This document discusses developing a common practice for encoding historical documents using TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) standards. It outlines encoding bibliographic details, people, places, events, and encoding to support historiographical analysis and linking interpretations to build a network of scholarly arguments related to primary sources. The goal is to create a digital library of critical analyses on historical texts that can be analyzed computationally.

1. Historical TEI:
DEVELOPING A PORTFOLIO OF COMMON PRACTICE
M. H. Beals
Loughborough University
@MHBEALS
m.h.beals@lboro.ac.uk
ORCID 0000-0002-2907-3313

2. Primary Source Analysis
Understand the context of source
Disentangle ‘facts’ from ‘argument’
Place it within a historiographical context
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3. The Thorny Problem of Bias
 Sourcing (Wineburg, 1991)
The source is examined, making use of contextual knowledge of its creator and a close reading
of the language used, to determine the 'truth' of any claims or arguments made
 Bias (Mabbett, 2007)
“A bias is a built-in tendency to lean to one side, a preference that inclines one to favour one side
in an argument. […] It is important to avoid confusing prejudice or bias with the mere possession
of an opinion. We all have opinions; what matters is the extent to which we are ready to let our
opinions be changed by examination of the evidence”
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4. A Pedagogical Experiment
 120 First-Year Students Transcribing a Single Text
 XML Encoding in Simplified TEI Standards
 Critically Analysing People, Places, and Claims
 XSL Output as Interactive HTML Website with Index
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5. Negro Slavery; or, A View of Some of the More Prominent
Features of that State of Society, as it Exists in the United
States of America and in the Colonies of the West Indies,
Especially in Jamaica
https://sites.google.com/a/my.shu.ac.uk/negro-slavery/home
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6. Encoding for Bibliographical Precision
 Bibliographic Details
 Author, Date(s), Title, Publisher, Printer, Language, Subject
 Physical Details
 Dimensions, Weight, Media Type
 Holder Details
 Location, Shelf Number, Access Restrictions
 Rights Details
 Copyright, Photographic Reproduction, Reuse in Publications
 Provenance
 Version of Consultation, Method of Digitisation
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7. Encoding for Bibliographical Precision
 Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
 http://dublincore.org/documents/2012/06/14/dcmi-terms/?v=terms#
 Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND)
 http://d-nb.info/standards/elementset/gnd
 Library of Congress MARC Code List for Relators
 http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators
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8. The Perennial Problem of Periodicals
 Enumeration and Chronology of Periodicals Ontology (ECPO)
 http://cklee.github.io/ecpo/ecpo.html
 Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Record (FRBR)
 http://www.sparontologies.net/ontologies/frbr
 FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology (FaBiO)
 http://www.sparontologies.net/ontologies/fabio
 Publishing Roles Ontology (PRO)
 http://www.sparontologies.net/ontologies/pro/source.html
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9. Encoding for Nouns
 Time
 Period-O (http://perio.do/technical-overview)
 Place
 Geonames (http://www.geonames.org/ontology)
 JUSS (http://rdfs.co/juso/latest/html)
 DBPedia (http://dbpedia.org)
 Persons
 HISCO (https://collab.iisg.nl/web/hisco)
 DBPedia (http://dbpedia.org/)
 Library of Congress Name Authority (http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names.html)
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10. The Text Encoding Initiative
 <persName>
 @when, @notBefore, @notAfter, @from, @to,
@datingPoint, @datingMethod, @evidence, @role
 <placeName>
 @when, @notBefore, @notAfter, @from, @to, @precision, @cert
 <interp>
 @cert, @source
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11. Contextual Ambiguity
 Which ‘roles’ should be listed?
 Contemporary
 Heretofore
 Comprehensive
 How should historical places be defined?
 Modern combinations
 Pelagios Gazetteer Interconnection Format
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12. A Warning to Post-Modernists
You Aren’t Going to Like the Next Few Slides
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13. Encoding for Historiographical Meaning
“Historians (and students studying history) are interested instead in ‘why’ types of questions.
A typical historical question would be: ‘How and why did the cultural image of the Jews
change in medieval Europe?’ However, as the goal of the ontology was to support the
contextualization process, and not to provide an ontology which is interesting for historians
(or for students) per se, we did not try to encode the answers to why questions into the
ontology.
Even if we tried to do it, it would be impossible, as there are not clear
answers to those questions which can be captured using logical formalisms.
[…] Therefore this aspect will be ignored in this paper from now on.”
– Gábor Nagypál “History Ontology Building: The Technical View”, 2007
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14. Encoding for Historiographical Meaning
 Annotation
A footnote describing additional contextual information and
interpretation about a text
 Truth Values
A flag indicating the likelihood that statement is true or false,
a lie or mistake
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15. Variants on a Common Theme
 Structure
A common means of framing an argument in terms of actors,
relationships, actions, causality and correlation
 Vocabulary
A common set of terms to describe actors, relations and
actions
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16. Variants on a Common Theme
 Actor A was in relationship A with Actor B
 Actor A murdered Actor B
 Actor A lied about Murder A
 Lie A appears in Affidavit A
 Lie A is countered in Letter R
 Murder A took place in Location D
 Murder A contributed to Riot C
Translatable into Linked Data Triplets!
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17. Concluding Thoughts
Rather than simply building a library of interpretations, a digital
library of critical analyses on historical texts, we can create a
network of historiographical arguments that are
 Linked to specific primary and secondary texts
 Well defined
 Open to computational analysis
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18. Historical TEI:
DEVELOPING A PORTFOLIO OF COMMON PRACTICE
M. H. Beals
Loughborough University
@MHBEALS
m.h.beals@lboro.ac.uk
ORCID 0000-0002-2907-3313