prevention of pneumonia. Some key points:
- Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children under 5 globally, accounting for 16% of deaths. It occurs most frequently in developing countries.
- Risk factors include malnutrition, low birth weight, lack of breastfeeding, lack of immunization, indoor air pollution, parental smoking, and zinc deficiency.
- Clinical features depend on the causative agent. Bacterial pneumonia presents with high fever and chest pain while viral pneumonia shows low grade fever and respiratory distress.
- Investigations include chest X-ray
This document provides an overview of pediatric gastrointestinal disorders and examinations. It discusses the anatomy of the GI tract, common signs and symptoms of digestive disorders in children, and specific pediatric GI conditions. It also provides detailed guidance on performing a complete GI examination, including inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion, and examination of the oral cavity, abdomen, genitalia, and rectum. The goal is to gather all relevant clinical findings through the organized examination of the GI system.
1) Status epilepticus is a neurological emergency associated with high mortality and disability if not treated promptly. The goal is to stop seizures as soon as possible.
2) It occurs most commonly in children under 2 years old, with an annual incidence of 10-73 per 100,000 children. Mortality is between 2.7-8% with morbidity of 10-20%.
3) Status epilepticus is defined as continuous seizure activity or recurrent seizures without recovery between seizures lasting longer than 5 minutes. It is classified based on timing, with impending, established, and refractory stages.
Recurrent abdominal pain is one of the most common reasons parents bring their children to medical attention. It can be acute or chronic, with chronic pain classified as either pathological or functional. Functional abdominal pain occurs without an identifiable medical cause. The Rome II criteria established diagnostic guidelines for conditions like irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia. While investigations are usually not needed, addressing psychological stressors and providing parental reassurance and support are important for treatment. Probiotics may help in some cases by modulating pain perception in the gut. Recurrent abdominal pain is a real issue that often indicates underlying psychological problems best addressed early.
1) Coma is defined as a state of unresponsiveness where a patient cannot be aroused even with vigorous stimulation. It involves a lack of arousal and awareness.
2) The ascending reticular activating system and cerebral cortex are the two main anatomical components involved in consciousness. Damage or disturbances in these areas can result in altered mental states ranging from confusion to deep coma.
3) Causes of coma include structural injuries, lack of oxygen/substrates, toxicity from substances, and infections/inflammation of the central nervous system.
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, acute kidney injury, and thrombocytopenia. It is caused by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria like E. coli O157:H7 or by complement dysregulation. Treatment involves supportive care and addressing the underlying cause, such as antibiotics for bacterial infections or plasma therapy for complement abnormalities. With proper management, the prognosis is generally good, though permanent kidney damage can occur without timely treatment.
1) Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract of unknown cause.
2) Crohn's disease can affect any part of the GI tract and causes granulomatous inflammation, while ulcerative colitis causes non-granulomatous inflammation of the rectum and colon.
3) Symptoms of IBD include diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, weight loss, and malnutrition. Diagnostic tests include endoscopy, colonoscopy, imaging, and lab tests.
4) Treatment involves medications to reduce inflammation like aminosal
The document discusses central nervous system (CNS) diseases and disorders. It provides information on meningitis and encephalitis, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. For bacterial meningitis, common causes vary by age group. Symptoms of viral meningitis are also described. Diagnosis of meningitis involves lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Treatment of bacterial meningitis involves antibiotics while viral meningitis is usually treated symptomatically. Herpes simplex encephalitis commonly affects the temporal lobe and is diagnosed through cerebral spinal fluid analysis and confirmed via PCR or brain biopsy. It is treated with acyclovir administered intravenously. Brain abscesses are also discussed including their
1. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an umbrella term for arthritis in children under 16 years old lasting over 6 weeks, with unknown cause thought to involve genetic and environmental factors like infection or stress.
2. JIA is classified into 7 subtypes based on symptoms and onset, including oligoarticular, polyarticular, and systemic, each with different characteristics and prognoses.
3. Treatment is individualized and aims to suppress inflammation and maintain function, using methods like medications, exercises, splints, and occasionally surgery. While remission is possible, JIA usually results in a chronic disease course with fluctuating symptoms.
Approach in children with Hepatosplenomegaly
To summarize the key points:
1. A full examination including inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation of the abdomen should be performed to evaluate for hepatosplenomegaly.
2. Common causes include infections, hematological disorders, vascular congestion, tumors and infiltrations, and storage disorders.
3. Initial investigations should include a complete blood count, liver function tests, ultrasound and further testing based on history and exam findings.
4. Treatment is directed at the underlying cause and may include antibiotics for infections, chemotherapy for tumors, or management of metabolic disorders.
This document discusses chronic diarrhea, defining it as diarrhea lasting more than 2 weeks. It outlines different types of diarrhea based on duration, including acute (<2 weeks), prolonged (7-14 days), and persistent (>14 weeks). The causes of chronic diarrhea are discussed for different age groups, including post-gastrointestinal infections, cow's milk protein intolerance, and celiac disease in infants. Pathophysiological causes of chronic diarrhea include secretory, osmotic, steatorrheal, inflammatory, and dysmotility mechanisms. The importance of a thorough history and physical exam is emphasized to guide diagnostic testing and treatment approaches, which may be curative, suppressive, or empirical depending on the underlying cause.
Chronic hepatitis in children can be caused by viral infections like hepatitis B and C, autoimmune disorders, drug reactions, and metabolic diseases. Hepatitis B often becomes chronic if contracted as a newborn. It progresses through immune tolerant, immune active, and inactive carrier phases. Hepatitis C poses a high risk of chronicity in children. Autoimmune hepatitis involves liver inflammation from a misdirected immune response. Common drugs that can cause chronic liver injury include anti-tubercular and anticonvulsant medications. Metabolic diseases such as Wilson's disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis account for a significant percentage of chronic liver disease in children. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include antiviral therapy,
This document discusses chronic kidney disease in children. It defines chronic kidney disease as either kidney damage or a glomerular filtration rate below 60 ml/min/1.73m2 for over 3 months. Causes in children include congenital abnormalities, glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney diseases, and inherited disorders. Chronic kidney disease progresses through 5 stages and can cause complications affecting multiple organ systems. Treatment aims to replace kidney function, slow progression, and manage complications through measures like fluid/electrolyte control, nutrition, anemia treatment, bone disease management, and slowing kidney damage progression.
Acute renal failure is a clinical syndrome where sudden deterioration of renal function results in the kidneys' inability to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. It has various etiologies like pre-renal, intrinsic renal, and post-renal factors. Management involves treating the underlying cause, fluid resuscitation, controlling electrolyte abnormalities, and starting dialysis for refractory volume overload, hyperkalemia, acidosis, or neurological symptoms. The healthcare team works to stabilize the patient and prevent long-term kidney damage.
This document provides information about hepatitis including its definition, causes, pathology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory/imaging studies, treatment, complications, prognosis, and prevention. It defines acute and chronic hepatitis. It describes the most common viral causes of hepatitis as HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV. It discusses the clinical picture and typical course of viral hepatitis and laboratory findings. It covers hepatitis diagnosis and markers for HAV, HBV, and HCV. It addresses treatment approaches and vaccination for hepatitis B prevention. It also discusses fulminant hepatic failure as a rare but severe complication of acute hepatitis.
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
HIV in Tubercular children
1. Presented by Guided by
Dr. Virendra Gupta Dr. Jagdish Singh
SPMCHI, SMS Medical College, Jaipur
2. INTRODUCTION
• Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading killer among people living with
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• More than 33 million people now live with HIV/AIDS, out of
them 2.5 million are under the age of 15yr(UNICEF report 2010)
• At least one in four deaths among people living with HIV can be
attributed to TB.
• Addressing the TB and HIV epidemics are key priorities for
WHO.
3. HIV Prevalence in
Incident TB Cases 2010
• Global 23.0%
• India 5.0%
• Rajasthan 2.0%
• Sources: WHO, Global Tuberculosis Control 2011, available at
http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/index.html.
For country data, see also WHO, TB database, available at
http://www.who.int/tb/country/data/download/en/index.html.
4. AIMS AND
OBJECTIVES
• To know the magnitude of HIV infection in
patients diagnosed with tuberculosis.
• To know the differences in clinical profile of
tuberculosis between HIV+ve and HIV-ve patients
in pediatric age group
5. MATERIAL AND
METHODS
Study design and setting :
Hospital based, observational, descriptive study.
Subjects :
Patients with diagnosis of tuberculosis(as per
RNTCP guidelines) attending the pediatric DOTS
Center / OPD and IPD Patients of SPMCHI .
Sample size :
Included 315 eligible patients from Sept. 2011 to
Sept. 2012.
6. INCLUSION CRITERIA
• Age - 6 weeks to 15 years.
• Fulfilling the criteria for diagnosis of
tuberculosis. (As per RNTCP guidelines )
• Willing to give written informed consent.
7. METHODS
• Detailed clinical history
• Complete general, physical and systemic
examination
• Relevant investigations
• Fulfilled the criteria for diagnosis of
tuberculosis were screened for HIV infection
( As Per NACO Guidelines )
8. NACO Guidelines to diagnose HIV
• < 18 Month-DNA PCR 3 Test kits required
A1
• > 18 Month – A1 +Ve A1 -Ve
(Report Negative)
3 Different antibody test
A2
A1- Combaid Test Kit (ELISA)
A1 + A2+ A1+ A2-
A2- SD Bioline (Immunochromatographic) ( Report positive )
A3
A3- Tridot Test Kit (Immunofiltration)
A1+ A2- A3 + A1+ A2- A3 -
(Indeterminate ) ( Report Negative)
9. STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
• Qualitative Data summarized in percentage
& Quantitative data in form of mean +/- SD
• Quantitative data analyzed with
parametric tests (unpaired t-test) while
Qualitative data analyzed with non-
parametric tests (χ2 test and z-test for
difference of proportions).
10. RESULTS
Out of 315 patients, 22 were HIV positive(6.98%)
6.98%
HIV +ve
HIV-Ve
92.02%
11. Age and sex distribution of
total TB patients
Age group Male Female Total
No.(%) No.(%) No.(%)
06wk -1 year 16 (05.07) 11 (03.49) 27 (08.57)
(Infancy)
1y-5y 58 (18.41) 46 (14.60) 104 (33.01)
(Pre school )
5y-10y 54 (17.14) 43 (13.65) 97 (30.79)
(School going)
>10y 48 (15.24) 39 (12.38) 87 (27.62)
(Adolescent)
Total 176 (55.87) 139 (44.12) 315
12. Age and Sex Distribution
of Total TB Patient
Male To Female Ratio - 1.21:1
60
No. of patients
50
40
30
Male
20
Female
10
0
06wk -1 year 1y-5y 5y-10y >10y
Male Female Total
Mean age 7.18 ± 4.39 Yr 7.30 ± 4.36 Yr 7.23 ± 4.35 Yr
13. OPD/IPD Distribution of
Total TB Patient
100% 6
90% (27.27%)
80%
215
IPD
70% 221
(73.38%) (70.16%)
60%
50% OPD
40% 16
(72.73%)
30% 78 94
20% (26.62%) (29.84%)
10%
0%
HIV+ve Hiv-ve Total
14. Socio-Demogrphic
Distribution
Rural Urban
8 134
126
(36.36%) (42.54%)
(43.00%)
14 167 181
(63.64%) (57.00%) (57.46%)
HIV+ve Hiv-ve Total
15. Distribution of tuberculosis
patients according to type of
tuberculosis and HIV serostatus
100%
80%
123 9 161
60% (87.23%) (90%) (98.17%)
40%
18 1
20% 3
(12.77%) (10%)
0% (1.83%)
Pulmonary Disseminated Extra-
/Miliary Pulmonary
HIV-Ve 87.23 90 98.17
HIV+Ve 12.77 10 1.83
Chi- square = 86.070 p-value = <0.0001
16. Nutritional Status of Tubercular
children according to HIV
serostatus
Wt/Age %
70.69% 69.95%
72.00%
70.00%
68.00%
66.00% HIV+ve
64.00% 60.37%
62.00% HIV-ve
60.00%
58.00%
Total
56.00%
54.00%
HIV+ve HIV-ve Total
Chi- square = 48.039 p-value = 0.038
17. Comparison of Symptoms profile in
HIV +ve And HIV –ve Tubercular
Children
symptom HIV +ve HIV-ve Total p-value
90 81.81% No. No. No.
80 71.33% (%) (%) (%)
70 63.48%
59.09% 59.09%
60 Weight 18 186 206 0.13
50 45.05% 45.45% loss (81.81) ( 63.48) (65.39)
40
Pyrexia 13 209 222 0.33
30
>14 Day (59.09) (71.33) (70.47)
20 10.23%
10
cough >14 13 132 145 0.29
0
Day (59.09) (45.05 ) (46.03)
Weight Pyrexia cough Loose
loss >14 Days >14 Days Motion
Loose 10 30 40 <0.001
Motion (45.45) (10.23 ) (12.70)
HIV +ve HIV-ve
18. Comparison of Signs in HIV +ve
And HIV –ve Tubercular
Children
68.18% Sign HIV +ve HIV-ve Total p-value
70 62.12%
NO NO NO
60 (%) (%) (%)
50 41.81%
Pallor 15 182 197 NS
40
27.77% (68.18) (62.12) (62.54)
30
20 15.35% 13.99%
HSM 07 45 52 0.04
10 (41.81) (15.35) (60.50)
0
Pallor HSM LNP LNP 05 41 46 0.12
(27.77) ( 13.99) (14.60)
HIV +ve HIV-ve
HSM=Hepatospleenomegaly ,LNP= Lymphadenopathy
19. Comparison of Investigations in
HIV+ve And HIV–ve Tubercular
Children
%
68.18
70
60 54.92
53.92
49.48
48.49
50 40.9 38.1
35.49
40
30
20
7.27 4.434.43
10 0
0
Radiological Mantoux Test BCG Scar Sputum /GA
Lesion AFB
HIV+ve 68.18 40.9 7.27 0
HIV-ve 53.92 49.48 35.49 4.43
Total 54.92 48.49 38.1 4.43
20. CONCLUSION
• Magnitude of HIV sero-positivity is 6.98% in Tubercular
children.
• Co-existence of HIV is more with
Pulmonary, Disseminated & Miliary tuberculosis than
Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.
• HIV positive children suffer more often with severe
symptoms.
21. RECOMMENDATIONS
• Health personnel need to recognize such
dual infection and take proper steps to
manage the epidemic.
• HIV screening should be carried out in all
tubercular children.
23. FLOW CHART
649 CASE DIAGNOSED TB(As Per RNTCP Guidelines )
334 CASE EXCLUDED
•Not Given Consent
•Unwilling To Blood Sampling
•Drop Out
315 CASES INCLUDED IN STUDY
HIV TEST DONE
(As Per NACO Guidelines)
22 case HIV +Ve 293 CASE HIV -Ve
Results are shown after statistical data applied
24. RESULTS
• Out of 315 patients, 22 were HIV positive(6.98%).
• 57.46% were rural, Most patients were in the
school going age (43.80%).
• M:F ratio was 1.21:1, Mean weight for age was
69.94%.
• History of contact with tuberculosis in 47.94%.
• 52.06% of cases had one or more extra-pulmonary
tubercular sites.
• And 3.17% disseminated or military tuberculosis
25. RESULTS
• Out of 315 tubercular children, 22 were HIV positive(6.98%).
• 57.46% were rural patients
• Most patients were in the school going age (5-12yr)group (43.80%).
• Male to female ratio was 1.21:1.
• Mean weight for age was 69.94%.
• History of contact with tuberculosis in 47.94%.
• 52.06% of cases had one or more extra-pulmonary tubercular sites.
• And 3.17% disseminated or military tuberculosis
26. Distribution of tuberculosis patients according to type of
tuberculosis.. and HIV serostatus
Type of disease HIV +Ve HIV –Ve Total
Pulmonary 18 (81.81) 123 (41.97) 141 (44.76 )
Diss.TB / Mill.TB 1 (04.55) 9 (03.07) 10 (03.17)
Extra-pulmonary 3 (13.64) 161 (54.95) 164 (52.06)
TOTAL 22 (06.98) 293 (93.02) 315(100)
P- Value < .0001
27. Distribution of tuberculosis patients according to type of
tuberculosis and HIV serostatus
HIV +Ve HIV -Ve
0% 4.5%
4.5% 6% 1% 3%
4.5%
4.5% 0%
10%
42%
10%
82% 28%
Pulmonary TBM
Pleural effusion Lymphadenopathy(LN)
Abd. Tb(ABD) other
Diss.tb/Mill.
Pulmonary TBM
28. Comparison of clinical profile in HIV +ve And HIV –ve
Tubercular Children
Signs and HIV +ve HIV-ve Total p-value
symptoms
Pyrexia >14 13(59.09) 209(71.33) 222(70.47) 0.14
Day
cough >14 13(59.09) 132(45.05 ) 145(46.03) 0.07
Day
Weight loss 18(81.81) 186( 63.48) 206(65.39) 0.04
Mean 60.37% 70.69% 69.95% 0.03
Wt/Age
Lymphadeno 05(27.77) 41( 13.99) 46(14.60) 0.12
pathy
Hepatosplee 07(41.81) 45(15.35) 52(60.50) 0.04
nomegaly
Loos Motion 10(45.45) 30(10.23 ) 40(12.70) <0.0007
29. Comparison of clinical profile in HIV +ve And HIV –ve Tubercular
Children
90
80
70
60
50
%
40
30
20
10
0
Wt loss Fever > cough HSM Loos BCG L. N .
14 D >14 D Motion Scar
HIV +ve 81.81 59.09 59.09 41.81 45.45 27.27 18.18
HIV-ve 63.48 71.33 45.05 15.35 10.23 35.49 20.13
30. Study the Magnitude of HIV Infection in Tubercular Children and Their Clinical
Profile
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Tuberculosis was noted to be the most frequent cause of death amongst people living with
HIV not only in India but all over the world.
Aims and objectives: To know the magnitude and differences in clinical profile of HIV infection in
tubercular children.
Study design and setting: Hospital based cross-sectional & descriptive study.
Material & method: Study group included patients attending hospital during period Sept. 2011 to Sept.
2012, diagnosed with tuberculosis as per NACO guidelines and screened for HIV infection.
Results: Out of 315 tubercular children, 22 were HIV positive giving a magnitude of 6.98%, Most
patients were in the school going age (5-12yr)group (43.80%). The male to female ratio was1.21:1.
Mean weight for age was 69.94%. History of contact with tuberculosis was present in 47.94%.
Out of HIV positive cases Fever(81.81%),weight loss(81.81%) and weakness(81.81%) were most
frequent complaints followed by cough(68.18%). Examination showed hepatosplenomegaly(41.81%)
and lymphadenopathy(18.18%). Chest X-ray revealed miliary findings in 10.8%.
Out of total number, 57.46% were rural patients. 52.06% of cases had one or more extra-pulmonary
tubercular sites, and 03.17% disseminated or military tuberculosis. BCG vaccination was seen in only
34.92% cases. Overall Mantoux test positivity was 8.49%.
Conclusion: Increasing magnitude of HIV seropositivity with positive patients more likely to suffer
from pulmonary tuberculosis while HIV negative with extra pulmonary involvement. HIV-positive
children suffer from prolonged symptoms. Health personnel need to recognize such dual infection and
take proper steps to manage the epidemic. HIV screening should be carried out in patients with
prolonged illness resistant to usual mode of treatment.
Keywords: HIV, Paediatric tuberculosis, Magnitude, seropositivity
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40. SEED ARTICLE
Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in
Children with Tuberculosis
T. Shahab, M.S. Zoha, M. Ashraf Malik, Abida Malik* and K. Afzal
From the Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology*, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College,
AMU, Aligarh, UP 202 002, India.
Correspondence to: Dr. Kamran Afzal, Department of Pediatrics, JN Medical College, Aligarh
Mulsim University, Aligarh, UP 202 002, India. E-mail: drkafzal@hotmail.com
Manuscript received: July 1, 2003, Initial review completed: August 14, 2003;
Revision accepted: November 28, 2003.
ABSTRECT
This prospective study was carried out in the pediatric ward and outpatient department of a tertiary care
centre to estimate the prevalence of HIV seropositivity in children with tuberculosis. Two hundred and fifty
consecutive children below 12 years of age with (pulmonary and Extrapulmonary) tuberculosis diagnosed
between March 1999 and July 2000 were screened for HIV infection. A patient was labeled as HIV positive if
two consecutive ELISA tests were found positive using different antigen/principle. Supplemental western blot
test was also done. Parents ofseropositive children were also screened for HIV infection and tuberculosis.
Total 5 cases were HIV positive giving a seroprevalence of 2%. All the five patients had disseminated
tuberculosis. We suggest regular screening of children with disseminated/miliary tuberculosis for HIV co-
infection.
42. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
•
“PREVALENCE OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
INFECTION IN CHILDREN WITH TUBERCULOSIS”
conducted by Shahab et al. from the AMU, UP, India,
CONCLUSION
INDIAN PEDIATRICS,VOLUME 41__JUNE 17, 2004)
1-An study conducted by Hussain et al.“Seroprevalence of HIV infection among pediatric tuberculosis
patients in Agra, India”: from 2003 to 2004,
CONCLUSION:
2-Recently by National AIDS Control Organization (NACO)
43. S D RAPID KIT TEST
General Information
The SD BIOLINE HIV-1/2 test is an immunochromatographic test for the
qualitative detection of antibodies of all isotyoes (IgG, IgM, IgA) specific to HIV-1
including subtype O and HIV-2 simultaneously, in human serum, plasma or whole
blood.
•3rd Generation Method (Direct Sandwich Method, Ag-Ab-Ag)
•Serum, Plasma, Whole Blood
•Detects all antibodies including Subtype "O"
•Highly sensitive, even to IgM during early infection stage
•Differentiation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 by clear 3-line formation.
•Sensitivity: 100%, Specificity : 99.8%
•Capture Ag: HIV-1 (p24, gp41),HIV-2 (gp36)Ag
•Evaluated by WHO (Sensitivity 100%, Specificty 99.3%)
•Procured by WHO,UNICEF, etc.
•Long shelf life: 24 months at Room Temperature
44.
45. BI-DOT RAPID KIT TEST
PRINCIPLE OF THE TEST
HIV antigens are immobilized on a porous immunofiltration membrane. Sample and reagents pass through the membrane
and are absorbed into the underlying absorbent. As the patient's sample passes through the membrane, HIV antibodies, if
present, bind to the Immobilized antigens. Conjugate binds to the Fc portion of the HIV antibodies to give distinct pinkish
purple DOT against a white background. (Fig.-3)
LIMITATIONS OF THE TEST
1. The kit works best when used with fresh samples. Samples which have been frozen and thawed several times contain
particulates which can block the membrane, hence resulting in improper flow of reagents and high background colour
which may make the interpretation of results difficult.
2. Optimum test performance depends on strict adherence to the test procedure as described in this manual. Any deviation
from test procedure may lead to erratic results.
3. HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses share many morphological and biological characteristics. It is likely that due to this, their
antibodies have a cross reactivity of 30-70%. Appearance of test for HIV-1& /or HIV-2 antibodies on the test device does not
necessarily imply co-infection from HIV-1 & HIV-2.
4. Some samples show cross reactivity for HIV antibodies. Following factors are found to cause false positive HIV antibody
test results: Naturally occurring antibodies, Passive immunization, Leprosy, Tuberculosis, Myco-bacterium avium, Herpes
simplex, Hypergamma-globulinemia, Malignant neoplasms, Rheumatoid arthritis, Tetanus vaccination, Autoimmune
diseases, Blood Transfusion, Multiple myeloma, Haemophelia, Heat treated specimens, Lipemic serum, Anti-nuclear
antibodies, T-cell leukocyte antigen antibodies, Epstein Barr virus, HLA antibodies and other retroviruses.
5. This is only a screening test. All samples detected reactive must be confirmed by using HIV Western Blot. Therefore for a
definitive diagnosis, the patient’s clinical history, symptomatology as well as serological data, should be considered. The
results should be reported only after complying with above procedure.
46. NACO Guidelines to detect HIV infection in Asymptomatic individuals
3 test kit RequiredSlide 7