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Human Anatomy
1.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter I: Life, Form, and Function
2.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Chapter Objectives • Form, Function, and Life – Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology and offer an example of each. – List four characteristics of living things. • The Building Blocks of Life – Within an organ system, list the building blocks of life, starting with the smallest. • Life and the External Environment – Identify five features of the external environment that are necessary for life.
3.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Chapter Objectives (cont'd) • Life and Gradients – Explain the importance of pressure and concentration gradients in the body. • Homeostasis: Maintaining a Healthy Internal Environment – Define homeostasis – Name at least one contribution to homeostasis made by the 11 body systems. – Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback and offer an example of each.
4.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Chapter Objectives • The Language of Form and Function – Use anatomic terms to describe different body functions and their positions relative to one another. – Describe the membranes and list some organs found in each body cavity. • The Language of Disease – Identify the signs and symptoms found in the case study.
5.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Form, Function, and Life • Introduction – The goal of human anatomy is to understand the structure of our body and how it relates to our functions. • Gross anatomy examines structures that can be seen with the naked eye. • Microscopic anatomy examines structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye. – The goal of human physiology is to explain the internal mechanisms of the human body. Back to chapter objectives
6.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Form, Function, and Life (cont’d) • Human beings share four characteristics of all living organisms – An organism is a complete life form that can function independently. – Four qualities of organisms 1. They are organized. 2. They have a metabolism. 3. They adapt to the environment. 4. They reproduce. Back to chapter objectives
7.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Form, Function, and Life (cont’d) A. Organization B. Metabolism C. Adaptation D. Reproduction Back to chapter objectives
8.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Form, Function, and Life (cont’d) Back to chapter objectives • Form and function are inseparable – Every form has a function, and every function has a form. • Your thumb is rotated 90 degrees from your other fingers. • This makes it easy for the tip of your thumb to touch the tip of your other fingers.
9.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Form, Function, and Life (cont’d) Back to chapter objectives • There is a difference between form and function.
10.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Form, Function, and Life (Review) Back to chapter objectives • What is the difference between form and function?
11.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Form, Function, and Life (Review) Back to chapter objectives • Answer: Form refers to the structure of something; function refers to what something does or how something works.
12.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Building Blocks of Life • Introduction – Physiologic functions are provided by one or more subdivisions of the organism: • The largest division is known as a system or organ system. • Organ systems are made up of organs. • Organs are made up of tissues. • Tissues are made up of cells. Back to chapter objectives
13.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Building Blocks of Life (cont’d) • Cells and their parts are comprised of molecules. • Molecules contain atoms. • Cells are the building blocks of life. • Atoms are the building blocks of everything. Back to chapter objectives
14.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Building Blocks of Life (cont’d) 1. Organism 2. Systems 3. Organs 4. Tissues 5. Cells 6. Molecules 7. Atoms Back to chapter objectives
15.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Building Blocks of Life (Review) • What is the highest level of organization in the human, and what is the smallest? Back to chapter objectives
16.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Building Blocks of Life (Review) • Answer: organism; molecules and atoms Back to chapter objectives
17.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Life and the External Environment • Astronauts carry their life-sustaining environment with them. Back to chapter objectives
18.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Life and the External Environment (cont’d) • The following are necessary to sustain life: – Pressure – Oxygen – Heat – Nutrients and water Back to chapter objectives
19.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Life and the External Environment: Pressure • Force exerted by solid, gas, or fluid • Gases and fluids most critical – Static pressure exerted by weight of a gas or fluid pressing down on a point within – Dynamic pressure created by moving gas or fluid Back to chapter objectives
20.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Life and the External Environment: Pressure (cont’d) • Atmospheric pressure is exerted by gases in the air – Static pressure that represents total weight of the air in the atmosphere – Keeps gases within our bodies • Blood pressure created by heart forcing blood through vessels • Not the same as water passing through a garden hose • Circulatory system is a closed system Back to chapter objectives
21.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Life and the External Environment: Oxygen • Unlocks energy from chemical nutrients in food • Without oxygen, cells cannot obtain the energy they need. Back to chapter objectives
22.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Life and the External Environment: Heat • Heat is generated by the body’s chemical reactions (metabolism). • Just the right amount of heat must be lost. • Keeping or losing too much heat can raise or lower the body temperature too much. • In warm environments, we sweat. • In cold environments, we shiver. Back to chapter objectives
23.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Life and the External Environment: Nutrients and Water • Food supplies necessary chemicals – Some nutrients burned for energy – Some nutrients used for building blocks • Chemicals for life are dissolved in water Back to chapter objectives
24.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Life and the External Environment (Review) • Life requires oxygen, nutrients, heat, and what else? Back to chapter objectives
25.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Life and the External Environment (Review) • Answer: water Back to chapter objectives
26.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Life and Gradients • A gradient is the difference in the quantity or concentration of a physical value between two areas. – Substances move from high concentration to low concentration. – Death eliminates all gradients Back to chapter objectives
27.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Types of Gradients • Altitude – A roof • Temperature – Inside the body and out Back to chapter objectives
28.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Types of Gradients (cont’d) • Pressure – Inside the astronaut’s suit and space • Physiologic – Inside or outside cells – Inside or outside blood vessels • Chemical – Cell membranes Back to chapter objectives
29.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Types of Gradients (cont’d) Back to chapter objectives
30.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Life and Gradients (Review) • What is a gradient? Give some examples that exist in the human body. Back to chapter objectives
31.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Life and Gradients (Review) • Answer: a difference in the quantity of a physical value between two areas • Examples: concentration gradients across cell membranes; temperature gradient between an astronaut’s spacesuit and outer space Back to chapter objectives
32.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Homeostasis: Maintaining a Healthy Internal Environment • The body has 100 trillion cells. • Cells must communicate with each other and the environment. • The body’s communication and control efforts to maintain internal conditions within a narrow physiologic range is known as homeostasis. Back to chapter objectives
33.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Homeostasis: Maintaining a Healthy Internal Environment (Review) • Refer to President Reagan’s case study. • How was the President’s homeostasis maintained during his treatment? Back to chapter objectives
34.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Homeostasis: Maintaining a Healthy Internal Environment (Review) • Answer: homeostatic adjustments and medical interventions, such as administering oxygen and IV blood/fluids were used Back to chapter objectives
35.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Homeostasis: Maintaining a Healthy Internal Environment (cont’d) • All body systems participate in homeostasis – Compare the human body to an orchestra. – If one performer’s instrument is out of tune, the whole performance suffers. – The same is true for the human body. Back to chapter objectives
36.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Negative Feedback • Negative feedback is the key to homeostasis – All physiologic conditions have set points • Set points must be maintained for optimal health. • Sensors detect deviations • Negative feedback reflexively keeps systems regulated Back to chapter objectives
37.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Negative Feedback: Skin Temperature • Sensors indicate the body temperature is rising • Sensors send signal to integrating center in the brain • Brain sends signals to effectors • Effectors act by increasing sweating and blood flow to skin Back to chapter objectives
38.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Negative Feedback: Skin Temperature (cont’d) • Negative feedback helps to keep your skin at the right temperature. Back to chapter objectives
39.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Positive Feedback • Positive feedback accelerates processes to a end point – Share same elements as negative feedback loops – Pushes back against a detected change – The action boosts, rather than diminishes the condition. • Condition is detected • Integrating center is signaled • Effectors take action Back to chapter objectives
40.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Positive Feedback (cont’d) • Positive feedback maintains homeostasis during childbirth. Back to chapter objectives
41.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Homeostasis: Maintaining a Healthy Internal Environment (Review) • What is the main contribution of the respiratory system to homeostasis? Back to chapter objectives
42.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Homeostasis: Maintaining a Healthy Internal Environment (Review) • Answer: warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance; discharges carbon dioxide Back to chapter objectives
43.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Language of Form and Function • Medical terms are assembled into smaller units – Greek and Latin-based terms • Prefixes, word roots, and suffixes • Word roots usually the Latin word for a system or organ Back to chapter objectives
44.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Language of Form and Function (cont’d) • Anatomic terms describe directions and body planes – Standard anatomical position • Standing erect, head upright • Facing forward • Arms at sides • Hands rotated with thumb outside, palm forward • Toes forward, feet parallel Back to chapter objectives
45.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Language of Form and Function (Review) • Which part is more lateral, the ears or the nose? Back to chapter objectives
46.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Language of Form and Function (Review) • Answer: the ears Back to chapter objectives
47.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Body Planes • Body planes are imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body – Frontal plane—divides anterior and posterior parts – Sagittal plane—divides into right and left parts – Transverse plane—divides structures into superior and inferior parts – Oblique plane—any plane not perpendicular to a frontal, sagittal, or transverse plane Back to chapter objectives
48.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Body Planes (cont’d) Back to chapter objectives
49.
Copyright © 2011
Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Anatomic Terms • Precisely describe the body – Body regions are defined by surface anatomy • Head: skull and face • Neck • Trunk or torso: abdomen, pelvis • Upper limb: shoulder to hand • Lower limb: buttock to foot Back to chapter objectives
50.
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Body Cavities • Are spaces within the body – Cranial and spinal cavities are dorsal cavities – Ventral cavity is divided by the diaphragm • Abdominal cavity • Pelvic cavity Back to chapter objectives
51.
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Body Cavities (cont’d) – Double-layered membranes surround many organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity • Pericardium covers the heart • Pleurae cover the lungs – Peritoneum covers abdominal and pelvic organs • Visceral layer • Parietal layer Back to chapter objectives
52.
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Body Cavities (cont’d) – Visualize a fist pushing into a balloon to understand how organs develop in the fetus • As the heart forms, it creates a balloon-like sac called the pericardial cavity • Lungs push themselves into the pleural cavity • Mediastinum contains heart and pericardial sac Back to chapter objectives
53.
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Body Cavities (cont’d) – Visualize a fist pushing into a balloon to understand how organs develop in the fetus • In the abdominopelvic cavity, the liver, spleen, and intestines form the visceral peritoneum. • The interior of the “balloon” becomes the peritoneal space. Back to chapter objectives
54.
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Body Cavities (cont’d) Back to chapter objectives
55.
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Body Cavities (cont’d) • Abdominal regions define parts of the abdominal cavity Back to chapter objectives
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Language of Form and Function (Review) • Which structure is more distal—the shoulder or wrist? Back to chapter objectives
57.
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Language of Form and Function (Review) • Answer: wrist Back to chapter objectives
58.
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Language of Disease • All disease is due to some kind of injury. – Defined as an unhealthful state of abnormal form or function due to injury • Injury includes damage to cells from any cause – Causes include: • Physical trauma • Inflammation • Radiation • Drugs • Diet Back to chapter objectives
59.
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Language of Disease (cont’d) – Defined as an unhealthful state of abnormal form or function due to injury • Acute—arises rapidly, lasts a short time, and has distinct symptoms – Measles • Chronic—begins slowly, persists, cannot be prevented or cured – Arthritis Back to chapter objectives
60.
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Language of Disease (cont’d) • Signs—direct measurable observations by an examiner • Symptoms—complaints reported by patients that are part of medical history • Syndrome—collection of signs and symptoms Back to chapter objectives
61.
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Pathology • Pathology—the study of changes in bodily structure and function as a result of disease – Purpose • Discover etiology (cause) • Understand pathogenesis (natural history and development) • Explain pathophysiology (how expressed) • Describe the lesion Back to chapter objectives
62.
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function Pathology (cont’d) • If a disease’s etiology is known it is idiopathic. • If a disease is a byproduct of a medical diagnosis or treatment, it is iatrogenic. Back to chapter objectives
63.
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Language of Disease (Review) • A patient develops a rash after taking a prescribed medication. The rash clears up when the medication is discontinued. Is the condition idiopathic or iatrogenic? Back to chapter objectives
64.
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Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function The Language of Disease (Review) • Answer: iatrogenic Back to chapter objectives
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