Histograms
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This document discusses histograms generated by cell counters. It provides 3 key points: 1) Histograms graphically represent the numerical distribution of different cell populations based on cell size, with the y-axis being cell count and x-axis being cell size. 2) A normal red blood cell histogram shows a Gaussian bell-shaped curve with the peak falling within the normal mean corpuscular volume range of 80-100 fL. 3) Abnormal histograms can reveal conditions like iron deficiency, transfusion, or extreme leukocytosis based on multiple peaks or shifts in the normal distribution. Potential causes for flags are also outlined. Case studies then provide examples of interpreting abnormal histograms.
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This document provides information about interpreting histograms generated by hematology analyzers when performing complete blood count (CBC) tests. It includes histograms showing normal and abnormal patterns for red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Abnormal indicators are described that may indicate issues like schistocytes, transfusion, autoagglutination, microcytosis, macrocytosis, nucleated red blood cells, atypical lymphocytes, and more. The document emphasizes the importance of correlating histogram findings with peripheral blood smear examination to make an accurate diagnosis.
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This document provides information on interpreting histograms from cell counters. It discusses the principles of electronic impedance and optical light scatter cell counting methods. Histograms graphically represent cell population data based on cell size on the x-axis and cell number on the y-axis. Normal ranges are provided for red blood cell, platelet, and white blood cell histograms. Various flags that could appear are described, including possible causes such as platelet clumping, red blood cell agglutination, or extreme leukocytosis. Parameters for each cell type are also defined.
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This document discusses quality control procedures for automated hematology analyzers. It describes the use of histograms, flags, and quality control measures to ensure accurate results. Key points:
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- Internal quality control involves continuous validation of test reliability using control samples processed like patient samples. External quality control evaluates comparability to peer laboratories.
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cbc Histogram
- The document discusses histograms generated by cell counters that graphically represent cell population data. It focuses on histograms for red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
- Key parameters for each type of histogram are defined, such as how cells are counted and measured, normal ranges, and flags that indicate potential issues. Common causes for shifts or abnormalities in the histograms are also outlined.
- The information provides guidance on interpreting cell counter histograms and histograms to help evaluate a patient's blood cell counts and detect possible blood disorders or interferences.
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cbc histogram.pdf
1) Histograms provide graphical representations of blood cell populations by plotting cell size on the x-axis and relative number on y-axis.
2) Careful analysis of red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet distribution curves from automated hematology analyzers is needed to interpret histograms.
3) Histograms can help verify differential cell counts, serve as quality control checks, and identify uncommon diseases by flagging abnormalities in cell distribution width, shape of peaks, and presence of extra peaks.
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This document is a WBC histogram report prepared by Caesar Abu Arra, who has an MSc in Life Sciences and BSc in Medical Laboratory Sciences. The report analyzes a WBC histogram and finds no clear separation between different cell populations, possibly due to ghost red blood cells or an abnormal curve in front of the lymphocytes. It concludes by thanking the reader and stating the author's name.
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This document provides information about interpreting histograms generated by hematology analyzers when performing complete blood count (CBC) tests. It includes histograms showing normal and abnormal patterns for red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Abnormal indicators are described that may indicate issues like schistocytes, transfusion, autoagglutination, microcytosis, macrocytosis, nucleated red blood cells, atypical lymphocytes, and more. The document emphasizes the importance of correlating histogram findings with peripheral blood smear examination to make an accurate diagnosis.
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This document provides information on interpreting histograms from cell counters. It discusses the principles of electronic impedance and optical light scatter cell counting methods. Histograms graphically represent cell population data based on cell size on the x-axis and cell number on the y-axis. Normal ranges are provided for red blood cell, platelet, and white blood cell histograms. Various flags that could appear are described, including possible causes such as platelet clumping, red blood cell agglutination, or extreme leukocytosis. Parameters for each cell type are also defined.
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This document discusses quality control procedures for automated hematology analyzers. It describes the use of histograms, flags, and quality control measures to ensure accurate results. Key points:
- Histograms provide graphical representations of cell populations to analyze size, distribution, and detect abnormalities. Flags signal when abnormalities are detected to mandate blood smear examination.
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cbc Histogram
- The document discusses histograms generated by cell counters that graphically represent cell population data. It focuses on histograms for red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
- Key parameters for each type of histogram are defined, such as how cells are counted and measured, normal ranges, and flags that indicate potential issues. Common causes for shifts or abnormalities in the histograms are also outlined.
- The information provides guidance on interpreting cell counter histograms and histograms to help evaluate a patient's blood cell counts and detect possible blood disorders or interferences.
Automated cell counter & its quality control
Automated hematology analyzers provide several advantages over manual methods including speed, accuracy, precision, and the ability to perform multiple tests on a single sample. They work using various principles such as electrical impedance, optical light scatter, and fluorescence to count and characterize red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Quality control measures like the use of controls analyzed daily and the application of rules like the Westgard rules help monitor the performance of these automated analyzers.
cbc histogram.pdf
1) Histograms provide graphical representations of blood cell populations by plotting cell size on the x-axis and relative number on y-axis.
2) Careful analysis of red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet distribution curves from automated hematology analyzers is needed to interpret histograms.
3) Histograms can help verify differential cell counts, serve as quality control checks, and identify uncommon diseases by flagging abnormalities in cell distribution width, shape of peaks, and presence of extra peaks.
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This document is a WBC histogram report prepared by Caesar Abu Arra, who has an MSc in Life Sciences and BSc in Medical Laboratory Sciences. The report analyzes a WBC histogram and finds no clear separation between different cell populations, possibly due to ghost red blood cells or an abnormal curve in front of the lymphocytes. It concludes by thanking the reader and stating the author's name.
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- The iliac crests are the preferred sites for aspiration in adults and children. The sternum should not be used in children due to risk of injury.
- Proper needles, anticoagulants, and techniques are required to safely aspirate marrow and prepare diagnostic films and samples. Cell counts and differentials on aspirated marrow provide important diagnostic information.
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This document discusses compatibility testing, also known as pre-transfusion testing, which involves procedures to select blood and components that will be safely transfused and will not cause the recipient's red blood cells to be destroyed. The key steps in compatibility testing include properly identifying the recipient's blood sample, checking for antibodies, determining blood types, screening for irregular antibodies, selecting compatible blood, and performing a cross-match test between the donor's red blood cells and the recipient's serum to ensure no reactions occur. The cross-match is the final compatibility test to verify ABO compatibility and detect any antibodies present in the recipient's serum.
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The immature platelet fraction (IPF) provides information about thrombopoiesis by measuring the percentage of reticulated or immature platelets in the blood. IPF is elevated when platelet production is increased to compensate for platelet destruction, and normal or low when platelet production is decreased. IPF is useful for evaluating causes of thrombocytopenia and monitoring marrow recovery after chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation. Reference ranges for IPF vary between methods but are generally highest in neonates and decrease with age.
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This document provides guidelines for peripheral blood smear examination, including slide preparation, staining, and microscopic evaluation. Key points include:
- Blood smears are used to evaluate anemia, infections, and abnormal cells. Three steps are involved in making blood films: preparation, fixation, and staining.
- Under the microscope, a preliminary low and high power scan examines staining quality and cell distribution before a 100-cell differential count at oil immersion.
- RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and parasites are examined for morphologies, counts, and any abnormalities. Terms like pancytopenia and bicytopenia are defined.
- Detailed guidelines are given for examining and reporting R
Romanowsky stain
This document provides information on staining blood films and smears. It discusses the different types of stains used including Romanowsky stains like Leishman stain, Giemsa stain, Wright stain, and Field stain. Specimens should be collected in EDTA and smears prepared within an hour then fixed in methanol or ethanol to preserve cell morphology before staining. Romanowsky stains use methylene blue and eosin dyes to reveal subtle differences in cell structures and components.
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Ch 11b
This document summarizes key concepts about neuron function and membrane potentials. It explains that neurons generate action potentials in response to stimuli and propagate signals along their axons. The membrane potential is maintained by ion gradients established by ion channels and pumps. Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels causes rapid depolarization during an action potential, while voltage-gated potassium channels cause repolarization. Myelination increases conduction velocity. Diseases like multiple sclerosis disrupt myelin and slow nerve impulses.
Ch 11b
This document summarizes key concepts about neuron function and membrane potentials. It explains that neurons generate action potentials in response to stimuli and transmit signals along their axons. The membrane potential is maintained by ion gradients established by ion channels and pumps. Depolarization occurs when stimuli open ion channels, altering the membrane potential. A large enough depolarization will trigger an action potential, which propagates by opening voltage-gated sodium channels. The refractory period prevents repeated firing to ensure proper signal transmission. Myelination increases conduction velocity. Diseases like multiple sclerosis disrupt myelin and slow nerve impulses.
Flow cytometry
FLOW CYTOMETRY, PRINCIPLE, APPLICATION, USE IN HAEMATOLOGY, COMPONENT OF FLOW CYTOMETRY, DATA INTERPRETATION, DATA ANALYSIS, CELL SHORTING ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES, IMMUNOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ACUTE
LEUKEMIA
Hematology Analyzer by Selvakumar.pptx
Hematology analyzers use the Coulter principle to count blood cells. Whole blood passes through an aperture where changes in electrical impedance from individual cells passing through are used to obtain a cell count and cell volume measurements. Newer analyzers use laser flow cytometry which provides more detailed cell morphology analysis by measuring light scattering and absorbance. Fluorescent reagents can also be used to identify specific cell populations. Hematology analyzers have advanced from manual microscopy to provide automated complete blood count testing and classification of white blood cells into different types.
Slide about current voltage current and ampere
The document provides information about the Electrical Elements and Circuits course offered by Mirpur University of Science and Technology. It includes the course description, objectives, schedule, textbooks, and grading policy. The course covers topics such as passive elements, Kirchhoff's laws, circuit analysis methods, first and second order circuits, and alternating current fundamentals. The objectives are to introduce basic electrical engineering concepts and analyze linear electric circuits using various theorems and methods. The course runs for 48 lectures and is evaluated through assignments, exams, quizzes and lab work.
Flow Cytometry (2).pptx
Flow cytometry uses fluorescently labeled antibodies to identify and count specific cell types in a mixed population by passing single cells through a laser. The number of CD4 T cells detected via flow cytometry is important for monitoring HIV patients, as lower counts correlate with increased risk of infection. Cells are incubated with fluorescent antibodies and passed through the flow cytometer, which detects scattered and emitted light to identify labeled cells and measure surface marker expression levels. Flow cytometry data is often displayed as histograms showing the number of cells with different fluorescence intensities.
ECG Basics 1.pptx
The document discusses the electrical conduction system of the heart and electrocardiography. It describes:
- The sinoatrial node acts as the heart's natural pacemaker and initiates electrical impulses that travel through pathways to the atrioventricular node.
- The Purkinje fibers form a network that transmits impulses from the ventricles to contract.
- An electrocardiogram detects the heart's electrical signals using electrodes placed on the skin. It displays waves, segments, and intervals that correspond to different stages of the cardiac cycle.
- The P wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the T wave represents ventricular repolarization.
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Design of a micro device to electrically separate and count wbc from whole blood
Design of a micro device to electrically separate and count wbc from whole blood
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Oral Pathology and Oesophagus
This document discusses the structure and pathology of the oral cavity and esophagus. It begins by describing the general four-layer structure of the esophagus which includes the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa layers. It then provides more details on the histology and functions of each layer. The document goes on to describe common oral pathologies like aphthous ulcers, oral candidiasis, leukoplakia and erythroplakia. It also discusses salivary gland structures, diseases like Sjogren's syndrome, mucoceles, ranulas, sialolithiasis and various benign and malignant salivary gland tumors.
Transplant pathology
Transplant pathologists play an essential role in organ transplantation by evaluating biopsies of failing organs, matching donor and recipient tissues, assessing donor organ viability, and monitoring for rejection or complications through histopathological examination of biopsies. Key tasks include initial patient evaluation, blood and tissue typing to ensure compatibility, evaluating donor organs, and monitoring allografts over time with protocol biopsies to diagnose issues like acute or chronic rejection, infection, drug toxicity, or disease recurrence. The pathologist aims to ensure transplant success and identify any issues requiring clinical intervention.
Leprosy and its immunology
Dr. Evith Pereira presented information on leprosy, including:
1. Leprosy cases have declined worldwide from over 5 million in 1985 to under 1 million in 1998 and around 200,000 in 2009, with 80% of cases found in 5 countries including India.
2. Over the past 20 years, more than 14 million leprosy patients have been cured, around 4 million since 2000. Prevalence rates have dropped 90% globally.
3. Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacteria and develops slowly over months to decades, resulting in skin lesions and nerve damage that can cause deformities. It is transmitted via droplets from the nose.
Adrenal Pathology
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Ischaemic Heart Disease
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Embryonal Brain tumours in children
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Colorectal Carcinoma Recent Advances.
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
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Histograms
- 1. HISTOGRAMS Dr.Evith Pereira Moderator : Dr.Shilpi Sahu 29/04/2016
- 2. PRINCIPLE OF CELL COUNTER Electronic Impedance • Wallace coulter • Passage of cell displaces the volume of diluent and this increases resistance • Impulse are generated due to difference in potential at two electrodes which is read at oscilloscope • Number of impulse indicate number of cells and height indicates volume of cells
- 3. Optical light scatter • A diluent suspension flows through a aperture so that the cells pass in a single file in front of light source • Light is scattered by the cells passing through the light beam • The amount of light scatter is detected by photomultiplier and photodiodes • Electrical impulse are generated for counts
- 4. HISTOGRAMS • These are the graphical representation of numerical data of different cell population on cell counter. • Y axis represents the number of cells and X axis represents the cell size.
- 6. Normal RBC Histogram • Normal RB distribution curve is a Gaussian bell shaped curve. • Peak of curve falls between the normal range of MCV 80 – 100 fl. • MCV is perpendicular line from peak of the curve to the base. • There are two flexible discriminators LD ( 25-75 fl) and UD ( 200 – 250 fl)
- 12. Possible causes: • RBC agglutination • Small lymphoid cells present in high number - CLL
- 13. MULTIPLE PEAKS Possible causes: • Iron deficiency in recovery • Post transfusion • Extreme leukocytosis
- 16. PL FLAG Possible causes: • Cell fragments • Contaminated reagents • High number of bacteria PU FLAG Possible causes: • EDTA clumps. • Giant platelets • Micro-erythrocytes • Fragmented / dysplastic RBCs.
- 17. WBC HISTOGRAM
- 22. Neutrophilia
- 23. Lymphocytosis
- 25. CASE STUDIES
- 26. CASE 1
- 27. CASE 2
- 28. CASE 3
- 29. CASE 4
- 30. CASE 5