safety-of-the-novel-vector-vaccine-against-brucella-abortus-based-on-recombinant-influenza-viruses-expressing-brucella-l7-l12-and-omp16-proteins-in-Cattle-journal-of-vaccines-and-immunology-peertechz-journals
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This paper presents the results of a study of the safety of new vector vaccine against B. abortus based on recombinant influenza A subtype H5N1 or H1N1 (viral constructs vaccine formulation) viruses expressing Brucella ribosomal protein L7/L12 and Omp16, in cattle. To increase the effectiveness of the vaccine, adjuvants such as Montanide Gel01 or chitosan were included in its composition. Immunization of cattle (5 animals per group) with the viral constructs vaccine formulation only, or its combination with adjuvants Montanide Gel01 or chitosan, were conducted via the conjunctival method using cross prime (influenza virus subtype H5N1) and booster (influenza virus subtype H1N1) vaccination schedules. Vaccine candidates were evaluated in comparison with the positive (Brucella abortus) and negative (PBS) controls. Comprehensive studies involving thermometry and clinical examination, hematology and biochemical blood analysis, showed that all of the viral constructs vaccine formulation, as well as their combination with adjuvants, compared to the commercial bacterial vaccine Brucella abortus were completely safe in cattle. Furthermore it is shown that the developed vaccines can effectively differentiate vaccinated animals from infected animals.
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Rekha presented on edible vaccines. Edible vaccines involve introducing genes from pathogens into plants to produce antigens. When consumed, these plant-based vaccines stimulate mucosal and systemic immunity. Various pathogens have been expressed in plants, including ETEC, cholera, Norwalk virus, hepatitis B, and measles. Advantages are oral delivery, lower costs, and stability without refrigeration. Challenges include ensuring consistent dosage and developing tolerance. Many organizations in India are researching edible vaccine candidates for diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, and hepatitis E.
Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Coleus forskohlii
Hepatitis B, a common viral infection, affecting millions of people every year, leads to disability and death. It has become one of the alarming diseases in the world. Vaccination is the best possible way to prevent this deadly viral infection and its consequences. Unaffordability of the mass vaccination program due to low health budgets especially in developing countries have demanded the economical, effective and easily available vaccine production against hepatitis B virus. The expression of subunit vaccines and recombinant proteins in plants is a convenient, safe and potentially economical platform technology. Hence, development of a plant-based vaccine could be promising. Therefore, the present investigation focused on expression and large- scale production of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in Coleus forskohlii for the development of vaccine. Eight transformed C. forskohlii plants were generated via Agrobacterium -mediated transformation method. The integration of 681bp of HBsAg gene into the plant genome was confirmed using PCR. SDS-PAGE showed the presence of ~48kDa dimer and ~24kDa monomer form of HBsAg protein and the expression of recombinant protein was further confirmed by western blot. C. forskohlii expressed HBs Ag was recorded 260µg/g leaf fresh weight as measured by ELISA. Transformed plants of HBsAg showed the accumulation of Virus Like Particles of 22 nm size using transmission electron microscopy. This study offers a great potential for the large -scale production of hepatitis B vaccine in C. forskohlii which provides a strategy for contributing a means to achieve global immunization for the hepatitis B prevention and eradication.
Noi principii in vaccinare C Leclerc 2014
Noi principii in producerea si realizarea protocoalelor de vaccinare, videoconferinta Martie 2014 Leclerc C.
Live bacterial vaccines review
This document provides an overview of live bacterial vaccines, focusing on attenuated pathogens and food-related lactic acid bacteria used as vaccine vehicles. It discusses the advantages of live bacterial vaccines, including their mimicry of natural infection and intrinsic adjuvant properties. However, it also outlines some safety concerns, such as the risk of reversion to virulence for attenuated pathogens. The document reviews several examples of attenuated pathogens currently being developed as vaccines, and food-related lactic acid bacteria that have been studied as potential vaccine delivery vehicles due to their generally recognized as safe status. It concludes that while live bacterial vaccines show promise, very few have reached the market due to challenges in developing safe and effective candidates.
New covid 19 vaccines and trials
The document discusses SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. It states that SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus surrounded by a nucleoprotein and matrix protein capsid. It has at least six open reading frames in its genome that encode for structural and accessory proteins. The two large overlapping ORFs encode for the four main structural proteins: spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid.
Impact of biotechnology
Most developments in biotechnology originated for their potential applications in health care.
Contributions of biotechnology are more frequent, more notable and more rewarding in health sector.
Immunology lab report
1. The document reports on serological tests conducted to detect Brucella abortus and Salmonella in samples X, Y, and Z.
2. The Brucella test found samples X and Y tested positive for B. abortus antibodies while sample Z tested negative.
3. The Salmonella test found sample X tested positive for Salmonella antigens but sample Y tested negative.
Immunization with sars coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology
1) A study evaluated four SARS-CoV vaccine candidates in mice to assess safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy.
2) All vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies and protected mice from SARS-CoV challenge as shown by reduced lung virus levels.
3) However, when mice were challenged after vaccination, all mice exhibited histopathologic lung changes, including eosinophil infiltration. This suggested the vaccines induced a Th2-type immunopathology rather than protection from disease.
4) The findings indicate SARS-CoV vaccines may protect against infection but could also cause immunopathology upon exposure to the live virus. More research is needed before applying these vaccines to humans.
Old Wine in a New Bottle-Focus on Candidial Vaccine_ Crimson Publishers
This document discusses the development of a vaccine for Candida infections. It first provides background on vaginal anatomy and how Candida normally lives commensally but can cause infection. Risk factors for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis include excessive carbohydrates, hormonal therapy, douching, antibiotics, and immunosuppressants. Candida species produce various virulence factors like adhesion molecules and enzymes that contribute to pathogenesis. Current antifungal treatments can fail due to drug resistance. Researchers are working to develop a vaccine targeting Candida proteins like Sap that are involved in virulence and may help prevent recurrent infections. Phase I trials of vaccines containing Sap and Als proteins have shown promise.
20140137.full
This study investigated the impact of maternal latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) on infant immune responses to bacille Calmette–Gue ́rin (BCG) immunization at birth. Cord blood and peripheral blood samples were taken from infants at birth and 1 and 6 weeks after BCG immunization. Antibody and cellular immune responses to M. tuberculosis purified protein derivative (PPD) were measured and compared between infants of mothers with and without LTBI. The results showed that maternal LTBI was associated with lower frequencies of PPD-specific CD4+ T cells expressing cytokines in infant blood samples 1 week after BCG immunization. This suggests that maternal LTBI may influence the infant immune response
recent development in culture od Cestode
The document discusses recent developments in culturing cestode parasites. It is a complex process due to the parasites' life cycles involving different host species. Researchers have developed vaccines using cultured parasite antigens to prevent infections in livestock. Cultured parasites have also been used to identify diagnostic components, screen drugs, study cell growth and differentiation, and examine phylogenetic relationships. Maintaining cestode cultures has aided the cloning and sequencing of oncosphere genes.
Application of probiotics in complex treatment of tuberculosis
The probiotic bacteria possessing ability to suppress growth of Mycobacterium B5 are revealed. Antagonistic
activity in selected strains studied during the growth on various nutrient media. Strains adapted to the low pH
exposure. They are steady against a number of the antibiotics, used at tuberculosis treatment. This testifies to the
prospects of further studies on the use of probiotics in the
Similar to safety-of-the-novel-vector-vaccine-against-brucella-abortus-based-on-recombinant-influenza-viruses-expressing-brucella-l7-l12-and-omp16-proteins-in-Cattle-journal-of-vaccines-and-immunology-peertechz-journals (20)
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ROTAVIRUS VACCINES IN INDIA .WHICH ONE WILL YOU CHOOSE AND WHY?
ROTAVIRUS VACCINES IN INDIA .WHICH ONE WILL YOU CHOOSE AND WHY?
Presentation on conventional vaccine (Quality Control and Production aspects)
Presentation on conventional vaccine (Quality Control and Production aspects)
Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Coleus forskohlii
Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Coleus forskohlii
Immunization with sars coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology
Immunization with sars coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology
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Application of probiotics in complex treatment of tuberculosis
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Recently uploaded
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptx
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
safety-of-the-novel-vector-vaccine-against-brucella-abortus-based-on-recombinant-influenza-viruses-expressing-brucella-l7-l12-and-omp16-proteins-in-Cattle-journal-of-vaccines-and-immunology-peertechz-journals
- 1. Journal of Vaccines and Immunology Peertechz Journals
- 2. Research Article Safety of the Novel Vector Vaccine Against Brucella Abortus Based on Recombinant Influenza Viruses Expressing Brucella L7/L12 and OMP16 Proteins, in Cattle Kaissar Tabynov*, Zhailaubay Kydyrbayev, Sholpan Ryskeldinova, Bolat Yespembetov, Nazym Syrymkyzy, Indira Akzhunusova and Abylai Sansyzbay *Corresponding author: Kaissar Tabynov, The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Republic of Kazakhstan, Tel/fax: + 7 (72636) 72228 Dates: Received: 20 February, 2014; Accepted: 19 April, 2014; Published: 21 April, 2014 Citation: Tabynov K, Kydyrbayev Z, Ryskeldinova S, Yespembetov B, Syrymkyzy N, et al. (2015) Safety of the Novel Vector Vaccine Against Brucella Abortus Based on Recombinant Influenza Viruses Expressing Brucella L7/L12 and OMP16 Proteins, in Cattle. J Vaccines Immun 1: 001-007
- 3. Abstract This paper presents the results of a study of the safety of new vector vaccine against B. abortus based on recombinant influenza A subtype H5N1 or H1N1 (viral constructs vaccine formulation) viruses expressing Brucella ribosomal protein L7/L12 and Omp16, in cattle. To increase the effectiveness of the vaccine, adjuvants such as Montanide Gel01 or chitosan were included in its composition. Immunization of cattle (5 animals per group) with the viral constructs vaccine formulation only, or its combination with adjuvants Montanide Gel01 or chitosan, were conducted via the conjunctival method using cross prime (influenza virus subtype H5N1) and booster (influenza virus subtype H1N1) vaccination schedules. Vaccine candidates were evaluated in comparison with the positive (Brucella abortus) and negative (PBS) controls. Comprehensive studies involving thermometry and clinical examination, hematology and biochemical blood analysis, showed that all of the viral constructs vaccine formulation, as well as their combination with adjuvants, compared to the commercial bacterial vaccine Brucella abortus were completely safe in cattle. Furthermore it is shown that the developed vaccines can effectively differentiate vaccinated animals from infected animals.
- 4. Thank you For more information Read Online Article… http://www.peertechz.com/Vaccines-Immunology/JVI-1-101.php http://www.peertechz.com/Vaccines-Immunology/JVI-1-101.pdf For Full Article PDF