Khrushchev embarked on improving Russia's agricultural problems by increasing food production, as grain stocks and livestock populations had fallen under Stalin's control of agriculture. Khrushchev implemented policies like paying peasants more for grain, reducing taxes, and allowing local leaders more control over agricultural policy, which increased food output. However, the Virgin Lands scheme of cultivating new lands failed due to unsuitable soil and climate, lack of investment in fertilizers and machinery, and overfarming of the land. By 1963, Russia still had to import grain, showing the incompleteness of Khrushchev's agricultural reforms.
After WWII ended, the Allies faced challenges in rebuilding devastated nations and establishing a lasting peace. They organized the United Nations to promote cooperation but grew divided over political ideologies. The US provided economic aid through the Marshall Plan while the Soviet Union prohibited Eastern Europe from accepting it, fueling tensions. By 1948, the world was divided by competing military alliances as the Cold War began between Western democracies and Soviet-allied nations.
Woodrow Wilson proposed the Fourteen Points in 1918 to establish a just peace after World War I and prevent future wars through national self-determination and international cooperation. However, the plan faced opposition from Britain, France, and Italy who prioritized punishing Germany over Wilson's idealism. Ultimately, the Fourteen Points had little lasting impact as the League of Nations that emerged from the peace negotiations did not function as Wilson envisioned.
India and Sri Lanka have historically shared close cultural and economic ties but their relationship has also been strained by the issue of Tamil minorities in Sri Lanka and the resulting civil war. While India has supported Sri Lankan sovereignty, it has also attempted to broker peace agreements and intervene militarily in the past with limited success due to opposition from Tamils, Sinhalese nationalists, and the LTTE. More recently both countries have worked to strengthen economic cooperation while India still aims to protect Tamil interests.
This document consists of a 12-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in History. The exam focuses on the causes of the 1848 revolution in France and provides 8 sources of information related to economic and political factors that may have contributed to the revolution. Students are asked a series of 6 questions to analyze and evaluate the sources in order to determine the extent to which economic factors caused the 1848 revolution in France.
The Winter War began in November 1940 when the Soviet Union attacked Finland in an attempt to gain naval bases and territory. Despite being outnumbered, Finnish forces used guerrilla-style "motti" tactics to isolate Soviet groups and inflict heavy casualties. By February, the Soviets broke through the main defensive line, and in March 1940 Finland was forced to cede the territory originally demanded by the Soviet Union to end the war.
Khrushchev embarked on improving Russia's agricultural problems by increasing food production, as grain stocks and livestock populations had fallen under Stalin's control of agriculture. Khrushchev implemented policies like paying peasants more for grain, reducing taxes, and allowing local leaders more control over agricultural policy, which increased food output. However, the Virgin Lands scheme of cultivating new lands failed due to unsuitable soil and climate, lack of investment in fertilizers and machinery, and overfarming of the land. By 1963, Russia still had to import grain, showing the incompleteness of Khrushchev's agricultural reforms.
After WWII ended, the Allies faced challenges in rebuilding devastated nations and establishing a lasting peace. They organized the United Nations to promote cooperation but grew divided over political ideologies. The US provided economic aid through the Marshall Plan while the Soviet Union prohibited Eastern Europe from accepting it, fueling tensions. By 1948, the world was divided by competing military alliances as the Cold War began between Western democracies and Soviet-allied nations.
Woodrow Wilson proposed the Fourteen Points in 1918 to establish a just peace after World War I and prevent future wars through national self-determination and international cooperation. However, the plan faced opposition from Britain, France, and Italy who prioritized punishing Germany over Wilson's idealism. Ultimately, the Fourteen Points had little lasting impact as the League of Nations that emerged from the peace negotiations did not function as Wilson envisioned.
India and Sri Lanka have historically shared close cultural and economic ties but their relationship has also been strained by the issue of Tamil minorities in Sri Lanka and the resulting civil war. While India has supported Sri Lankan sovereignty, it has also attempted to broker peace agreements and intervene militarily in the past with limited success due to opposition from Tamils, Sinhalese nationalists, and the LTTE. More recently both countries have worked to strengthen economic cooperation while India still aims to protect Tamil interests.
This document consists of a 12-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in History. The exam focuses on the causes of the 1848 revolution in France and provides 8 sources of information related to economic and political factors that may have contributed to the revolution. Students are asked a series of 6 questions to analyze and evaluate the sources in order to determine the extent to which economic factors caused the 1848 revolution in France.
The Winter War began in November 1940 when the Soviet Union attacked Finland in an attempt to gain naval bases and territory. Despite being outnumbered, Finnish forces used guerrilla-style "motti" tactics to isolate Soviet groups and inflict heavy casualties. By February, the Soviets broke through the main defensive line, and in March 1940 Finland was forced to cede the territory originally demanded by the Soviet Union to end the war.
Indian involvement During Liberation war of Bangladesh Makhsudul Hasan
India took advantage of Pakistan's mistreatment of Bangladeshis to support Bangladesh's liberation movement against Pakistan. From September 1971, the Indian army gradually provided more direct support to Mukti Bahini units in Bangladesh, conducting operations within 10 miles of the border by November. This was done to weaken Pakistan's military positions along the border in preparation for the war in December. Prior to major Indian army involvement, the Border Security Force provided some assistance and training to Mukti Bahini units. Overall, growing Indian support for Bangladeshi independence helped weaken Pakistan and ultimately led to Bangladesh gaining independence.
Rise of vietnamese nationalism in the early 20 thhamish anderson
Vietnamese nationalism grew in the early 20th century with patriots struggling to liberalize the country from French colonial rule. Different groups adopted various ideologies, with the communists under Ho Chi Minh becoming the primary leaders of the independence movement after 1930. However, the French colonial government suppressed nationalism through violent crackdowns on protests. They also imposed harsh policies like heavy taxation and forced labor that exploited and impoverished the Vietnamese people. While resistance periodically erupted, the national movement remained divided and was unable to take advantage of France's weaknesses, allowing the French to maintain control during World War I through continued oppression.
The New Economic Policy (NEP) was introduced by Lenin in 1921 as a temporary retreat from extreme socialist policies to help stabilize Russia's struggling economy in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Civil War. The NEP allowed for some private enterprise and free trade of agricultural goods to encourage economic growth while the Communist party consolidated power. While it helped recovery by reintroducing economic incentives, the NEP was criticized by some socialists for permitting capitalist practices and failing to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union. Overall, the NEP was a pragmatic solution that addressed immediate economic needs but was not meant as a long-term departure from Communist principles.
In January 1968, Alexander Dubcek became leader of Czechoslovakia and instituted democratic reforms, which were initially popular. However, in August 1968, Soviet forces invaded Czechoslovakia to end the reforms, arresting Dubcek and forcing him to renounce his policies. Though the Soviets claimed they were responding to fascist threats, they faced widespread non-violent protests from Czech civilians. After a week of occupation, Dubcek was released but forced to invalidate the reforms and reimpose censorship and control over unions and media. The Soviet occupation lasted until 1991 and spurred further anti-communist resistance in Czechoslovakia.
World War I began in 1914 due to increasing tensions between European powers resulting from imperialism, military alliances, and nationalism. The immediate cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist. This led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, drawing in allies on both sides through a system of entangling alliances. The war became total war as whole societies were mobilized. It was fought mostly in trench warfare until the United States joined the Allies in 1917, shifting momentum and leading Germany to surrender in 1918. Over 10 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives in the war.
The Spanish Civil War was a complex conflict with various long-term causes:
- Spain was deeply divided along ideological lines between conservatives and progressives.
- Socioeconomic tensions existed between wealthy landowners and poor peasants.
- Regional nationalism in Catalonia and the Basque Country challenged Spanish unity.
- The monarchy's failures, such as losing colonies to the U.S., weakened its legitimacy.
This ideological and social divide culminated in the 1931 establishment of the Second Spanish Republic and its progressive reforms, which conservative and religious groups opposed, setting the stage for civil war.
L10 the bolshevik consolidation of powerBOAHistory
The document provides background information on the Bolshevik consolidation of power in Russia between 1917-1924, specifically focusing on Lenin and the Russian Civil War. It discusses how Lenin dissolved the Constituent Assembly and established a one-party communist state. It also summarizes how the Bolsheviks won the Civil War through Trotsky's organization of the Red Army, the use of propaganda, and instituting the Red Terror against opponents. The document notes the economic policies of War Communism and the New Economic Policy that were implemented during this period.
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
1. This document is a report listing the names and assessment scores of 37 students from SD Negeri 2 Karang Bayan for the 2017/2018 school year.
2. It shows the students' national identification numbers, names, scores on routine tests, midterms, finals and other assessments including written tests, projects, products and portfolios.
3. The mastery criteria for passing is an average score of 60% for routine tests, 20% for midterms and 20% for finals.
Vienna has a long history as a tourism destination dating back to the Middle Ages when it was an important trading hub located on the Danube River. In the 15th-16th centuries, Vienna became a center for music and arts which led to the emergence of the Grand Tour, bringing wealthy visitors. World Wars I and II severely damaged Vienna's economy and tourism industry but reconstruction efforts and innovations like air travel helped tourism rebound in the postwar decades. Vienna continues to draw visitors with its historic sites and cultural offerings.
The document summarizes the history of Berlin from its origins as a small town established on the Spree River in 1244 to its growth as the capital of Germany. It discusses Berlin's division after World War 2 into East and West Berlin under the control of the Soviet Union and Western Allies respectively, and its eventual reunification in 1990 after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Major events covered include the rule of the Hohenzollern dynasty that expanded Berlin's population and influence, its position as the capital of Prussia and later a unified German Empire, and its role in the center of the Cold War divide between East and West Germany until reunification.
Florence, capital of Italy’s Tuscany region, is home to many masterpieces of Renaissance art and architecture. One of its most iconic sights is the Duomo, a cathedral with a terracotta-tiled dome engineered by Brunelleschi and a bell tower by Giotto.
This presentation discusses the timeline and evolution of Florence, both culturally and in terms of the size of the city.
Berlin is the capital city of Germany located in northeastern Germany. It has a long history dating back to the 13th century when it was first documented. Over time it served as the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, and Nazi Germany. After World War 2, Berlin was divided between East and West, with East Berlin as capital of East Germany and West Berlin as an exclave surrounded by East Germany. Following German reunification in 1990, Berlin again became the unified capital of all Germany. Berlin is now a major center of culture, politics, science, and industry in Europe.
Vilnius is the capital city of Lithuania, located in the southeast of the country. It has a population of over 500,000 people. Vilnius first emerged as a trading settlement in the 13th century and was established as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Grand Duke Gediminas in 1323. The city underwent expansion in the 16th century with the construction of city walls and became an important center of science and culture as the home of Vilnius University, founded in 1579. However, Vilnius suffered significant damage and loss of population in the 17th century during wars and outbreaks of plague. The city changed hands repeatedly in the early 20th century during World Wars I
This document summarizes the key events of the Russian Revolution from 1903 to 1917, including the split of the Russian Social Democratic Party, the Revolution of 1905, World War I, the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in March 1917, the establishment of dual power between the Petrograd Soviet and Provisional Government, Lenin's return to Russia and the April Theses advocating transforming the war into a civil war, and the Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1917 known as the Great October Revolution. It provides historical context through photographs and descriptions of revolutionary activity, political leaders, and unrest during this transformative period in Russian and world history.
Europe in the second half of the 19th centurypapefons Fons
The document summarizes key events in Europe in the second half of the 19th century, including the unifications of Italy and Germany and the rise of colonialism. It describes how Napoleon III supported Italian unification against Austria and fought Prussia, contributing to German unification. It outlines the roles of Cavour, Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II in creating the Kingdom of Italy. It also discusses Bismarck's manipulation of conflicts that led to the defeat of Denmark, Austria and France and the establishment of a unified German Empire under Wilhelm I. Finally, it provides context on the scramble for African colonies by European powers and the consequences of colonial rule.
In the mid-19th century, nationalist movements led by Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia resulted in the unification of Italy and Germany. Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II unified most Italian states by 1861, while Bismarck used three wars from 1864-1871 to unite most German states under Prussian leadership. These new nation states of Italy and Germany altered the balance of power in Europe and weakened the influence of Austria-Hungary.
This document provides an overview of key events and topics in modern Western European history through a series of slides. It covers the history of many European countries from the 15th century onwards, including the major empires, conflicts, explorations, and political developments that shaped the region. It also includes maps, timelines, and links for further information on the various topics presented.
The document provides a timeline of key events in the history and development of Berlin from 1443 to 1989. It traces the city's growth from a population of around 8,000 in the mid-15th century to over 400,000 by the early 19th century. Major events included the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, devastating losses during the Thirty Years' War, and the division of Berlin by the Berlin Wall in 1961 until its fall in 1989. Maps show the expansion and development of the city center over time.
This document discusses traditions in several European countries. It includes sections on history and culture, myths and legends, traditional music and dance, handicrafts, and various cultural terms. Specific topics summarized include revolutions in Czechoslovakia, Moldavia, Wallachia, Hungary, and Poland; castles such as Karlstejn Castle, Peles Castle, Wawel Castle, and Neuschwanstein Castle; the introduction of democracy in countries like the Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Germany, and Portugal; famous authors from each country like Karel Capek, Mihai Eminescu, Sandor Korosi Csoma, Adam Mickiewicz, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and Luis Vaz de Camoes;
The document summarizes the challenges to the post-Napoleonic "Concert of Europe" system established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. It discusses the wave of revolutions that swept across Europe in the 1820s-1830s as liberal and nationalist aspirations were ignored. These included the Belgian Revolution of 1830 seeking independence from the Netherlands, and a Polish uprising in 1830 against Russian rule seeking autonomy. The July Revolution of 1830 in France replaced the ultra-royalist King Charles X with the more moderate "Citizen King" Louis Philippe, though it mainly benefited the middle class and not workers.
Haussmann dramatically transformed Paris through his urban planning projects in the 19th century. He widened streets, built new boulevards, erected modern buildings and public monuments, and installed modern sewage and water systems. This modernized Paris and improved public health by reducing overcrowding and disease. Haussmann divided the city into new districts and standardized building facades to give Paris a unified neoclassical architectural style and symmetrical layout of grand avenues radiating outward from landmarks. While expensive, Haussmann's renovation of Paris infrastructure and architecture created the iconic city known today.
Indian involvement During Liberation war of Bangladesh Makhsudul Hasan
India took advantage of Pakistan's mistreatment of Bangladeshis to support Bangladesh's liberation movement against Pakistan. From September 1971, the Indian army gradually provided more direct support to Mukti Bahini units in Bangladesh, conducting operations within 10 miles of the border by November. This was done to weaken Pakistan's military positions along the border in preparation for the war in December. Prior to major Indian army involvement, the Border Security Force provided some assistance and training to Mukti Bahini units. Overall, growing Indian support for Bangladeshi independence helped weaken Pakistan and ultimately led to Bangladesh gaining independence.
Rise of vietnamese nationalism in the early 20 thhamish anderson
Vietnamese nationalism grew in the early 20th century with patriots struggling to liberalize the country from French colonial rule. Different groups adopted various ideologies, with the communists under Ho Chi Minh becoming the primary leaders of the independence movement after 1930. However, the French colonial government suppressed nationalism through violent crackdowns on protests. They also imposed harsh policies like heavy taxation and forced labor that exploited and impoverished the Vietnamese people. While resistance periodically erupted, the national movement remained divided and was unable to take advantage of France's weaknesses, allowing the French to maintain control during World War I through continued oppression.
The New Economic Policy (NEP) was introduced by Lenin in 1921 as a temporary retreat from extreme socialist policies to help stabilize Russia's struggling economy in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Civil War. The NEP allowed for some private enterprise and free trade of agricultural goods to encourage economic growth while the Communist party consolidated power. While it helped recovery by reintroducing economic incentives, the NEP was criticized by some socialists for permitting capitalist practices and failing to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union. Overall, the NEP was a pragmatic solution that addressed immediate economic needs but was not meant as a long-term departure from Communist principles.
In January 1968, Alexander Dubcek became leader of Czechoslovakia and instituted democratic reforms, which were initially popular. However, in August 1968, Soviet forces invaded Czechoslovakia to end the reforms, arresting Dubcek and forcing him to renounce his policies. Though the Soviets claimed they were responding to fascist threats, they faced widespread non-violent protests from Czech civilians. After a week of occupation, Dubcek was released but forced to invalidate the reforms and reimpose censorship and control over unions and media. The Soviet occupation lasted until 1991 and spurred further anti-communist resistance in Czechoslovakia.
World War I began in 1914 due to increasing tensions between European powers resulting from imperialism, military alliances, and nationalism. The immediate cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist. This led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, drawing in allies on both sides through a system of entangling alliances. The war became total war as whole societies were mobilized. It was fought mostly in trench warfare until the United States joined the Allies in 1917, shifting momentum and leading Germany to surrender in 1918. Over 10 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives in the war.
The Spanish Civil War was a complex conflict with various long-term causes:
- Spain was deeply divided along ideological lines between conservatives and progressives.
- Socioeconomic tensions existed between wealthy landowners and poor peasants.
- Regional nationalism in Catalonia and the Basque Country challenged Spanish unity.
- The monarchy's failures, such as losing colonies to the U.S., weakened its legitimacy.
This ideological and social divide culminated in the 1931 establishment of the Second Spanish Republic and its progressive reforms, which conservative and religious groups opposed, setting the stage for civil war.
L10 the bolshevik consolidation of powerBOAHistory
The document provides background information on the Bolshevik consolidation of power in Russia between 1917-1924, specifically focusing on Lenin and the Russian Civil War. It discusses how Lenin dissolved the Constituent Assembly and established a one-party communist state. It also summarizes how the Bolsheviks won the Civil War through Trotsky's organization of the Red Army, the use of propaganda, and instituting the Red Terror against opponents. The document notes the economic policies of War Communism and the New Economic Policy that were implemented during this period.
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
1. This document is a report listing the names and assessment scores of 37 students from SD Negeri 2 Karang Bayan for the 2017/2018 school year.
2. It shows the students' national identification numbers, names, scores on routine tests, midterms, finals and other assessments including written tests, projects, products and portfolios.
3. The mastery criteria for passing is an average score of 60% for routine tests, 20% for midterms and 20% for finals.
Vienna has a long history as a tourism destination dating back to the Middle Ages when it was an important trading hub located on the Danube River. In the 15th-16th centuries, Vienna became a center for music and arts which led to the emergence of the Grand Tour, bringing wealthy visitors. World Wars I and II severely damaged Vienna's economy and tourism industry but reconstruction efforts and innovations like air travel helped tourism rebound in the postwar decades. Vienna continues to draw visitors with its historic sites and cultural offerings.
The document summarizes the history of Berlin from its origins as a small town established on the Spree River in 1244 to its growth as the capital of Germany. It discusses Berlin's division after World War 2 into East and West Berlin under the control of the Soviet Union and Western Allies respectively, and its eventual reunification in 1990 after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Major events covered include the rule of the Hohenzollern dynasty that expanded Berlin's population and influence, its position as the capital of Prussia and later a unified German Empire, and its role in the center of the Cold War divide between East and West Germany until reunification.
Florence, capital of Italy’s Tuscany region, is home to many masterpieces of Renaissance art and architecture. One of its most iconic sights is the Duomo, a cathedral with a terracotta-tiled dome engineered by Brunelleschi and a bell tower by Giotto.
This presentation discusses the timeline and evolution of Florence, both culturally and in terms of the size of the city.
Berlin is the capital city of Germany located in northeastern Germany. It has a long history dating back to the 13th century when it was first documented. Over time it served as the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, and Nazi Germany. After World War 2, Berlin was divided between East and West, with East Berlin as capital of East Germany and West Berlin as an exclave surrounded by East Germany. Following German reunification in 1990, Berlin again became the unified capital of all Germany. Berlin is now a major center of culture, politics, science, and industry in Europe.
Vilnius is the capital city of Lithuania, located in the southeast of the country. It has a population of over 500,000 people. Vilnius first emerged as a trading settlement in the 13th century and was established as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Grand Duke Gediminas in 1323. The city underwent expansion in the 16th century with the construction of city walls and became an important center of science and culture as the home of Vilnius University, founded in 1579. However, Vilnius suffered significant damage and loss of population in the 17th century during wars and outbreaks of plague. The city changed hands repeatedly in the early 20th century during World Wars I
This document summarizes the key events of the Russian Revolution from 1903 to 1917, including the split of the Russian Social Democratic Party, the Revolution of 1905, World War I, the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in March 1917, the establishment of dual power between the Petrograd Soviet and Provisional Government, Lenin's return to Russia and the April Theses advocating transforming the war into a civil war, and the Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1917 known as the Great October Revolution. It provides historical context through photographs and descriptions of revolutionary activity, political leaders, and unrest during this transformative period in Russian and world history.
Europe in the second half of the 19th centurypapefons Fons
The document summarizes key events in Europe in the second half of the 19th century, including the unifications of Italy and Germany and the rise of colonialism. It describes how Napoleon III supported Italian unification against Austria and fought Prussia, contributing to German unification. It outlines the roles of Cavour, Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II in creating the Kingdom of Italy. It also discusses Bismarck's manipulation of conflicts that led to the defeat of Denmark, Austria and France and the establishment of a unified German Empire under Wilhelm I. Finally, it provides context on the scramble for African colonies by European powers and the consequences of colonial rule.
In the mid-19th century, nationalist movements led by Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia resulted in the unification of Italy and Germany. Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II unified most Italian states by 1861, while Bismarck used three wars from 1864-1871 to unite most German states under Prussian leadership. These new nation states of Italy and Germany altered the balance of power in Europe and weakened the influence of Austria-Hungary.
This document provides an overview of key events and topics in modern Western European history through a series of slides. It covers the history of many European countries from the 15th century onwards, including the major empires, conflicts, explorations, and political developments that shaped the region. It also includes maps, timelines, and links for further information on the various topics presented.
The document provides a timeline of key events in the history and development of Berlin from 1443 to 1989. It traces the city's growth from a population of around 8,000 in the mid-15th century to over 400,000 by the early 19th century. Major events included the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, devastating losses during the Thirty Years' War, and the division of Berlin by the Berlin Wall in 1961 until its fall in 1989. Maps show the expansion and development of the city center over time.
This document discusses traditions in several European countries. It includes sections on history and culture, myths and legends, traditional music and dance, handicrafts, and various cultural terms. Specific topics summarized include revolutions in Czechoslovakia, Moldavia, Wallachia, Hungary, and Poland; castles such as Karlstejn Castle, Peles Castle, Wawel Castle, and Neuschwanstein Castle; the introduction of democracy in countries like the Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Germany, and Portugal; famous authors from each country like Karel Capek, Mihai Eminescu, Sandor Korosi Csoma, Adam Mickiewicz, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and Luis Vaz de Camoes;
The document summarizes the challenges to the post-Napoleonic "Concert of Europe" system established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. It discusses the wave of revolutions that swept across Europe in the 1820s-1830s as liberal and nationalist aspirations were ignored. These included the Belgian Revolution of 1830 seeking independence from the Netherlands, and a Polish uprising in 1830 against Russian rule seeking autonomy. The July Revolution of 1830 in France replaced the ultra-royalist King Charles X with the more moderate "Citizen King" Louis Philippe, though it mainly benefited the middle class and not workers.
Haussmann dramatically transformed Paris through his urban planning projects in the 19th century. He widened streets, built new boulevards, erected modern buildings and public monuments, and installed modern sewage and water systems. This modernized Paris and improved public health by reducing overcrowding and disease. Haussmann divided the city into new districts and standardized building facades to give Paris a unified neoclassical architectural style and symmetrical layout of grand avenues radiating outward from landmarks. While expensive, Haussmann's renovation of Paris infrastructure and architecture created the iconic city known today.
German culture before 1870 saw significant political changes. Prussia established a customs union called the Zollverein in the 1830s that excluded Austria and unified most German states economically. Otto von Bismarck was appointed minister-president of Prussia in 1862 and pursued German unification through "blood and iron" rather than democratic means. Prussia fought successful wars against Denmark, Austria, and France between 1864-1871, culminating in the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871 under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.
- The history of Europe covers prehistoric civilizations like the Minoans and Mycenaeans through the classical era of Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire.
- The Middle Ages saw the rise and fall of powers like the Franks and Byzantines. The Viking Age and Crusades had major impacts.
- The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and Age of Discovery transformed Europe. Major wars included the Hundred Years' War and Thirty Years' War.
- Modern European history includes the rise of nation-states, colonialism, world wars, and the postwar division between Western capitalist states and Eastern communist states within the Soviet sphere of influence. The European Union now faces challenges including financial crises and immigration
Dzierżoniów is a city located in southwest Poland along the Piława River. It began in the 12th century and was originally part of the Duchy of Świdnica-Jawor before coming under control of other powers like Prussia and Poland. Today it has a population of around 33,727 people and remains an important industrial and cultural center known for its textile production and historical buildings like St. George's Church.
The history of Latvia spans several millennia, with Finno-Ugric and Baltic peoples inhabiting the region as early as 3000 BC. From the 9th to 11th centuries, Vikings raided the Baltic lands, and in the late 12th century German merchants and Christian missionaries arrived. Riga was founded by Germans in 1201 and became an important trading post in 1282. Latvia came under Polish-Lithuanian rule in the 14th century before being conquered by Sweden. Russia gained influence over Latvia in the 18th century during the Great Northern War. Latvia declared independence in 1918 after World War I but was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 and Nazi Germany from 1941-1944 before being reoccupied by the Soviet Union until 1991
Berlin has a long history as the capital of Germany. It began as two small fishing villages on the River Spree in the 13th century and grew into one of Germany's richest cities by the 15th century. During the 18th century, many grand buildings were constructed, transforming the small settlements into an important port and trading center. Berlin became the official capital of a unified Germany in 1871. The city faced great destruction during World War 2 but was rebuilt after the war ended. Berlin was then divided by the Berlin Wall from 1961 to 1989 during the Cold War, separating East and West Berlin until the wall was torn down.
Berlin has a long history as the capital of Germany. It began as two small fishing villages on the River Spree in the 13th century and grew into one of Germany's richest cities by the 15th century. During the 18th century, many grand buildings were constructed, transforming the small settlements into an important port and trading center. Berlin became the official capital of a unified Germany in 1871. The city faced great destruction during World War 2 but was rebuilt after the war ended. Berlin was then divided by the Berlin Wall from 1961 to 1989 during the Cold War, separating East and West Berlin until the wall was torn down.
This document provides an overview of Western European history from 400 BC to present day through a series of slides. It covers the major empires, rulers, conflicts, and developments in countries like France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and more. Key events summarized include the Renaissance in Italy, the French and Habsburg empires, the Protestant Reformation sparked by Martin Luther, the British Empire and its colonies, and the world wars and postwar periods in Europe.
Presentation de la ville de Satovcha par le participants au cours erasmus+ ka1 in rome “Grand Tour in Europe: Creativity, Innovation, Active Citizenship and Intercultural Dialogue”
Presentation des participants au cours Erasmus+ Grand Tour in Europe: Creativity, Innovation, Active Citizenship and Intercultural Dialogue in Rome 14-19 October 2019
Ulysses Elytis was a Greek poet who won the 1979 Nobel Prize for Literature. He said that if Greece is disintegrated, you will be left with an olive tree, a vineyard, and a boat - referring to Greece's agricultural productivity and shipping industry as the forces that can rebuild the country. Melina Merkouri was an actress and politician who believed Greece's legacy and fortune lies in its culture and tourism. She fought to return the Parthenon Marbles from the British Museum to Athens. Xenophon Zolotas was a Greek economist who served as Governor of the Bank of Greece and Prime Minister. He gave a famous speech in Washington D.C. using only words of Greek origin to
10th High School is located in Heraklion city, Greece. It has almost 200 students who attend courses for three years. The school has 10 classrooms, a modern computer lab, physics and chemistry labs, a gym, and a library. It offers general education courses as well as choices between theoretical and science courses to prepare students for the university entrance exams. The school also implements numerous educational activities like environmental education, trips, and lectures on health and social issues.
Crete is the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean known for being the home of the ancient Minoan civilization. Heraklion is the largest city in Crete, serving as the capital and economic center. It has a long history dating back to Minoan times and has been ruled by Byzantines, Venetians, and Ottomans. Major attractions in Heraklion include the archaeological site of Knossos, the largest Bronze Age archaeological site in Europe, as well as museums housing artifacts from Minoan civilization. Crete has a unique culture influenced by its diverse rulers throughout history and is known for its healthy cuisine, folk dances, and biodiversity.
Curso grand tour en europe - Erasmus plus - Maria Nieves GonzalezSimone Petrucci
Este documento presenta un curso de formación en París del 8 al 13 de abril de 2019 sobre el "Grand Tour en Europa", centrado en la creatividad, la innovación, la ciudadanía activa y el diálogo intercultural. Incluye el programa con visitas a museos como el Museo del Hombre, el Petit Palais y el Louvre, así como talleres. La autora, profesora de geografía e historia en Jaén, España, espera intercambiar experiencias pedagógicas con otros docentes europeos. El curso le permitirá adquiri
Haukipudas Upper Secondary School has 380 students ages 16-19 and 20 teachers. It focuses on international cooperation as a UNESCO school, offering an internationality course for second year students and a trekking course. Finnish education is free at all levels and based on trust and responsibility, with the first national examination occurring at the end of general upper secondary education.
The document summarizes a meeting of partners for the ASE Erasmus+ project from November 2015-2017. Representatives from Poland, Romania, France, Greece, and Italy met in Castiglione del Lago, Italy for their first in-person meeting after communicating online. They visited a music school together, saw lessons, and had working sessions to plan student exchanges and future meeting dates. The partners gained insights into each other's schools and regions during their time in Italy.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
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History of Vienna - IFMIK
1. presented bypresented by
Institut für die Förderung von Mehrsprachigkeit,
interkulturellen Kompetenzen und Gleichbehandlung
For the project meeting of the project EU Treasure Hunt in
Vienna June 2012
2. Roman beginnings
The name Vindobona -->from a Celtic language,
The Romans created a military camp (occupied by Legio
X Gemina) during the 1st century on the site of the city
centre of present-day Vienna.centre of present-day Vienna.
The settlement was raised to
the status of a municipium
in 212.
3. Early Middle Ages
The streets and houses of early medieval Vienna
followed the former Roman walls, which gives rise to
the conclusion that parts of the fortification were still
in place and used by the settlers. The firstin place and used by the settlers. The first
documented mention of the city during the Middle
Ages dates to 881 when a battle apud Weniam was
fought against the Hungarians. However, it is unclear
whether this refers to the city or the River Wien.
4. Babenberg rule
In 976, the Margraviate of Ostarrîchi was
given to the Babenberg family. Vienna
lay at its border to Hungary.
Vienna was an important site of trade as
early as the 11th century. In the Exchange
of Mautern between the Bishop ofof Mautern between the Bishop of
Passau and Margrave Leopold IV, Vienna
is mentioned as a Civitas for the first
time, which indicates the existence of a
well-ordered settlement.
In 1155, Duke Henry II of Austria made
Vienna his capital.
Duke Henry II of the
Babenberg dynasty
elevated Vienna to his
capital in 1155
5. Babenberg rule 2.
In 1156, Austria was raised to a duchy in the
Privilegium Minus, with Vienna becoming the seat of
the duke. During that time, the Schottenstift was
founded.
In 1221, Vienna received the rights of a city and as aIn 1221, Vienna received the rights of a city and as a
staple port (Stapelrecht). This meant that all traders
passing through Vienna had to offer their goods in the
city. This allowed the Viennese to act as middlemen in
trade, so that Vienna soon created a network of far-
reaching trade relations, particularly along the
Danube basin and to Venice, and to become one of
the most important cities in the Holy Roman Empire.
6. Habsburg rule
In 1278, Rudolf I took control over the
Austrian lands after his victory over
Ottokar II of Bohemia and began to
establish Habsburg rule.
In Vienna, it took a relatively long time
for the Habsburgs to establish theirfor the Habsburgs to establish their
control, because partisans of Ottokar
remained strong for a long time. There
were several uprisings against Albert I.
The family of the Paltrams vom
Stephansfreithof was foremost among
the insurgents.
In 1280, Jans der Enikel wrote the
"Fürstenbuch", a first history of the city.
Duke Rudolf IV of Austria,
known as "the Founder", did
much to expand the city
7. Habsburg rule 2 Luxembourg emperors
With the Luxembourg emperors,
Prague became the imperial residence
and Vienna stood in its shadow
Rudolf IV of Austria deserves credit for
his prudent economic policy, which
raised the level of prosperity.raised the level of prosperity.
His epithet the Founder is due to two
things:
1. he founded the University of
Vienna in 1365,
2. he began the construction of
the gothic nave in the
Stephansdom.Duke Rudolf IV of Austria,
known as "the Founder", did
much to expand the city
8. Habsburg rule 3 , Vienna became the
capital of the Holy Roman Empire
After the election of Duke Albert V as German King
Albert II, Vienna became the capital of the Holy
Roman Empire.
1469, Vienna was given its own bishop, and the
Stephansdom became a cathedral
During the upheavals of the era of the weak EmperorDuring the upheavals of the era of the weak Emperor
Frederick III, Vienna remained on the side of his
opponents (first Albert VI, then Matthias Corvinus), as
Frederick proved unable to maintain peace in the land
vis-à-vis rampaging gangs of mercenaries (often
remaining from the Hussite Wars).
9. Habsburg rule 4 Vienna became the seat of the Emperor
In 1556, Vienna became the seat of the Emperor, with
Hungary and Bohemia having been added to the
Habsburg realm in 1526.
During this time, the city was also recatholicised after
having become Protestant rather quickly.having become Protestant rather quickly.
In 1551,
the Jesuits
were brought to
town and soon
gained a large
influence in court.
10. Turkish sieges
In 1529, Vienna was besieged by
the Ottoman Turks for the first , although
unsuccessfully. The city, protected by medieval walls,
only barely withstood the attacks, until epidemics and
an early winter forced the Turks to retreatan early winter forced the Turks to retreat
2. Turkish Siege of 1683, as they allowed the city to
maintain itself for two months, until the Turkish army
was defeated by the army led by the Polish King Jan
Sobieski. This was the turning point in the Turkish
Wars, as the Ottoman Empire was pushed back more
and more during the following decades.
11. 18th century
1679 and 1713, the population
began to grow steadily. It is
estimated that 150,000 people
lived in Vienna in 1724, and 200,000 in 1790. At thatlived in Vienna in 1724, and 200,000 in 1790. At that
time, the first factories were built.
Under Emperor Joseph II, the city administration was
modernized in 1783: officials in charge of only the city
were introduced, and the Magistrate was created. At
the same time, the graveyards within the city were
closed.
12. 19th century
During the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna was taken by
Napoleon twice, in 1805 and 1809.
After Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of
Vienna took place from September 18, 1814 to
June 9, 1815, in which the political map of Europe was
redrawn.redrawn.
1. half of the 19. c. --> intensive industrialization
in 1837 Vienna being attached to the railway network.
The French February Revolution of 1848 had an effect
as far away as Vienna: on March 13, the March
Revolution, which forced long-serving chancellor
Metternich to resign.
13. Expansion under Emperor Franz Joseph I
Under the rule of Emperor Franz Joseph I the city
experienced rapid growth and an unprecedented
flowering of culture, the arts and architecture
In 1861, the Liberals won the first (relatively) free
elections after the end of neoabsolutism.
After the great flood of 1830, RegulationAfter the great flood of 1830, Regulation
of the Danube. During that period, the
population of Vienna increased sharply,
mostly because of immigration
1910 all-time high of population,
with 2,031,000 inhabitants.
14. Expansion under Emperor Franz Joseph I
Around 1900, Vienna became a centre of the Jugendstil
(Art Nouveau), most of all with Otto Wagner and the
association of artists known as Vienna Secession
In 1890, the city was expanded for a second time: the
suburbs beyond the old Citywall were incorporatedsuburbs beyond the old Citywall were incorporated
into the town
Water pipeline Wiener Hochquellwasserleitung,
bringing fresh water from the mountains to Vienna
and the creation of a belt of meadows and forests
around the city).
15. World War I
World War I (1914–1918)
did not result in an immediate threat to Vienna,
but it led to a lack of supplies because of the economic
embargo imposed by the Entente powers, which resultedembargo imposed by the Entente powers, which resulted
in a shortage of food and clothes.
The end of the war was also the end of Austria-
Hungary. On November 12, 1918, the Republic of
Deutsch-Österreich, or German-Austria, was
proclaimed in front of the parliament. The population
was concentrated in the capital, which was often called
a hydrocephalus because of this.
16. First Republic
In 1921, Vienna was separated
from the surrounding Lower
Austria and became a state of its own.
The left-wing Social Democrats have an importatnt role
in the city administration. "Red Vienna" was consideredin the city administration. "Red Vienna" was considered
an international model. Many notable Gemeindebauten
(low-cost residential estates) were built during that
period.
Polarisation of the political parties: On the social
democratic side, the left-wing Republican Protective
Alliance was formed in 1923/24, which was a well-
organised and well-equipped paramilitary group. It was
opposed by the right-wing Heimwehr ("Home Guard")
17. Austrofascism
in 1933 the dissolution of parliament, marked the way
to the Civil War in February 1934. After Engelbert
Dollfuß, who had been Chancellor of Austria and
foreign minister since 1932, had forbidden the Nazi
Party, the Communist Party and the Schutzbund inParty, the Communist Party and the Schutzbund in
1933, he extended the ban to the Social Democratic
Party in 1934 after the February Uprising.
The only legal political organization was the new
movement of his own creation, the Vaterländische
Front. Dollfuß created an authoritarian regime and
ruled without parliamentary approval.
18. Third Reich
In March 1938 Nazi Germany
occupied and annexed Austria
in a process known as the Anschluss.
Immediately after the Anschluss the Jews of Vienna
were subject to violence from the State as well as fromwere subject to violence from the State as well as from
Antisemites acting out of their own sadism. During
the Reichskristallnacht on November 9, 1938, the
synagogues, the Jewish centres were destroyed.
In August, the KZ Oberlanzendorf Wien (Central
Office for Jewish Emigration) was created. Its head
was Adolf Eichmann
19. World War II
1943 the city began being attacked by bombers based
in Italy. Large flak towers were constructed in the city
The bombings of 1944 and 1945 and the vicious
fightingfighting
during the subsequent conquest of Vienna by Soviet
troops in April 1945 caused much destruction within
the city.
Luckily some historic buildings survived the
bombardment; many more were painstakingly
reconstructed after the war.
20. Allied occupation
Only a few days after the war,
On April 29, 1945 the parliament
building passed from the occupa-
tion force to the new Austrian
government announced the reinstitution of thegovernment announced the reinstitution of the
democratic Republic of Austria.
Vienna was divided into five occupation zones
between the Soviet Union, the USA, the UK, France,
and with the first district being patrolled by all four.
The first municipal elections were held in November
1945.
21. Modern history since 1955
On May 15, 1955, the country regained
its political independence and sovereignty
with the "Austrian State Treaty".
The Austrian Parliament immediately
amended the treaty to establish Austria's
future neutrality and non-alignmentfuture neutrality and non-alignment
(similar to that of Switzerland).
After the war: enormous economic boom
Public transport in Vienna was improved by the
introduction of the new U-Bahn network, the first part of
which was opened in 1978
During the 1970s, Vienna became the third official seat of
the United Nations, and the UNO-City was built.
22. Modern history of the last
decades
Austria is member of the European Union since 1995
Official currency EURO since 1999.
In the municipal elections of 2001, the Social
Democrats regained an absolute majority. With the ,
not gaining enough votes, only four parties have been
represented in the municipal council since then. In the
2005 elections, the Social Democrats further increased
their majority.