Georgian Pingbacks: Mapping Attribution Networks in a 19th-Century Newspaper Corpus
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This document summarizes research on mapping attribution networks in 19th century newspaper articles. It describes "scissors-and-paste journalism" where one newspaper would reprint content from another, with or without attribution. The research used text comparison software to analyze newspaper articles from 1818-1819 and identify reprints. A network graph of reprints between newspapers was generated. Preliminary results found the most common sources of reprinted articles were from Ipswich, London, and other locations. The research helps shed light on historical newspaper practices and ethics of unattributed reprinting.
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With so much of the Advertiser’s content mere reproduction, and with limited local competition, it is difficult to glean more than a faint spectre of Glaswegian public opinion from the newspaper press. Indeed, by most scholarly accounts, the Advertiser, though ultimately successful, was a thoroughly dull publication. Yet, there is something more lies hidden just below the surface. Although Mennons refused to surrender the Advertiser‘s accounts to it new owner in 1802 – their contents remaining a mystery – his editorial practices, and many of the biases and assumptions that informed them, can be reconstructed by examining his more unusual curatorial choices.
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Hunt or Gather, Share or Steal: Scottish News Networks, 1790-1840
Between 1783 and 1840, the number of newspapers published in Scotland grew tenfold and spread far beyond the key port towns of Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Aberdeen into market towns and centres throughout the region. Although these provincial newspapers remained weekly or bi-weekly publications throughout the period, they still required a significant amount of international reportage to fill their four to eight pages. This material was shamelessly, and often haphazardly, gleaned from international periodicals in the form of scissors-and-paste reprints. Through these half-hearted shortcuts, we can develop a significant understanding of newspaper networks before the rise of international telegraphy and the slow decline of the scissors-and-paste system.
Utilising highly detailed transcriptions of newspaper content from Scotland, England and the wider Anglophone world, this paper will trace key dissemination pathways of news content from its origin in various British colonies and the United States, through its many reprints, abridgments, summaries and commentaries, to the pages of Scottish periodical press. By mapping the shape and directionality of these network connections, a greater understanding of news dissemination and editorial links can be achieved. These networks can then form the statistical basis of further qualitative studies into the spread of ideas or interpersonal connections.
The paper, developed and expanded from an initial proposal presented at ESSHC 2014, will demonstrate how, through a combination of traditional close reading, ‘big data’ edition tracking, and social network analysis, Georgian news networks, including periodicals with extremely short runs and no contextual records, can be significantly mapped and the quantitative influence of key hubs can be preliminarily determined. It will explore the relative value of manual and computer-assisted transcriptions at different stages of the project, the feasibility of training historians in high-level programming languages such as Python, the nature of the resulting network data and its interoperability with mathematical and sociology research, and the possibilities for wider dissemination and collective reuse of transcription data. Finally, the piece will demonstrate, through select case studies, how basic quantitative data regarding network dissemination pathways can fundamentally alter our interpretation of the purpose of miscellany material in Scotland’s provincial press.
Mapping Implicit Processes: Extracting Social Networks from Digital Corpora
This document discusses extracting social networks from digital corpora to understand the dissemination of information. It covers identifying reprints and memes at scale using digitized newspapers. Methods include keyword searching, n-gram matching, and edition tracking. Understanding dissemination pathways involves identifying memes, modeling chronological spread, and constructing genealogical models. Both manual and computer-aided approaches are discussed, with future plans involving developing a computer program and directional social network database to better model relatedness factors and inform additional research.
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- 1. GEORGIAN PINGBACKS MAPPING ATTRIBUTION NETWORKS IN A 19TH CENTURY NEWSPAPER CORPUS HTTP://TINYURL.COM/MHBEALSESSHC2016 M. H. BEALS ORCID: 0000-0002-2907-3313 LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY @MHBEALS
- 2. SCISSORS-AND-PASTE JOURNALISM A longstanding practice wherein one newspaper reprints, in part of in whole, content from another newspaper, with or without attribution, as part of an explicit or implied reciprocity agreement.
- 3. PLAGIARISM OR DISTRIBUTION Lou Bloomfield, Copyfind (version 4.1.4). Windows. Charlottesville, Va., 2016.
- 4. PLAGIARISM OR DISTRIBUTION Undirected Network of Newspaper Reprints, 1818-1819. Gephi Consortium, Gephi (version 0.9.1 ). Windows. 2016.
- 5. PLAGIARISM OR DISTRIBUTION M. H. Beals and John Wood, Reprint Mapper (version 0.0.4). Windows. Loughborough, UK, 2016. while (Data >> PM >> OL >> OR >> A_Year >> A_Month >> A_Day >> A_Newspaper >> UI_A >> B_Year >> B_Month >> B_Day >> B_Newspaper >> UI_B) { ++NumLines; if (A_Newspaper == B_Newspaper) { } else if (OR <= OR_Tolerance && OL <= OL_Tolerance && OR + OL <= PM_Tolerance) { } else if (A_Year > B_Year) { if (A_Year - B_Year == 1) { int A_Days = MonthToDays(A_Month, IsLeap(A_Year)) + A_Day; bool bIsLeapYear = IsLeap(B_Year); int B_Days = MonthToDays(B_Month, bIsLeapYear) + B_Day; if (bIsLeapYear) B_Days = 366 - B_Days; else B_Days = 365 - B_Days; if (A_Days + B_Days <= MaxDaysBetween) { { Comparisons.push_back(Comp); Comparisons[i].PM = PM; Comparisons[i].OL = OL; Comparisons[i].OR = OR; Comparisons[i].bIsOriginal = false; Comparisons[i].A.UI = UI_A; Comparisons[i].A.Newspaper = A_Newspaper; Comparisons[i].A.Year = A_Year; Comparisons[i].A.Month = A_Month; Comparisons[i].A.Day = A_Day; Comparisons[i].B.UI = UI_B; Comparisons[i].B.Newspaper = B_Newspaper; Comparisons[i].B.Year = B_Year; Comparisons[i].B.Month = B_Month; Comparisons[i].B.Day = B_Day; ++i; bUI_A_Done = false; bUI_B_Done = false; for (unsigned int it = 0; it != size(UniqueArticle); ++it) { if (UniqueArticle[it].UID == UI_A) bUI_A_Done = true; if (UniqueArticle[it].UID == UI_B) bUI_B_Done = true; }
- 7. UNAUTHORISED AND UNATTRIBUTED TEXTS Directed Network of Newspaper Reprints, 1818-1819. Gephi Consortium, Gephi (version 0.9.1 ). Windows. 2016.
- 9. GEORGIAN PINGBACKS PROJECT Particular thanks to the following undergraduate students at Loughborough University: Will Dickinson, Alice Gilbert, Ollie Luhrs, Alex Mackinder, Pooja Makwana, Matthew McCulloch, Jonny Ord, Emily Stanyard and Rebecca Thompson.
- 13. PRELIMINARY RESULTS The Ipswich Journal of 1820. David Huynh, Open Refine (version 2.6-beta.1 ). 2015.
- 14. PRELIMINARY RESULTS Ipswich, 36 London, 27 Calais, 3 Cambridge, 3 Hanover, 3 Barking, 2 Dublin, 2 Eye, 2 Wisbech, 2 Woodbridge, 2 Barking Hall, 1 Bayonne, 1 Burking Hall, 1 Colchester, 1 Norwich, 1 Seme, 1 Smithfield Market, 1 Southwark, 1 Thoroughfare, 1 Other, 9
- 15. PRELIMINARY RESULTS Foreign Office, 1 Hampshire Telegraph, 3 London Gazette, 5 Newry Telegraph, 1 The Bury Post, 1
- 16. THE ETHICS OF REPRINTING The Sydney Gazette, 2 January 1819, p. 2
- 17. WOULD YOU LIKE TO KNOW MORE? These Slides http://tinyurl.com/mhbealsesshc2016 Georgian Pingbacks Project: http://www.scissorsandpaste.net/Georgian_Pingbacks Scissors and Paste Project http://www.github.com/mhbeals/scissorsandpaste M. H. Beals m.h.beals@lboro.ac.uk ∙ @mhbeals