The document summarizes the historical development of English in India. It divides this development into two periods: pre-independence and post-independence. During pre-independence, major events included the Charter Act of 1813, the East-West Controversy, Macaulay's Minute which proposed English education, and his Downward Filtration Theory. Post-independence, English was given the status of Associate Official Language through an act in 1965, and the Three Language Formula was established designating Hindi, English, and regional languages.

1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF ENGLISH IN INDIA
Submitted By
Neenu C. Abraham
No: 11
English

2. Today, in India, English has the status of
Associate Official Language. A brief sketch this
historical development of English in India is
enumerated below:

3. The historical development can be divided into
two periods:
 Pre- Independence Period
 Post- Independence Period

4. The major incidents during pre-independence
period are:
 Charter Act
 The East -West Controversy
 Macaulay’s Minute
 The Downward Filtration Theory

5. Post Independence Period includes:
 Associate Official Language
 The Three Language Formula

6. Pre-Independence Period
CHARTER ACT
 The Act was renewed in 1813
 The clause 43 of the charter contains: “ a sum of not
less than one lakh rupees in each year shall be set
apart and applied to the revival and improvement of
literature and the encouragement of the learned natives
of India, and for the introduction and promotion of a
knowledge of the sciences among the inhabitants of the
British territoriesin India”.

7. The East-WestControversy
 Also known as Oriental-Occidental Controversy.
 The main issues were on:
o whether a limited number of people be given
higher branches learning.
o whether English/Sanskrit/Arabic/Persian be the
instruction.
oWhether the western sciences and literature or the
studies be encouraged.
oWhether the responsibility for education be entrusted
the state or be left to private enterprises.

8. MACAULAY’S MINUTE
 Proposed by Lord Thomas Bebington Macaulay
in 1835.
 He says English education should be the aim of
Indian education and the promotion of literature
should mean promotion of English literature.
 It is considered as the blue print of modern Indian
education.

9. THE DOWNWARD FILTRATION THEORY
 Put forward by Macaulay.
 “Education was to permeate to the masses from above,
drop by drop from the Himalayas of Indian life and useful
information was to trickle downwards, forming in time a
broad and stately stream to irrigate the thirsty planes”.

10. Post Independence Period
Associate Official Language
 Parliament by an Act (1965) decided to accord English the
status of ‘Associate Official Language’ of India for an
indefinite period

11. THETHREELANGUAGE FORMULA
 Language Act passed in 1965
 Hindi shall be the Official Language of India.
 English shall be the Associate Official Language.
 the regional languages shall be the languages of
administration within the respective states.