Tomato want for ppt

2. What is Biotechnology
Bio- Biological system (s)
Industrial scale venture
What for
For the benefit of mankind

3. Biotechnology- An introduction
 In fact , is a product of interaction between science of biology and technology.
It is the technological exploitation and control use of biological system.
 According to US national science foundation
It is controlled use of biological agent such as micro-organism or cellular
components for beneficial for bacterial use
 According European Federation of Biotechnology
The integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology and engineering sciences
in order to achieve technological (industrial) application of capabilities of
microorganisms, cultured tissue cells and parts thereof.

4. Major fields of Biotechnology
1. Medicinal biotechnology
2. Industrial biotechnology
3. Animal biotechnology
4. Environmental biotechnology
5.Plant Biotechnology………

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1 Monocolonal antibodies (used for
disease diagnosis eg: hepatitis B or
cancer)
Produced by hybridoma technology
2 DNA probes (used for disease
diagnosis eg: sleeping sickness,
malaria etc)
Produced by genetically engineered
microbes
3 Recombinant vaccines (cleaner and
safer eg: human hepatitis B virus, E-
coli vaccines for pigs, rabies virus etc)
Molecular farming: Produced by
genetically engineered microbes
4 Valuable drugs like human insulin,
human interferons and bovine
growth hormones etc
Produced by genetically engineered
bacteria
5 Identification of parents/ criminals
using DNA finger-printing
Very accurate, even blood and
semen, hair roots are enough
Medicinal Biotechnology- Improvements

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1 Production of useful compounds
such as ethanol, lactic acid,
glycerin, citric acid etc
Produced by bacteria or fungi
mainly by using less useful substrate
2 Production of antibiotics eg:
Penicilin, streptomycin erythromycin,
mitomycin etc
Produced by bacteria, fungi,
actinomycetes as secondary
metabolites
3 Production of enzymes eg: α-
amylases, proteases, lipases
From fungi, bacteria for use in
detergents, textile, leather, dairy etc
Industrial Biotechnology- Improvements

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1 Test tube babies in human; involves
invitro fertilization and embryo
transfer
Couple suffering from infertility
can have babies
2 Production of transgenic animals for
increased milk, growth rate,
resistance to diseases and production
of valuable proteins in milk
Transgenic mice, pigs, chicken,
rabbits, cattle, sheep, fish
3 Hormone induced super ovulation
and or embryo splitting in farm
animals, involves embryo transfer and,
in many cases invitro fertilization
For rapid multiplication of
animals for superior genotypes
Animal Biotechnology- Improvements

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1 Efficient sewage treatment,
deodorization of human excreta
Efficient microorganism strains
have been developed
2 Degradation of petroleum and
management of oil spills
A strain of Pseudomonas putida
3 Detoxification of industrial wastes
and effluents
Genetically engineered microbes-
Bioremediation
Environmental Biotechnology- Improvements

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1 Embryo culture to rescue or
otherwise in-viable hybrids , to
recover haploid plants from inter-
specific hybrids etc
Application is most remarkable
in breeding and seed production
of distant crosses
2 Rapid clonal multiplication through
meristem culture eg : for many fruit
and forest trees such as teak
Very high rate of multiplication
while conventionally rate is very
slow
3 Recovery of virus and other
pathogen free stocks of clonal crops,
meristem culture coupled with
thermotherapy/ cryotherapy
increases efficiency
Large-scale production of virus
free clonal progapules and useful
in germplasam exchange
4 Germplasam conservation through
freeze storage using liquid nitrogen (at
-196 ˚C, cryo preservation or through
slow growth)
Particularly useful in clonal
crops, especially in those
producing tubers, storage roots
etc..
Plant Biotechnology- Improvements

10. 5 Rapid isolation of homozygous
lines by chromosome doubling of
haploid plants produced through
anther / ovary culture or
interspecific hybridization
Very successful in variety
development in china in rice and
wheat improvements
6 Gene transfer (genetic
engineering) for insect resistance,
protection against viruses,
herbicide resistance, storage
improvement etc..
Mainly using Ti Plasmid of
Agrobacterium, particle gun, free
DNA uptake, revolutionary
development in crop improvement.
Eg: Bt- cotton
7 Bio-control of plant diseases and
insect pests by using virus, bacteria,
fungi etc
Environmental friendly avoids the
use of chemical pesticides which
causes health hazards
8 Metabolic engineering,
introduction of heterlogous gene
and regulatory elements
Production of metabolites on
industrial scale
Eg: Golden rice (rich in Vitamin A)
Plant Biotechnology- Improvements contd……

11. Why we need biological interventions in
plants ?????

12. • Rise in population
• Enhanced plant diseases / global
warming
• Deceasing availability of cultivable
land
• Malnutrition
• Desire to learn secrets of nature
Demand
• Sustainable food production
• Enhanced biotic and abiotic
stress tolerant plants
• Conservation of elite
germplasams
• Increased production
natural based medicines
• Develop novel plants with superior traits and productivity
• Upgrade the genetic machinery through novel gene combination or
• Otherwise in acceptable genomic background
• Increase value to our existing crop usage
We must do the following
Why we need biological interventions in plants ????? Contd…….

13. Stages of biotechnology development
 Ancient biotechnology - 8000-4000 B.C
Early history as related to food and shelter; includes domestication
 Classical biotechnology - 2000 B.C.; 1800-1900 AD
Built on ancient biotechnology; fermentation promoted food production
and medicine
 1900-1953: Genetics
 1953 - 1976: DNA research, science explodes
 Modern biotechnology - 1977
History of Biotechnology
Term Biotechnology- Karl Ereky (Hungarian engineer) in 1919

14. History of Biotechnology- Old
The origin of biotechnology can be traced back to prehistoric times when
microorganisms were already used for process like:
 Fermentation using yeast
 Formation of yogurt using Lactocillius bulgaricus or Strptococcus lactis
 Formation of cheese from milk ( Lactic group, Proionibacterium,
Penicillium roquefort)
 Production of vinegar from molasses (Acetobacter spps)
 Production of butanol and acetone from starch using Clostridium
acetobutylicum
 Production of antibiotics from Penicillium notatum

15.  Biotechnology got a boost in 1970’s with discovery of restriction
enzymes which led to the development of a variety of gene technology
which is considered to be greatest technology of the century
 Gene technology / genetic engineering: refers to a number of new
techniques for changing plants genetically that do not rely on sexual
methods instead involves genetic manipulation at cellular or molecular
level
 These are non sexual methods of gene transfer

16.  1838 – Schwann and Schleiden put forward the Cell Theory
 Which states that cells are basic unit of living organisms, was very
quick to gain acceptance.
 However the second portion that states that these structural units are
distinct and potentially totipotent and in principle, are capable of
regenerating into a complete plant, failed to gain universal acceptance,
because of the inability to demonstrate totipotency in labs
 Their theory was the foundation of plant cell and tissue culture.
Historical developments of plant biotechnology

17.  1902 – Gottlieb Haberlandt conducted the first but unsuccessful
attempt of tissue culture using monocotyledons.
 He is regarded as Father of tissue culture
 He was successful in culturing cells to synthesize starch as well as
increase in size and survival for several weeks but failed to induce
these cells to divide.
 1904 – Hanning- Embryo culture of selected crucifers attempted .
 1922- Knudson – Asymbiotic germination of orchid seeds in vitro
 1922- Robbins- In vitro culture of root tips
 1925 – Laibach – Use of embryo culture technique in interspeficic
crosses of Linum

18.  1934- White- Successful culture of tomato roots
 Generated continuously growing culture of meristematic cells of
tomato on medium containing salts, yeast extract, sucrose and 3
vitamins (pyridoxine, thiamine, nicotinic acid).
 This established the importance of additives in tissue culture.
 1939 – Gautheret, Nobecourt & White- Successful establishment
of continuously growing callus culture

19. 1941 Van Overbeek Use of coconut milk containing a cell division factor
for the first time in Datura
1944 Skoog In vitro adventitious shoot formation in tobacco
1946 Ball Raising of whole plants of Lupinus and Tropaeolum by
shoot tip culture
1952 Morel and
Martin
Use of meristem culture to obtain Virus free dahlias
1952 Morel and
Martin
First application of micro-grafting
1952 Routien and
Nickel of
Pfizer
Got the U.S patent on their claim that plant cells could
be grown in liquid nutrient medium and had potential to
produce useful compounds

20. 1953 Tulecke Production of haploid callus of the gymnosperm Gingko
biloba from pollen
1954 Muir et al First plant from single cell
1955 Miller et al Discovery of kinetin a cell division hormone
1957 Skoog and
Miller
Discovery of the regulation of organ formation by
changing the ratio of auxin and cytokinin
1958 Maheshwari
and
Rangaswamy
Regeneration of somatic embryo in vitro from the
nucellus of citrus ovules
1959 Gautheret Publication of the first handbook on Plant Tissue
Culture

21. 1960 Kanta First successful test tube fertilization in Papaver
rhoeas
1960 Jones Use of the microculture method for growing single cells
in hanging drops in a conditioned medium
1960 Cocking Enzymatic degradation of the cell walls to obtain
large number of protoplasts
1960 Bergmann Filtration of cell suspensions and isolation of single
by plating
1962 Murashige
and Skoog
Development of Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrition
medium
1964 Guha and
Maheswari
Production of first haploid embryos from pollen
grains of Datura innoxia
1967 Bourgin and
Nitsch
Androgenic haploid plants of Nicotiana were produced

22. 1968 Meselson and
Yuan
Restriction endonulease term coined to a class of
enzymes involved in cleaving DNA
1970 Carlson Selection of biochemical mutant in vitro by the use of
tissue culture derived variation
1970 Power et al First achievement of protoplast fusion
1970 Kelly and
Smith
Discovery of first restriction endonulease from
Haemophillus influenza Rd. It was later purified and
named HindII
1970 Temin Discovery of reverse transcriptase from cancer
causing animal virus
1971 Nathans First restriction map using HindII enzyme to cut
circular DNA of SV 40 into 11 specific fragments was
prepared
1971 Takebe et al Regeneration of first plants from protoplasts

23. 1972 Carlson et al First report of interspecific hybridization through
protoplast fusion in two species of Nicotiana
1972 Jackson et al First recombinant DNA molecules produced using
restriction enzymes
1972 Mertz and Davis Joining of two restriction fragments regardless of their origin
produced by same restriction enzyme by the action of DNA
ligase
1973 Cohen et al Use of Lobban and Kaiser technique to develop hybrid
plasmid----- insertion of EcoRI fragment DNA molecule into
circular plasmid DNA of bacteria using DNA ligase
1974 Zaenen et al
and Larebeke et
al
Discovery of Ti plasmid is the tumor inducing principle of
Agrobacterium
1975 Gengenbach and
Green
Positive in vitro selection of maize callus cultures resistant to
T toxin of Helminthosporium maydis
1975 O. Farrel Development of procedure for 2 dimensional (2D) gel
electrophoresis that led to development of proteomics

24. 1976 Seibert Shoot initiation from cryopreserved shoot apices of carnation
1977 Chilton et al Successful integration of the Ti plasmid DNA from A.
Tumefaciens in plants
1977 Maxam and
Gilbert
Method of DNA sequencing based on degradation of DNA
chain
1977 Sharp and
Roberts
Discovery of split genes
1978 Melchers et al Somatic hybridization of tomato and potato resulting in
pomato
1979 Marton et al Development of co-cultivation procedure for
transformation of plant protoplasts with Agrobacterium
1981 Larkin and
Scowcroft
Introduction of the term Somaclonal variation
1984 De Block et al
and Horsch
Trnasformation of tobacco with Agrobacterium; transgenic
plants were developed

25. 1986 Jeffreys Genetic fingerprinting technique was developed for
identifying individuals by analyzing polymorphism at DNA
sequence level
1986 Powell-Abel et
al
TMV virus-resistant tobacco and tomato transgenic plants
were developed using cDNA of coat protein gene of TMV
1986 Shinozaki et al Nucelotide sequencing of tobacco chloroplast genome
1986 Mullis et al Discovery of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
1987 Sanford et al
and Klein et al
Development of biolistic gene transfer method for plant
transformation
1987 Barton et al Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis isolated
1990 The human genome project is formally launched
1990 Williams et al
and Welsh and
McClelland
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique
developed

26. 1991 Fodor DNA microarray system using light directed chemical
synthesis system developed
1995 Fleischmann et
al
Report of complete DNA sequence of Haemophillus influenza
1995 Vos et al DNA fingerprinting by amplified fragment length
polymorphism (AFLP) technique developed
1997 Blattner et al Sequencing of E.coli genome
1997 Goffeau Sequencing of Yeast genome
1998 C. elegans
sequencing
consortium
The genome of multicellular organism Caenorhabditis
elegans was sequenced

27. 2001 Human genome
consortium and
Venter et al
Sequencing of human genome was successfully completed
2002 Goff et al Draft sequence of rice genome was done (Oryza sativa L. Spp.
japonica)
2003 Yu et al Draft sequence of rice genome was done (Oryza sativa L. Spp. Indica)
2007 International Rice
Genome
Sequencing Project
Map based sequence of the rice genome
2007 VIGNA-CRA
Initiative
The grapevine genome sequence completed
2008 Ray Ming et al The draft genome of the transgenic tropical fruit tree papaya (Carica
papaya Linnaeus).
2009 Sanwen Huang et
al
The genome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L was published
2012 Guo et al The draft genome of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) was published
2012 Jordi Garcia-Mas
et al
The genome of melon (Cucumis melo L.) was published
2013 Ahmad Yamin
Abdul Rahman et
al
Draft genome sequence of the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis was
published
2013 Qiang Xu et al The draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)

29. Biotechnology in India
 A separate Department of Biotechnology (DBT) was setup under Ministry of
Science and Technology was setup on Feb 26, 1986.
 So, Feb 26 is celebrated as DBT’s foundation day every year
 2016 (30th) foundation day was held at Faridabad
 International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)
has two centers, New Delhi (India) and Triesta, (Italy)
 International institute of Biotechnology (IIB) U.K (Canterbury, Kent)
 Biotechnology centers in India
 National Research Centre for Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB), New Delhi
 National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal , Haryana
 Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar (UP)

30. Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMBs)- 7 Centres
1. Madurai Kamaraj University (MKU), Maduari
2. Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi
3. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, (TNAU), Coimbatore
4. Osmania University, Hyderabad
5. Bose Institute, Kolata
6. National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow
7. University of Delhi South Campus (UDSC), New Delhi
Autonomous Institutes
 National Institute of Immunology (NII), New Delhi
 National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune
 Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostic (CDFD), Hyderabad
 National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), New Delhi
 Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Imphal
 National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi

31.  ICAR has created Biotechnology wings in their several research institutes like
 Indian Pulse Research Institute, Kanpur
 Indian Grassland and Forage Research Institute, Jhansi
 DBT has focused its attention on the conservation of germplasam using
biotechnological approaches
---A National Facility for Plant Tissue Culture Repository has been organized
 NBPGR, New Delhi ( 3 gene bank created at this centre)
 Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow
 Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI), Trivandrum

32. For the purpose of large scale micropropogation of forest and fruit trees
(eg: Teak, Eucalyptus, poplar etc). DBT funded and establishment of three pilot projects
1. Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi
2. National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune
3. J. N. Vyas University, Jodhpur

34. Plant biotechnology in crop Improvement

35. Plant biotechnology can be defined as the application of tissue culture and molecular
genetics to develop or produce a commodity from plants.
Plant biotechnology and its scope
The plants are mainly manipulated for two major objectives
A. Crop improvement
1. Herbicide tolerance (Glyphosate and Glufosinate tolerant crops)
2. Pest resistance (Bt Cotton)
3. Drought tolerance ( DroughtGard maize)
4. Virus resistant (UH Rainbow resistant to papaya ringspot virus)
5. Acidity and Salinity tolerance
6. Increased shelf life ( Flavr-Savr tomato: antisense polygalacturonase)
B. Nutritional value of crops
1. Improving food quality and safety
2. Healthier cooking oils by decreasing the conc. of saturated fatty acids in vegetable
oils
3. Functional foods: foods containing significant levels of biologically active
components that impart health benefits ( Vitamin A-enriched golden rice)

36. Golden Rice
Herbicide tolerance

37.  Farmers have widely adopted GM technology.
 Between 1996 and 2011, the total surface area of land cultivated with GM crops had
increased from 17,000 square kilometers (4,200,000 acres) to 1,600,000 km2 (395
million acres).
 10% of the world's crop lands were planted with GM crops in 2010.
 As of 2011, 11 different transgenic crops were grown commercially on 395
million acres (160 million hectares) in 29 countries such as the USA, Brazil,
Argentina, India, Canada, China, Paraguay, Pakistan, South Africa, Uruguay,
Bolivia, Australia, Philippines, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Mexico and Spain.
 To date most genetic modification of foods have primarily focused on cash
crops in high demand by farmers such as soybean, corn, canola, and cotton seed
oil.

38. Thank You