The document provides a history of computers and their use in education from ancient counting methods to modern technologies. It describes how computers have evolved from early calculation devices like the abacus to the 5th generation computers of today with features like artificial intelligence and voice recognition. It also discusses how the internet and educational technologies have revolutionized learning by providing interactive activities, online resources, and new models for instruction catering to different learning styles. The future sections speculate on developing technologies and their potential impacts on education and teaching.

1. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
and the use of technology in the classroom

2. Introduction
Join us, the Time Warp Trio, as you
discover the history of computers and
what the future holds for you as a
teacher using technology in your
classroom!

3. Task
 As you complete the
webquest, you will find that
many issues are raised and
thought provoking questions
are asked.
 You do not have to formally
submit answers to these
 Your task is simple – work questions at this time.
your way through the However, variations of these
webquest to gather questions will be incorporated
information on the history of into your live text reflections,
computers and the use of so take the time to reflect
technology in education. while the information is fresh
in your mind.
 Follow all links. They lead to
 You may want to jot down
definitions, more in depth some of your initial reactions
information, videos, to refer to later.
interactive activities, etc.

4. THE PAST
from fingers and toes to what everyone knows

5. Hey there! I’m glad you could all join me.
Cell phones, laptops, PDAs, iPods and
digital cameras were not always considered
everyday items. Let’s take a look at life B.G.
(before Google)!

6. 10: The basis of our number system
 Primitive humans
found counting
necessary, and fingers
provided a natural tool,
creating a number
system based on 10.
 As time passed, rocks,
notches on wood, etc.
were used to calculate
and record larger
numbers.

7. Manipulation of Data
 The abacus was the first
instrument known that
allowed users to
manipulate data rather
than just record it.
 It is believed that the
abacus originated in  Learn more about how
Babylon around 3000 an abacus works and
B.C. even try adding on an
 Believe it or not, the interactive abacus!
abacus is still used today!

8. From Calculation Devices to Computers
 Calculating devices  Watch “The History of
were soon able to Computers” by accessing
subtract, multiply and the video through Ohio
Link.
divide as well as add.
 The introduction of
binary arithmetic and
Boolean logic led to the
development of the
internal language of
today’s digital
computers.

9. Generations of Computers
1st Generation 2nd Generation
 Early 1950’s  Mid-1950’s
 Vacuum tubes  Transistor

10. Generations of Computers
3rd Generation 4th Generation
 Early 1960’s  1970 – Mid 1990’s
 Integrated Circuits  Microprocessor

11. THE PRESENT
where computing is now

12. Wow! That was cool. Computers sure have
come a long way, but there is still more. Let’s
take a look at 5th generation computers and see
how the latest developments have changed
today’s world - especially in the field of
education.

13. 5th Generation
Computers
“The fifth
generation of
computers offers
the development
of artificial
intelligence,
computers based
on logical
inference and
parallel
processing, and
radical changes in
the Internet” (Sharp
15).

14. Modern Features
 Today’s computers can
carry out thousands of
operations
simultaneously.
 They feature:
 Voice recognition
 Natural and foreign
language translation
 Touch screens
 Handwriting recognition
with stylus input devices
 In what ways do these
features enhance
education?

15. Artificial Intelligence
 AI is a “computer science
field that tries to improve
computers by endowing
them with some of the
characteristics associated
with human intelligence,
such as the capability to
understand natural
language and to reason
under conditions of
uncertainty” (Sharp 14).
Click above to view trailer.
So what do you think – Is
number five alive?

16. A.I. in Daily Life
 Artificial intelligence
sounds a little sci-fi-ish,
but the fact is, you find
A.I. everywhere you look!
 GPS systems in cars that
tell you what direction to
travel
 Playing against the
“computer” in a game of
chess.
 Smart tutoring systems
 GRE exam
Click above to review “Smart
Tutor”

17. Internet
 The Internet is a
worldwide computer
networking system.
 It is used to:
 teach distance courses;
 communicate via voice,
data, and video
conferencing;
 research;
 work from home;
 house virtual
environments; etc.

18. The Web is Transforming…
 The Internet no
longer has the sole
purpose of providing
information.
 It has become the
read – write web
where users want to
be heard themselves
as much as they
want to see what
others are saying.

19. Hypertext & Hypermedia
 Research has shown that  It has been proposed that
hypertext has awesome there are three levels of
possibilities in education. hypermedia in education.
 Students have the ability to
personalize learning by
exploring topics that
interest them in more
depth.
 Students can use hypertext
to scaffold their reading,
and can potentially read e-
texts at a higher level
because they can use
hypertext to define
unknown words.

20. Internet Activities
 The internet is full of  Now check out some
interactive activities cool ideas for e-
that can be used to learning with your
introduce, reinforce, students:
and assess learning.  Lewis & Clark
 Try out a few simple  Exploring the
activities related to Environment
what you are learning:  International Space
 Flash Cards Station Challenge
 Crossword Puzzle  Eduweb

21. THE FUTURE
to explore new worlds, seek out new life, & go boldly forward

22. Technology is still evolving. Come with me to
take a peek at what the future may bring. Where
will you fit in? Will you embrace the latest
technological advancements or do you prefer the
status quo? How will you weave technology into
your philosophy of education?

23. What will the future hold?
 There are already many
predictions about where
the web will go next.
 How do we prepare
students to work in an
environment that doesn’t
yet exist?
 How will teacher training
be effected?
 Will life-long learning
become a must instead of
a lofty goal?

24. Looking Forward
Future Computers? Educational Technology
 What do you think  Future Trends
future computers will  Intel Education
look like? How will
you interact with Initiative
them?  Open Educational
 Future PCs Resources
 Made of Glass?  eTexts
 Nanobots
 PDA’s Rule the School
 BCI

25. Putting it in Perspective

26. EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
How changes in technology have revolutionized education

27. What does all of this mean? Bottom line –
educational technology is constantly changing, and
bringing about new and exciting ways to help
students of all ages learn! Let’s take a quick look at
how technology has been used in the classroom.

28. Educational Technology
 While definitions vary, the Association for
Educational Communications and Technology
(AECT), states "Educational technology is the
theory and practice of design, development,
utilization, management, and evaluation of
processes and resources for learning."

29. Advantages of Educational Technology
 Papers can be easily stored, revised, and
shared.
 The Internet can be a valuable library and
research resource.
 Differentiated instruction for various
learning styles can be provided.
 Multimedia presentations that include art
and music can be created.
 Software programs can be used to assist
students or create newsletters and other
documents.
 Web sites and software can assist with
teacher and administrator planning.
 Computers can help with institutional
organization and inventory.

30. Brief History of Computers in Education
 Computers were first used in
education in the fields of
science, math and
engineering.
 The first techniques included:
 A behavioral approach to
tutoring – programmed
instruction, where info was
taught in small, sequential bits
at the learners own pace with
automatic feedback.
 Computer based simulations
 The first flight simulator was
created in 1950 at MIT.
 Teaching programming
languages such as BASIC
 Due to a lack of software Project Whirlwind: 1st Flight Simulator
designed for Navy training by MIT in 1950.

31. Microcomputer Brings Mega Changes
 In 1977 the
microcomputer shifted
the focus from
mainframes to desktop
computers
 An educational software
market emerged to meet
the needs of classroom
teachers.
 Soon, computers
networks were formed
through intranets and
internets.

32. Today
 The internet is a powerful
educational tool.
 Leading professional
groups and state
departments of education  The National Educational
have developed Technology Standards
educational technology project is ongoing.
standards for teachers,
 The goal is to facilitate
students, and schools. improvement in U.S.
 Accreditation standards for schools by implementing
teachers require technology in instruction,
technology training. activities, and assessment.

33. Debate
 Over the years, there has
been a debate on the best
way to use technology to
enhance learning.
 These debates often stem
from educational
philosophies that are
teacher-directed or
constructivist based.
 Research has not
provided conclusive
evidence to support one
side or the other.
 Why do you think this is?

34. Educational Philosophies & Technology
Teacher-directed Approach Technology Applications
 Based on worksheets &  Programmed
textbooks
 Curriculum is fixed instruction programs
 Teacher transmits knowledge such as Math Blaster
 Instruction is didactic  Drill-and-practice and
 Results in one correct answer
 Stresses individualized work
tutorial software
 Poses questions for students to applications
answer  Generation of class
 Is concerned with information
acquisition performance
 Assessment is by testing information

35. Educational Philosophies & Technology
Constructivist Model Technology Applications
 Is based on manipulatives and
primary sources  Annotated movies
 Curriculum is flexible  Hypertext
 Approach develops concepts
 Student explores and discovers  Simulations such as
knowledge
 Results in acquisition of large
Lemonade Stand or Sims
concepts  Should actively address
 Stresses cooperative group work real-life problems
 Engages students in interactive
activities through interactive
 Is concerned with the process of situations
learning
 Assessment I by student products  Virtual Reality
and student observation

36. REVIEW &ASSESS
What did you learn?

37. Time to pray – just kidding! You are about to take a
quiz to assess what you have learned. But wait – you
can relax and smile, because it is open webquest!
The purpose is to see how the traditional quiz can be
adapted to be taken using a computer. Did you like
getting immediate feedback? What did you think
are the positive and negatives of this type of
assessment? How else might you use technology to
assess your students? What educational philosophy
would this type of quiz fall under?

38. Review
 McGraw-Hill online
has summaries to
review the information:
 History of Computers
 Educational Milestones
& Standards

39. Quiz Time!
 What did you learn?
 Take the quiz for
History of Computers
 Do not panic!
 You may look back at
the PowerPoint for
answers.
 Submit your scores to
johnsen@ohio.edu

40. Questions to Ponder
 What new ethical considerations
have developed as technology
advances?
 How do you see using technology in
your classroom?
 What do students need to know
about technology?
 What do you want to learn more
about?
 Will your approach follow a teacher-
directed or constructivist
philosophy?
 How does elearning affect time on
task?
 With technology changing so
quickly, how do you justify spending
the money to keep current with the
latest trends?
 Does technology help close or widen
the achievement gap?

41. BIBLIOGRAPHY
giving credit where credit is due

42. Bibliography
 "Affable-Lurking." 16 Dec. 2007. 29 Mar. 2008 <http://affable-lurking.org/blog/page/2/>.
 "Association for Educational Communications and Technology." 29 Mar. 2008
<http://www.aect.org/default.asp>.
 "Bell System Memorial - Bell Labs History of the (the "Crystal Triode")." The Porticus Center. 2007. 22
Mar. 2008 <http://www.porticus.org/bell/belllabs_transistor.html>.
 Breck, Judy. "When Educational Resources are Open." Golden Swamp. Nov.-Dec. 2007. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://goldenswamp.com/articles/When_Educational_Resources_Are_Open.html>.
 "Cell Microprocessor Introduced by Sony, IBM, and Toshiba." Lets Go Digital. 2005. 24 Mar. 2008
<http://www.pma-show.com/sony/001_cell_microprocessor.html>.
 "Center for Educatinal Technologies Elearning." Center for Educational Technologies. Wheeling
Jesuit University. 29 Mar. 2008 <http://www.cet.edu/?cat=online_learning>.
 Deutch, Nellie, comp. Future Trends in Educational Technolgy. 21 Apr. 2004. University of Pheonix.
29 Mar. 2008 <http://www.nelliemuller.com/Future_Trends_in_Educational_%20Technology.htm>.
 Deutsch, Nellie. "Future Trends in Educational Technology." Nellie Muller.Com. 21 Apr. 2004.
University of Phoenix. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://www.nelliemuller.com/Future_Trends_in_Educational_%20Technology.htm>.
 Did You Know. YouTube. 29 Mar. 2008 <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMcfrLYDm2U>.
 Dignan, Larry. "Apple's IPhone Touch Screen and the Big Picture." ZDNet. 15 Mar. 2007. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=4665>.

43. Bibliography
 Dignan, Larry. "Apple's IPhone Touch Screen and the Big Picture." ZDNet. 15 Mar. 2007. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=4665>.
 Dignan, Larry. "Apple's IPhone Touch Screen and the Big Picture." ZDNet. 15 Mar. 2007. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=4665>.
 "Discount Educational Software and More." 180 Software. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://www.180software.com/>.
 "Eduweb: Portfolio." Eduweb. 29 Mar. 2008 <http://www.eduweb.com/portfolio/portfolio.php>.
 Fallon, Sean. "Gearfuse - Keyboard with Handwriting Recognition or Something Like That." Gearfuse.
18 Sept. 2007. 22 Mar. 2008 <http://www.gearfuse.com/keyboard-with-handwriting-recognitionor-
something-like-that/>.
 Farid, Hany. "CS 4 Winter 2006." Dartmouth. Dartmouth. 22 Mar. 2008
<http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/teaching/cs4/winter.06/notes/abacus.jpg>.
 Fernandes, Luis. "The Abacus: Index." Abacus: the Art of Calculating with Beads. 08 Nov. 2004. 22
Mar. 2008 <http://www.ee.ryerson.ca:8080/~elf/abacus/>.
 Foltz, Christopher W. "Introduction." Western Illinois University. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://www.wiu.edu/users/mucwf/intro.html>.
 "Freeload Press." Freeload Press. 29 Mar. 2008 <http://www.freeloadpress.com/index.aspx>.
 "Future PC's." Rense.Com. 18 Jan. 2006. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://www.rense.com/general69/future.htm>.

44. Bibliography
 "History of the Computer." McGraw-Hill Higher Ed. 2005. 29 Mar. 2008 <http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/007288021x/student_view0/chapter1/>.
 "Hypertext - Definitions From Dictionary.Com." Dictionary.Com. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hypertext>.
 "Integrated Circuit: Definition and Much More." Answers.Com. 2008. 24 Mar. 2008
<http://www.answers.com/topic/integrated-circuit?cat=technology>.
 "Intel Education Intiative." Intel. 29 Mar. 2008 <http://www.intel.com/education/>.
 Kopplin, John. "Computer History." Computer Science Lab. 2002. 23 Mar. 2008
<http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/History.htm>.
 "Learning Today - Product." Learning Today. 2006. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://www.learningtoday.com/corporate/product.asp>.
 Lu, Hsueh-Mei. "Three Levels of Hypermedia in Education." San Diego State University College of
Education. 29 Mar. 2008 <http://coe.sdsu.edu/eet/Articles/HyperLevels3/start.htm>.
 Montecino, Virginia. "Vacuum Tube Technology." Education and Technology Resources. George
Mason University. 24 Mar. 2008 <http://mason.gmu.edu/~montecin/vacuum_tube.html>.
 "Nanobot Computers of the Future." Encarta. 2007. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://encarta.msn.com/media_1741626277/nanobot_computers_of_the_future.html>.

45. Bibliography
 Niccolai, James. "Thought Controlled Computers." Computer World. 15 Mar. 2007. 22 Mar. 2008
<http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9013282>
.
 Noles, Geoffrey. "Lemonade Stand." Class Brain. 2001. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://www.classbrain.com/cb_games/cb_gms_bag/lemonade.html>.
 Scheeres, Julia. "Unisys Confesses UNIVAC Sins." Wired. 13 June 2001. 25 Mar. 2008
<http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2001/06/44489>.
 "Second Life: Official Site of the 3D Online World." Second Life. 2008. Linden Research. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://secondlife.com/>.
 Sharp, Vicki F. Computer Education for Teachers Integrating Technology Into Classroom Teaching.
5th Ed. ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2005.
 Short Circuit 1 Trailer. YouTube. 29 Mar. 2008 <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TBcQ8h_kXU>.
 "Standard Abacus." Tux.Org. 22 Mar. 2008 <http://www.tux.org/~bagleyd/java/AbacusApp.html>.
 "Technology and Teaching Children to Read." NEIR Tec. 2004. Education Development Center, Inc.
29 Mar. 2008 <http://www.neirtec.org/reading_report/report.htm#appendixa>.
 "Technology Resources." The Association of Teacher Educators. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://www.ate1.org/pubs/Technology_Resourc.cfm>.

46. Bibliograhpy
 "Timeline of Computer History." Computer History Museum. 2006. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?category=cmptr>.
 "Time Warp Trio Home." Time Warp Trio. 2008. WGBH. 25 Mar. 2008
<http://www.timewarptrio.com/>.
 Vodde, Ted. "PDAs Rule the School." Pen Computing Nov. 2001. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://pencomputing.com/palm/Pen42/pdasinschool.html>.
 "Web 1.0 Vs Web 2.0." Jeffro 2 Pt 0. 18 Aug. 2007. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://www.jeffro2pt0.com/images/web1_0>.
 "Web 2.0 to Web 3.0!" Witty Sparks. 23 July 2007. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://www.wittysparks.com/2007/07/23/web-20-to-web-30/>.
 Williams, Martyn. "Computers of the Future: Made of Glass?" CNN.Com. 30 July 2001. 29 Mar. 2008
<http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/ptech/07/30/glass.computers.idg/>.