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Hinduism
- 1. Hinduism • Puja • Hindu Festivals • Swami Vivekananda • Pre-Vedic Beginnings • Hare Krishna SENIOR HIGH – Grade 11 BINGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
- 2. Puja – is the act of worship – offering fruit, flowers, incense, water, or cloth in order to symbolize an offering of the self to the god/goddess.
- 3. Puja a prayer ritual performed by Hindus to host, honor and worship one or more deities (gods/goddesses), or to spiritually celebrate an event. it may honor or celebrate the presence of special guest(s), or their memories after they pass away.
- 4. Puja derives from the Sanskrit root puj - to honor or respect. performed in temples or in homes that involves worship through the use of a sacred image… The sacred image or photo serves as a kind of “receptacle” to house the spirit of the Deity.
- 5. Puja can be short or long, lasting minutes or days, simple or elaborate, involving just the worshipper or many priests and guests, but in every case puja involves the invocation of a Deity as “a guest” in the home, temple or heart of the worshiper.
- 6. Puja One can think of the sacred image as an icon that becomes “switch on” or “surcharged” with the spirit of the Deity during the time of puja. Sometimes, instead of using a specific sacred image or photo, just a coconut with Leaves in a copper pot is used as a “generic” receptacle.
- 7. Puja Once a particular Deity was been evoked, puja is simply the receiving and adoration of that God or Goddess as a guest. The Deity is then worshiped in a logical and loving manner as one would treat a human guest.
- 8. Puja Formal Puja - involves 16 separate offerings made to the deity; 27 items of worship or as few as a couple of items. It includes welcoming and seating of the Deity; washing the feet, hands and mouth; bathing, dressing, ornamentation of the Deity; feeding and worship with incense, lamps and prayers and finally, sending back or releasing the Deity from the receptacle.
- 20. • An Indian religious teacher who trained under the Indian mystic Ramakrishna Swami Vivekananda
- 21. Swami Vivekananda • He was key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the late 19th century.
- 22. Swami Vivekananda • He was a major force in the revival of Hinduism in India, and contributed to the concept of nationalism in colonial India.
- 23. Swami Vivekananda • best known for his speech which began, "Sisters and brothers of America ...,” in which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893.
- 24. Swami Vivekananda Vivekananda conducted hundreds of public and private lectures and classes, disseminating tenets of Hindu philosophy in the United States, England and Europe. In India, Vivekananda is regarded as a patriotic saint and his birthday is celebrated there as National Youth Day.
- 25. Swami Vivekananda In the background of emerging nationalism in British-ruled India, Vivekananda crystallized the nationalistic ideal.
- 26. Swami Vivekananda He drew attention to the extent of poverty in the country, and maintained that addressing such poverty was a prerequisite for national awakening
- 27. Swami Vivekananda Nationalism was a prominent theme in Vivekananda's thought. He believed that a country's future depends on its people, and his teachings focused on human development.
- 28. Swami Vivekananda Vivekananda linked morality with control of the mind, seeing truth, purity and unselfishness as traits which strengthened it.[ He advised his followers to be holy, unselfish and to have śraddhā (faith).
- 30. Origin and Development of Hinduism: • Pre-vedic Beginnings
- 31. The earliest prehistoric religion in India that may have left its traces in Hinduism comes from Mesolithic as observed in the sites such as the rock paintings of Bhimbetka rock shelters dating to a period of 30,000 BCE or older, as well as Neolithic times. Prevedic Beginnings
- 33. According to anthropologist Possehl, the Indus Valley Civilization "provides a logical, if somewhat arbitrary, starting point for some aspects of the later Hindu tradition". The religion of this period included worship of a Great male god, which is compared to a proto-Shiva, and probably a Mother Goddess, that may prefigure Shakti. However these links of deities and practices of the Indus religion to later-day Hinduism are subject to both political contention and scholarly dispute. Prevedic Beginnings
- 34. Prevedic Beginnings Swastika Seals from the Indus Valley Civilization preserved at the British Museum Some Indus valley seals show swastikas, which are found in other religions world- wide. Phallic symbols interpreted as the much later Hindu lingam have been found in the Harappan remains.
- 35. Prevedic Beginnings The so-called Shiva Pashupati seal from Indus Valley Civilization Many Indus valley seals show animals. One seal shows a horned figure seated in a posture reminiscent of the Lotus position and surrounded by animals was named by early excavators "Pashupati", an epithet of the later Hindu gods Shiva and Rudra.
- 36. Prevedic Beginnings In view of the large number of figurines found in the Indus valley, some scholars believe that the Harappan people worshipped a mother goddess symbolizing fertility, a common practice among rural Hindus even today. However, this view has been disputed by S. Clark who sees it as an inadequate explanation of the function and construction of many of the figurines.
- 37. Prevedic Beginnings There are no religious buildings or evidence of elaborate burials... If there were temples, they have not been identified. However, House - 1 in HR-A area in Mohenjadaro's Lower Town has been identified as a possible temple.
- 39. International Society of Krishna Consciousness Hare Krishna
- 40. Hare Krishna - a branch of Hinduism, formally known as Gaudiya Vaishnavism. Its name comes from its chant — Hare Krishna — which devotees repeat over and over.
- 41. Hare Krishna It was started in the 16th century by Sri Chaitanya of Bengal (1486- 1533). He emphasized the worship of Krishna and believed that chanting the names of God was so powerful that in addition to one's own meditation on them, they should also be chanted in the streets for the benefit of all.
- 42. Hare Krishna Swami Prabhupada brought the movement — formally called the International Society of Krishna Consciousness — to the U.S. in 1966. Public dancing and chanting became its trademark. brought Swami Prabhupada
- 43. Hare Krishna How does the Hare Krishna movement differ from other strains of Hinduism?
- 44. Hare Krishna • Devotees consider themselves monotheistic. • According to the sacred texts, Bhagavad Gita and Bhagavat Purana, Krishna is the supreme God, who oversees millions of demigods — who are seen as administrators of the universal affairs.
- 46. Hare Krishna - belongs to the Gaudiya- Vaishnava sampradāya, a monotheistic tradition within the Vedic or Hindu culture. - Philosophically it is based on the Sanskrit texts Bhagavad-gītā and the Bhagavat Purana, or Srimad Bhagavatam (historic texts of the devotional bhakti yoga tradition, which teaches that the ultimate goal for all living beings is to reawaken their love for God, or Lord Krishna, the “all-attractive one”).
- 47. Hare Krishna Krishna is often accompanied by Radharani, the female aspect or counterpart of Krishna.
- 48. Hare Krishna The Hare Krishna understanding is that when Hindus pray to Krishna, or when members of the Abrahamic faith pray to Allah or Yahweh, we are all praying to one and the same person.
- 49. Hare Krishna • Hare Krishna movement has adapted itself to the West. For example: Swami Prabhupada provided an equal opportunity to both men and women to become priests in the worship rituals — a privilege reserved only for men in traditional Hinduism. The Hare Krishna movement has been more successful than more traditional Hindu branches in attracting non-Indians into its culture, philosophy and practices.
- 50. Hare Krishna God is known across the world by many names including Allah, Jehovah, Yahweh, Rama, etc. ISKCON devotees chant God’s names in the form of the maha-mantra, or the great prayer for deliverance: Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare Hare Rama Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.
- 51. Hare Krishna • "mantra" - to deliver or free the mind • "Hare“ - refers to the divine feminine potency of God • "Krishna" - the all-attractive one • "Rama" is the reservoir of all pleasure. What is the Hare Krishna mantra? Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare Hare Rama Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.
- 52. Hare Krishna What is the Hare Krishna mantra? Hare Krishnas believe that the sound vibration of the mantra has a direct impact on the soul. According to a philosophy of ancient India, the soul is spiritually asleep. Just as an alarm clock awakes a sleeping person, the Hare Krishna mantra awakens the soul to its spiritual reality — whereby it can experience its eternal connection with Krishna or God.
- 53. Hare Krishna Hare Krishnas teach that we are living in an evil age, the age of Kali, but can attain salvation and a "return to Godhead" by means of permanent Krishna-consciousness. Krishna- consciousness can be accomplished through ethical living and the "Hare Krishna" chant. Beliefs
- 54. Hare Krishna This salvation is accomplished by Bhakti-yoga, the "way of devotion." The object of ISKCON devotion is Krishna, a manifestation of Vishnu and a beloved deity in mainstream Hinduism as well. As said a while ago, the Hare Krishna describe themselves as monotheists, who worship the Supreme Godhead in the personality of Krishna. They also believe that the Supreme God is known by other names, such as Yahweh and Allah. Beliefs
- 55. Hare Krishna The mission of this nonsectarian, monotheistic movement is to promote the well being of society by teaching the science of Krishna consciousness according to Bhagavad-gita and other ancient scriptures. [1] More specifically, Prabhupada identified the following Seven Purposes of ISKCON: Beliefs
- 56. Hare Krishna ISKCON Seven Purposes: 1. To systematically propagate spiritual knowledge to society at large and to educate all people in the techniques of spiritual life in order to check the imbalance of values in life and to achieve real unity and peace in the world.
- 57. Hare Krishna ISKCON Seven Purposes: 2. To propagate a consciousness of Krishna (God), as it is revealed in the great scriptures of India, Bhagavad- gita and Srimad-Bhagavatam.
- 58. Hare Krishna ISKCON Seven Purposes: 3. To bring the members of the Society together with each other and nearer to Krishna, the prime entity, thus developing the idea within the members, and humanity at large, that each soul is part and parcel of the quality of Godhead (Krishna).
- 59. Hare Krishna ISKCON Seven Purposes: 4. To teach and encourage the sankirtana movement, congregational chanting of the holy name of God, as revealed in the teachings of Lord Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu.
- 60. Hare Krishna ISKCON Seven Purposes: 5. To erect for the members and for society at large a holy place of transcendental pastimes dedicated to the personality of Krishna.
- 61. Hare Krishna ISKCON Seven Purposes: 6. To bring the members closer together for the purpose of teaching a simpler, more natural way of life.
- 62. Hare Krishna ISKCON Seven Purposes: 7. With a view towards achieving the aforementioned purposes, to publish and distribute periodicals, magazines, books and other writings.
- 63. Hare Krishna Trivia: Do you know that… Hare Krishnas don’t eat meat. Hindus believe that animals are children of Krishna, created by God with a soul. Therefore, to eat an animal is an affront to God. Moreover, it's bad for your consciousness: Because the slaughter of animals is violent, when you eat meat, fish or fowl, you are subjecting yourself to more violent thoughts and, perhaps, violent behavior.
- 64. Hare Krishna Trivia: Do you know that… Cooking is intertwined w/ spirituality Hare Krishnas believe they are cooking for the pleasure of God. They never sample the food they are cooking, since it must be offered to Krishna first. Moreover, Hindus believe that food absorbs the consciousness of the cook.
- 65. Reporters: Kurt Capsula Jules Clayton Bacquian The End
Editor's Notes
- At its most basic level of understanding, puja is a symbolic means of communication, a way to reach out to higher powers. There are many ways that we can reach out to divinity: through prayer, meditation, acts of charity, and so forth, but one of the most import and common means is through ritual. In fact, ritual is the foundation of worship and all religions employ rituals as a means to contact the Divine.
- The Christian Eucharist, the Jewish Seder (passover meal), the Islamic practice of bowing towards Mecca, the Buddhist use of the prayer-wheel and, of course, the Hindu puja are all important uses of ritual that allows a worshipper to communicate with higher powers.
- A puja usually employs some kind of sacred image or photo, which serves as a focal/ central point wherein the “spirit” of the Deity is invited to reside/ be present in for the duration of the ceremony. The sacred image or photo serves as a kind of “receptacle” to house the spirit of the Deity. The image is usually made of metal, wood or , now a days even plastic, but it could even be just a sketch of a Deity drawn on the ground in sand or earth.
- One can think of the sacred image as an icon that becomes “switch on” or “surcharged” with the spirit of the Deity during the time of puja. Sometimes, instead of using a specific sacred image or photo, just a coconut with leaves in a copper pot is used as a “generic” / all purpose receptacle. Any God or Goddess can then be invited into this receptacle for the ritual
- Once a particular Deity was been evoked, puja is simply the receiving and adoration of that God or Goddess as a guest. The Deity is then worshiped in a logical and loving manner as one would treat a human guest. A formal puja usually involves 16 separate offerings made to the Deity, but could also involve as many as 27 items of worship or as few as just a couple of items. These items include welcoming and seating of the Deity; washing the feet, hands and mouth; bathing, dressing, ornamentation of the Deity; feeding and worship with incense, lamps and prayers and finally, sending back or releasing the Deity from the receptacle. In its more simple form, puja may only include incense and a lamp. The process is totally malleable and can easily be adjusted to suit the conditions of the worshipper.
- A formal puja usually involves 16 separate offerings made to the Deity, but could also involve as many as 27 items of worship or as few as just a couple of items. These items include welcoming and seating of the Deity; washing the feet, hands and mouth; bathing, dressing, ornamentation of the Deity; feeding and worship with incense, lamps and prayers and finally, sending back or releasing the Deity from the receptacle. In its more simple form, puja may only include incense and a lamp. The process is totally flexible and can easily be adjusted to suit the conditions of the worshipper.
- Ramakrishna was an Indian mystic and yogi during the 19th-century. He was influenced by his Guru, Ramakrishna Deva, from whom he learnt that all living beings were an embodiment of the divine self; therefore, service to God could be rendered by service to mankind.
- Vedanta - one of the six orthodox (āstika) schools of Indian philosophy
- In the words of social reformer Charles Freer Andrews, "The Swami's intrepid patriotism gave a new colour to the national movement throughout India. More than any other single individual of that period Vivekananda had made his contribution to the new awakening of India
- His nationalistic ideas influenced many Indian thinkers and leaders. Sri Aurobindo regarded Vivekananda as the one who awakened India spiritually.[171] Mahatma Gandhi counted him among the few Hindu reformers "who have maintained this Hindu religion in a state of splendor by cutting down the dead wood of tradition". The first governor-general of independent India, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, said "Vivekananda saved Hinduism, saved India".[173] According to Subhas Chandra Bose, a proponent of armed struggle for Indian independence, Vivekananda was "the maker of modern India";[174] for Gandhi, Vivekananda's influence increased Gandhi's "love for his country a thousandfold".
- He wanted "to set in motion a machinery which will bring noblest ideas to the doorstep of even the poorest and the meanest".[161]
- The history of Hinduism is unique among the world religions in that it has no founder or date of origin. While most major religions derive from new ideas taught by a charismatic leader, Hinduism is simply the religion of the people of India, which has gradually developed over four thousand years. The origins and authors of its sacred texts are largely unknown.
- Mesolithic – transitional of the Stone Age between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic Some of the religious practices can be considered to have originated in 4000 BCE. Several tribal religions still exist, though their practices may not resemble those of prehistoric religions.
- Writing in 1997, Doris Meth Srinivasan said, "Not too many recent studies continue to call the seal's figure a "Proto-Siva," rejecting thereby Marshall's package of proto-Shiva features, including that of three heads. She interprets what John Marshall interpreted as facial as not human but more bovine, possibly a divine buffalo-man.[53]According to Iravatham Mahadevan, symbols 47 and 48 of his Indus script glossary The Indus Script: Texts, Concordance and Tables (1977), representing seated human-like figures, could describe the South Indian deity Murugan.[54]
- There are no religious buildings or evidence of elaborate burials... If there were temples, they have not been identified.[57]However, House - 1 in HR-A area in Mohenjadaro's Lower Town has been identified as a possible temple.[58]
- There are no religious buildings or evidence of elaborate burials... If there were temples, they have not been identified. However, House - 1 in HR-A area in Mohenjadaro's Lower Town has been identified as a possible temple.
- Hare Krishna is the popular name for the International Society of Krishna Consciousness (or ISKCON), a new religious movement based in Hinduism.
- These demigods are needed to run creation. They have certain roles, but — just as the secretary of state reports to the president — these demigods serve at the pleasure of Krishna.
- In addition, the Hare Krishna movement has adapted itself to the West. For example, Swami Prabhupada provided an equal opportunity to both men and women to become priests in the worship rituals — a privilege reserved only for men in traditional Hinduism. Perhaps because of its sensitivity to Western ethos, the Hare Krishna movement has been more successful than more traditional Hindu branches in attracting non-Indians into its culture, philosophy and practices.
- Many leading academics have highlighted ISKCON’s authenticity. Diana Eck, Professor of Comparative Religion and Indian Studies at Harvard University, describes the movement as “a tradition that commands a respected place in the religious life of humankind.” In the 1980s Dr. A. L. Basham, one of the world’s authorities on Indian history and culture, wrote of ISKCON that, “It arose out of next to nothing in less than twenty years and has become known all over the West. This, I feel, is a sign of the times and an important fact in the history of the Western world.
- And devotees believe that a person need not understand the language of the mantra, because the sound vibration transcends the sensual, mental and intellectual levels of consciousness and puts one directly in touch with the spiritual.
- ISKCON identifies itself with Hindu Vedic philsophy and Vaishanvism (devotion to Vishnu). Its beliefs are especially rooted in the Bhagavad Gita (see Texts, above) and the teachings of the founder, Prabhupada. Most mainstream Hindus accept the Hare Krishna as an authentic sect within Hinduism.
- Affront – insult Slaughter - killing
- If you are angry and elbow deep in the lentils or kneading dough for chapattis (unleavened bread), Hindu philosophy claims that your emotions are transferred to the food — and then to the person who eats the meal. It is one reason monks don't go to restaurants, because it raises the question, "Whose consciousness are you eating today?"