Hit1614-HBHD_Ch1

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 1
Organization of the Human Body

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Overview

Key Terms
anabolism intracellular fluid
anatomic position metabolism
anatomy negative feedback
catabolism organ
cell pathology
disease physiology
extracellular fluid system
homeostasis tissue

Studies of the Human Body
Learning Objectives
1.Define the terms anatomy,
physiology, and pathology.
2.Describe the organization of the
body from chemicals to the whole
organism.
3.List 11 body systems, and give the
general function of each.

Metabolism and Its Regulation
Learning Objectives
4.Define and give examples of
homeostasis.
5.Using examples, discuss the
components of a negative feedback
loop.
6.Define metabolism, and name the
two types of metabolic reactions.

Body Directions
Learning Objectives
7. List and define the main
directional terms for the body.
8. List and define the three planes of
division of the body.

Body Cavities
Learning Objectives
9. Name the subdivisions of the
dorsal and ventral cavities.
10.Name and locate the subdivisions
of the abdomen.
11.Cite some anterior and posterior
body regions along with their
common names.

Case Study
Learning Objective
12. Find examples of anatomic and
physiologic terms in the case
study.

Word Anatomy
Learning Objective
13. Show how word parts are used to build words related
to the body’s organization.

Studies of the Human Body
Anatomy
• Study of body structure
– Dissection
Physiology
• Study of body function
Pathology
• Study of disease

Studies of the Human Body (cont.)
Levels of Organization

Figure 1-1 Levels of organization.
What do specialized groups of cells form?

Body Systems (Organized by Function)
• Protection, support, and movement
– Integumentary
– Skeletal
– Muscular
• Coordination and control
– Nervous
– Endocrine

Body Systems (Organized by Function) (cont.)
• Circulation and immunity
– Cardiovascular
– Lymphatic
• Energy supply and fluid balance
– Respiratory
– Digestive
– Urinary
• Production of offspring
– Reproductive

Effects of Aging
• Gradual changes occur in all body systems.
• Some changes are harmless.
– Wrinkles and gray hair
• Some changes may result in injury and disease.
– Decreased kidney function
– Loss of bone mass
– Formation of deposits within blood vessels

(See the Student Resources on
thePoint for this chart summarizing
the body systems and their functions.
Additional resources may be found on
thePoint.)

✓
Checkpoints
1-1 What are the studies of body structure and body
function called?
1-2 What do organs working together combine to form?

?
Pop Quiz
1.1 Which is the most suitable field of study for
an anatomist?
A)The structure of the stomach
B)The mechanism of protein digestion
C)Stomach cancer
D)Anabolic reactions

?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.1 Which is the most suitable field of study for
an anatomist?
A)The structure of the stomach
B)The mechanism of protein digestion
C)Stomach cancer
D)Anabolic reactions

?
Pop Quiz
1.2 There are numerous levels of organization in
the body. The correct order from simplest to most
complex is
A) Organ, tissue, cell, organism, system
B) Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
C) System, cell, organ, organism, tissue
D) Cell, system, tissue, organ, organism

?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.2 There are numerous levels of organization in
the body. The correct order from simplest to most
complex is
A) Organ, tissue, cell, organism, system
B) Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
C) System, cell, organ, organism, tissue
D) Cell, system, tissue, organ, organism

?
Pop Quiz
1.3Which system is comprised of bones and joints?
A) Skeletal system
B) Nervous system
C) Immune system
D) Muscular system

?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.3Which system is comprised of bones and joints?
A) Skeletal system
B) Nervous system
C) Immune system
D) Muscular system

Metabolism and Its Regulation (cont.)
Homeostasis
• Body’s maintenance of internal balance.
• Body fluid balance is especially important.
– Extracellular fluid
• Blood plasma
• Lymph
• Fluid between cells
– Intracellular fluid
• Fluid within cells

Homeostasis (cont.)
• Negative feedback
– Critical for maintaining our health
– Keeps body conditions within a normal range by
reversing any upward or downward shift

Figure 1-2 Negative feedback.
How does a thermostat respond to a room temperature
that falls below normal?

Figure 1-3 Negative feedback and body temperature.
How does the brain respond to an increase in body
temperature?

Figure 1-4 Negative feedback in the endocrine system.

Types of Metabolism
• Catabolism
– Reactions that break substances down
– Used to form ATP
• Anabolism
– Reactions that build substances up
– Often require ATP

Figure 1-5 Metabolism.
What type of metabolism does the digestive system do?

✓
Checkpoints
1-3 Where are intracellular fluids located? Extracellular
fluids?
1-4 What is the definition of homeostasis?
1-5 What are the three components of a negative
feedback loop?
1-6 What are the two types of metabolic activities, and
what happens during each?

?
Pop Quiz
1.4A reaction in which simple compounds are
assembled into more complex compounds is most
accurately described as a(n)
A) Anabolic reaction
B) Catabolic reaction
C) Homeostatic reaction
D) Metabolic reaction

?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.4A reaction in which simple compounds are
assembled into more complex compounds is most
accurately described as a(n)
A) Anabolic reaction
B) Catabolic reaction
C) Homeostatic reaction
D) Metabolic reaction

?
Pop Quiz
1.5 Which example illustrates negative feedback?
A) Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a
hormone that further decreases blood sugar.
B) Decreased room temperature activates a
thermostat, which further decreases heat output
by a furnace.
C) A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release
of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.
D) A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of
a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.

?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.5 Which example illustrates negative feedback?
A) Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a
hormone that further decreases blood sugar.
B) Decreased room temperature activates a
thermostat, which further decreases heat output
by a furnace.
C) A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release
of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.
D) A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of
a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.

Body Directions (cont.)
Directional Terms
• Healthcare professionals use standardized terms to
describe body directions.
– Superior and inferior
– Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
– Medial and lateral
– Proximal and distal
• All descriptions assume that the body is in anatomic
position.

Figure 1-6 Directional terms.
What is the scientific name for
the position in which the figures
are standing?

Planes of Division
• Anatomists can divide the body along three planes, each
of which is a cut through the body in a different
direction.
– Frontal plane
– Sagittal plane
– Transverse plane

Figure 1-7 Planes of division.
Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior
parts? Which plane divides the body into anterior and
posterior parts?

Planes of Division (cont.)
• Some additional terms, usually “sections,” are used to
describe tissues and CT (computed tomography) or MRI
(magnetic resonance imaging) images.
– Cross-section
– Longitudinal section
– Oblique section

Figure 1-8 Tissue sections.
Which section would cut a blood vessel in half along its
long axis?

Figure 1-9 Cross-sections in imaging.

✓
Checkpoints
1-7 What term describes a location farther from an
origin, such as the wrist in comparison to the elbow?
1-8 What are the three planes in which the body can be
cut?

?
Pop Quiz
1.6 Which term means closer to the body’s midline?
A) Distal
B) Lateral
C) Medial
D) Transverse

?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.6 Which term means closer to the body’s midline?
A) Distal
B) Lateral
C) Medial
D) Transverse

?
Pop Quiz
1.7 A plane that divides the body into anterior and
posterior parts is the
A) Sagittal plane
B) Proximal plane
C) Frontal plane
D) Midsagittal plane

?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.7 A plane that divides the body into anterior and
posterior parts is the
A) Sagittal plane
B) Proximal plane
C) Frontal plane
D) Midsagittal plane

Body Cavities (cont.)
The body is divided into two main cavities.
Dorsal Cavity
– Two main subdivisions
• Cranial cavity
• Spinal cavity
Ventral Cavity
– Two main subdivisions separated by the diaphragm
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity

Figure 1-10 Body cavities, lateral view.
Which cavity contains the diaphragm?
Replace with
Fig 1-10

Thoracic Cavity
• Further subdivided
– Pericardial cavity
– Pleural cavity
– Mediastinum
Which cavity contains the lung?
Figure 1-11 The thoracic
Cavity.

Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Further subdivided
– Abdominal cavity
– Pelvic cavity
Figure 1-10 Body cavities, lateral view.

Divisions of the Abdomen
• The abdomen can be divided into nine regions.
– Epigastric
– Umbilical
– Hypogastric
– Hypochondriac (left and right)
– Lumbar (left and right)
– Iliac or inguinal (left and right)

Figure 1-12 The nine regions of the abdomen.
Which region contains the spleen?

Divisions of the Abdomen (cont.)
• The abdomen can be divided
into four quadrants.
– Right upper quadrant
– Left upper quadrant
– Right lower quadrant
– Left lower quadrant
In which region is pain from
appendicitis most likely to be felt?
Figure 1-13 Quadrants
of the abdomen.

Figure 1-14 Adjectives for some anterior body regions.
Where would a pedal
pulse be felt?

Figure 1-15 Adjectives for some posterior body regions.
Where would cervical pain
be felt?

✓
Checkpoints
1-9 Name the two main body cavities.
1-10 Name the three central regions and the three left
and right lateral regions of the abdomen.

?
Pop Quiz
1.8 Which organ is NOT in the abdominopelvic cavity?
A) Gallbladder
B) Liver
C) Lung
D) Small intestine

?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.8 Which organ is NOT in the abdominopelvic cavity?
A) Gallbladder
B) Liver
C) Lung
D) Small intestine

Body Directions
?
Pop Quiz
1.9 Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial?
A) Epigastric region
B) Hypogastric region
C) Inguinal region
D) Umbilical region

?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.9 Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial?
A) Epigastric region
B) Hypogastric region
C) Inguinal region
D) Umbilical region

?
Pop Quiz
1.10 Which anatomic adjective describes the anterior
thigh?
A) Crural
B) Femoral
C) Popliteal
D) Sural

?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.10 Which anatomic adjective describes the anterior
thigh?
A) Crural
B) Femoral
C) Popliteal
D) Sural

?
Pop Quiz
1.11 The word part –stasis is best defined as
A) Constant
B) Downward
C) Upward
D) Variable

?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.11 The word part –stasis is best defined as
A) Constant
B) Downward
C) Upward
D) Variable

Case Study
Learning Objective
12. Find examples of anatomic and
physiologic terms in a case study.

Case Study: Chapter 1
Mike’s Case: Emergency Care and Possible System Failure
• Some anatomic and physiologic terms from the case
study:
– Hemorrhage
– Hormone
– Hypertensive
– Hypotensive
– Hypothermia
– Intra-abdominal
– Palpate
– Tachycardia

Word Anatomy
Learning Objective
13. Show how word parts are used to build words
related to the body’s organization.

Word Anatomy (cont.)

Hit1614-HBHD_Ch1

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