HBHD 13e Ch 23

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 23
The Male and Female
Reproductive Systems

Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Overview

Key Terms
corpus luteum luteinizing hormone (LH) progesterone
endometrium menopause semen
estrogen menses spermatozoon
follicle-stimulating menstruation (pl. spermatozoa)
hormone (FSH) ovarian follicle testis (pl., testes)
gamete ovary testosterone
infertility ovulation uterus
ovum (pl., ova)

The Male and Female Reproductive
Systems
Learning Objective
1.Identify the male and female
gametes, and state the purpose of
meiosis.

The Male Reproductive System
Learning Objectives
2.Name the accessory organs and
gonads of the male reproductive
system, and cite the function of each.
3.Describe the composition and
function of semen.
4. Draw and label a
spermatozoon.

Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction
Learning Objective
5. Identify the two hormones that
regulate the production and
development of the male gametes.

Disorders of the Male Reproductive
System
Learning Objective
6. Discuss three types of male
reproductive system disorders, and
give examples of each.

The Female Reproductive System
Learning Objective
7. Name the accessory organs
and gonads of the female
reproductive system, and cite the
function of each.

The Female Reproductive Cycle
Learning Objective
8. In the correct order, list the
hormones produced during the
menstrual cycle, citing the source and
function of each.

Menopause
Learning Objective
9. Describe the changes that
occur during and after menopause.

Birth Control
Learning Objective
10. Cite the main methods of birth
control in use.

Disorders of the Female Reproductive
System
Learning Objective
11. Discuss three types of female
reproductive system disorders, and
give examples of each.

Case Study
Learning Objective
12. Using the text and
information in the case study,
discuss possible causes of
infertility in men and women.

Word Anatomy
Learning Objective
13. Show how word parts are used to build words related
to the reproductive systems.

Systems
Asexual Reproduction
•One-celled organisms
•Divide by themselves
Sexual Reproduction
•Males and females
•Specialized sex cells (germ cells or gametes)
– Male cells are spermatozoa (sperm cells).
– Female cells are ova (egg cells).

Systems (cont.)
Meiosis
•Cell division process that forms gametes
•Halves the number of chromosomes in cell
Reproductive organs
•Gonads
– Produce gametes
– Testis in male; ovary in female
• Accessory organs

The Male Reproductive System (cont.)
Functions of the Male Reproductive System
•Manufacture spermatozoa
•Deliver spermatozoa to the female

Accessory Organs
•Epididymis
– Coiled tube located on the surface of the testis
– Temporarily stores sperm cells
•Ductus vas deferens
– Extends upward as the ductus deferens (vas
deferens)
• Ampulla
•Seminal vesicle
•Ejaculatory duct

Figure 23-1 Male reproductive system.
What four glands empty secretions into the urethra?
What duct receives secretions from the epididymis?

Semen
•Functions of semen
– Nourishes spermatozoa
– Transports spermatozoa
– Neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and
female vagina
– Lubricates the reproductive tract
– Prevents infection

Semen (cont.)
•Seminal vesicle
– Twisted muscular tube
– Located at the posterior of the urinary bladder
– Produces alkaline secretion containing simple sugar
– Provides nourishment to spermatozoa
•Prostate gland
– Located inferior to the urinary bladder
– Ducts carry prostatic secretion into the urethra
– Alkaline secretion neutralizes vaginal acidity

• Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)
– Pea-sized organs (pair)
– Located in the pelvic floor inferior to the prostate
– Secrete mucus to lubricate the urethra and penis tip

Figure 23-2 Cross-section of the penis.
What subdivision of the penis contains the urethra?

The Urethra and Penis
•Erection
•Penis
‒ Corpus spongiosum
• Glans penis
• Prepuce
‒ Circumcision
• Contains urethra
‒ Corpora cavernosa
•Ejaculation

The Testes
•Scrotum
•Inguinal canal
•Spermatic cord

The Testes (cont.)
•Internal structure
– Seminiferous tubules
– Sustentacular cells
– Interstitial cells
•The Spermatozoa
– Manufacturing begins at puberty
– Acrosome
– Flagellum

Figure 23-3 The testis.
Where are the interstitial cells located?

Figure 23-4 Human spermatozoon.
What organelles provide energy for sperm cell motility?

✓
Checkpoints
23-1 What is the process of cell division that halves the
chromosome number in a cell to produce a gamete?
23-2 What is the male gamete called?
23-3 What is the male gonad?
23-4 What is the structure on the surface of the testis
that stores sperm?
23-5 What glands, aside from the testis, contribute
secretions to semen?
23-6 What are the main subdivisions of a spermatozoon?

Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction
(cont.)
Testicular Activity
•Controlled by two hormones from the anterior pituitary
– Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
– Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Testosterone
•Functions:
– Development and maintenance of the male
reproductive accessory organs
– Development of spermatozoa
– Development of secondary sex characteristics

Figure 23-5 Hormonal control of male reproduction.
Which hormone stimulates testosterone secretion—LH or
FSH?

Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction (cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
22-7 What two pituitary hormones regulate both male
and female reproduction?
22-8 Which cell type in the testis produces the main male
sex hormone?

The Effects of Aging on Male Reproduction
• Decrease in testosterone and spermatozoa production
• Decline in sperm motility and quality
• Erectile dysfunction
• Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
– Treatment
• Medication to shrink prostate
• Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

System (cont.)
Structural Disorders
•Cryptorchidism
•Testicular torsion
•Hernia (rupture)
‒ Inguinal hernia
•Phimosis
•Infections of the male reproductive tract:
‒ Prostatitis
‒ Epididymitis
‒ Orchitis

Figure 23-6 Torsion of the testis.
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)

Figure 23-7 Inguinal hernia.
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)

System (cont.)
Infections
•Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
‒ Chlamydial infections
‒ Gonococcal infections (gonorrhea)
‒ Symptoms of STIs
• Urethral discharge
• Burning sensation and pain during urination
• Prostatitis and epididymitis
‒ Genital herpes
‒ Syphilis

System (cont.)
Cancer
•Prostatic cancer
‒ Risk factors
• Age
• Race
• Family history
• Certain environmental agents
• Diet high in fat
‒ Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

System (cont.)
Cancer (cont.)
•Prostatic cancer (cont.)
‒ Treatment
• Surveillance
• Radiation therapy
• Surgery
• Hormone treatments
•Testicular cancer
‒ Young and middle-aged adults

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
(cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
22-9 What is the term for failure of the testis to descend?
22-10 What does the abbreviation “STI” mean?

The Female Reproductive System (cont.)
Structures
•Gonads (ovaries)
– Formation of gametes (ova)
•Accessory organs
•Passageways
•External genital organs

Figure 23-8 Female reproductive system.
What is the deepest part of the uterus called? The most
inferior portion?

Accessory Organs
•Uterus
– Pear-shaped muscular organ
– Organ in which fetus develops and matures
– Regions
• Body (corpus)
• Cervix (neck)
• Fundus
– Broad ligaments
– Muscular wall
• Myometrium
• Endometrium

Accessory Organs (cont.)
•Uterine tubes (oviducts or fallopian tubes)
– Muscular structure extending from the uterus to a
point near the ovary
– Fimbriae
•The vagina
– Fornix
• Posterior fornix
– Rectouterine pouch
– Hymen

Accessory Organs (cont.)
•The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin)
– Produce mucus
• Secreted into the vestibule
– Provide lubrication
• The vulva and the perineum
– External genitalia (vulva)
• Labia (labia majora and labia minora)
• Clitoris
• Mons pubis
– Perineum

Figure 23-9 External parts of the female reproductive system.

The Ovaries and Ova
•Ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity.
•Ovaries produce ova.
•Ovarian follicle:
– Protects ovum
– Produces ovarian hormones
•Ovaries contain gametes at birth.

Figure 23-10 The ovary.

✓
Checkpoints
23-11 What is the female gamete called?
23-12 What is the female gonad called?
23-13 In what organ does a fetus develop?
23-14 In what structure does an ovum mature?

The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont.)
• Controlled by pituitary hormones LH and FSH regulated
by the hypothalamus
• Cyclic pattern of hormonal activity
– Menstruation
• Menstrual cycle
– Averages 28 days
– Ovulation
• Separates reproductive cycle into preovulatory
(follicular) and postovulatory (luteal) phases

Figure 23-11 The female reproductive cycle.
What ovarian hormone peaks closest to ovulation? What
ovarian hormone peaks after ovulation?

Preovulatory Phase
•Several follicles enter final stages of maturation
•Increased production of estrogen
– Prepares the endometrium
• Elongates uterine secretory glands
• Proliferative phase in the uterus
– Inhibits release of FSH

Ovulation and the Postovulatory Phase
•LH surge in blood
– Causes ovulation
– Transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum that
secretes estrogen and progesterone
•Endometrium continues to thicken
•Glands and blood vessels increase in size
– Secretory phase in the uterus
• Hormonal methods of contraception
•FSH and LH are inhibited via estrogen and progesterone
feedback

Menstruation
•If ovum is not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates
– Estrogen, progesterone levels decrease
•Endometrium degenerates, produces menses
•Endometrium begins to repair itself
• The decrease of estrogen and progesterone levels
allows the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary

✓
Checkpoints
23-15 What are the two hormones produced in the
ovaries?
23-16 What process releases an ovum from the ovary?
23-17 What does the follicle become after its ovum is
released?

Menopause (cont.)
• Menstruation ceases
• Normal ovarian function declines
– Follicles stop maturing
– No appreciable amounts of estrogen and
progesterone produced
• Effects of menopause may include nervous symptoms,
anxiety, insomnia, and “hot flashes” (resulting from low
levels of estrogen)
• Uterus, oviducts, vagina, vulva become somewhat
atrophied
• Vaginal mucosa becomes thinner, dryer, more sensitive

Menopause (cont.)
• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
– Combination of estrogen with synthetic
progesterone prescribed to relieve menopause
discomfort
– Increases breast cancer risk
– Increases thrombosis and embolism risk
– Risks increase with duration of therapy

Menopause (cont.)
✓
Checkpoint
23-18 What is the term describing the complete cessation
of menstrual cycles?

Birth Control (cont.)
• Artificial means to prevent fertilization of the ovum
• Abortifacients
• Surgical sterilization
– Tubal ligation (female)
– Vasectomy (male)
• Hormonal methods for women
• Male contraceptive pill still under investigation
• Mifepristone (RU-486) (morning-after pill) is a drug
taken after conception to terminate an early pregnancy
• Male and female condoms

Figure 23-12 Condoms.

✓
Checkpoint
23-19 What term describes the use of artificial means to
prevent fertilization of an ovum?

System (cont.)
Menstrual Disorders
•Amenorrhea
•Dysmenorrhea
– Secondary dysmenorrhea
• Endometriosis
• Uterine fibroids
•Abnormal uterine bleeding
– Menorrhagia
– Too frequent menstruation
– Nonmenstrual bleeding

System (cont.)
Menstrual Disorders (cont.)
•Endometriosis
•Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
– Symptoms
• Fluid retention (bloating)
• Swollen or tender breasts
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Irritability
• Anxiety
• Depression

Figure 23-13 Possible sites of endometriosis.
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
(cont.)

Benign and Malignant Tumors
•Fibroids (myomas)
– Hysterectomy
•Endometrial cancer
•Ovarian cancer
•Cervical cancer
– Linked with human papillomavirus (HPV)
– Papanicolaou test (Pap smear)
System (cont.)

Figure 23-14 Pap smear.
(cont.)

Infections
•Sexually transmitted infections
– Chlamydia
– Gonorrhea
– HIV and genital herpes
– Syphilis
– Genital warts
– Salpingitis
– Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
System (cont.)

Figure 23-15 Pathway of infection.
Do the pathways show an ascending or descending infection?
(cont.)

Infertility
•More difficult to diagnose and evaluate in women
•Male infertility causes
– Oligospermia
• Seminiferous tubules damaged by x-rays,
infections, toxins, malnutrition
• Smoking, alcohol abuse, excessive environmental
heat
• Impaired sperm motility, blockage within duct
system, testosterone deficiency, drug abuse
System (cont.)

Infertility (cont.)
•Female infertility causes
– Endocrine disorders
– Abnormalities in structure and function of
reproductive organs
• Presence of inflammation or scar tissue in uterine
tubes
– Endometriosis
– Early menopause
– Malnutrition
System (cont.)

(cont.)
✓
Checkpoints
23-20 What is amenorrhea?
23-21 What is the common term for a myoma, a benign
uterine tumor?
23-22 What is oligospermia?

Case Study (cont.)
Infertility
Inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after having
regular, unprotected sexual intercourse for at least one
year
•Causes ruled out: Oligospermia; low levels of thyroid
hormones and FSH; irregular ovulation
•Possible cause in Jessica and Brett’s case:
‒ Structural problem from endometriosis
• Scarred and blocked uterine tubes interfering
with fertilization or nourishing the fertilized egg
•Diagnosed with laparoscopic examination

Case Study (cont.)
• Treatment plan
‒ In vitro fertilization
• Schedule of hormone supplements to induce
ripening of multiple eggs
• Remove eggs from the ovary prior to ovulation
• Fertilize eggs with spouse’s sperm in the
laboratory
• Transfer fertilized eggs back to the uterus
bypassing the blocked uterine tubes

Word Anatomy (cont.)

HBHD 13e Ch 23

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Editor's Notes