GKA deel 2 college 8
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The document discusses HIV/AIDS research from 1993, including questions around vaccines, viral replication mechanisms, potential drug targets, and the limited drug treatments available at the time. It notes that by 1993, only nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors like AZT had been developed to treat HIV, and that protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were just beginning to be studied.
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The rate of photosynthesis is often lower than expected for several reasons: 1) Dark respiration occurs during the day which reduces net photosynthesis, 2) Not all wavelengths of light are absorbed efficiently by leaves, and 3) Factors like photorespiration and suboptimal conditions can limit carbon fixation and respire photosynthates. Leaf anatomy, physiology, and environmental conditions can prevent photosynthesis from reaching its maximum potential.
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HIV proteins have various roles in the virus life cycle and pathogenesis. The viral proteins Tat, Rev, Vif, and Nef help regulate viral gene expression and replication. Tat is a transcription activator that binds TAR elements. Rev binds the RRE to allow export of unspliced viral RNA from the nucleus. Vif prevents APOBEC3G from inducing hypermutations in the viral genome. Nef downregulates CD4 and MHC to evade immune detection and promote virus spread.
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Enhancers are DNA sequences that interact with transcription factors, proteins that regulate gene expression. Transcription factors determine cell differentiation by controlling which genes are expressed in different cell types. Gene expression can be regulated through alternative splicing, protein degradation, and small non-coding RNAs like microRNAs. During development, cytoplasmic determinants and signals from outside the cell direct cell differentiation through regulation of transcription factors.
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