The document discusses the phytochemistry and nutritional value of plants used in silvopastures. It notes that plants contain primary nutrients like sugars, proteins, fats, and minerals as well as secondary metabolites that can benefit grazing animals and attract pollinators. These secondary compounds help protect plants from environmental stresses, pests, and competing plants. The document provides examples of how resource-rich and resource-poor environments influence plant compound levels and consequently the quality of meat and milk. It advocates using silvopastures and hedgerows to create diverse habitats that maximize forage production and quality.

1. Silvopastures: a Pantry and Pharmacy
for Man and Beast
Silvopasturing Conference NY
Nov. 2011 ©Jerry Brunetti

2. Phytochemistry of Plant Constituents
• Amino Acids
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
Over 80,000
• Polyphenols
Isolated Plant Compounds
• Terpenes
• Sterols
• Alkaloids

3. Plant Primary Compounds
• Energy: Sugars, Cellulose, Hemi-cellulose, Fats
(PUFA’s, Mono, EFA’s, Saturated), Starch, Fructans,
Glucans, etc.
• Protein: 50,000 Different Kinds (22 Amino Acids)
• Minerals: Macro (Ca, Na, Cl, P, K, Mg, S); Micro (B,
Cr, Se, I, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Cu, Mo, Vn, Si)
• Vitamins: (A, D, E & K), B-Complex and Ascorbate

4. Plant Secondary Metabolites
•Terpenes: (Carotenoids, Essential Oils) 25,000
- Protect Chlorophyll from U.V.
- Pest Resistance
•Phenolics: (e.g. Tannins, Lignin) 8,000
-Builds Organic Matter
-Protection from Environmental Extremes including Flavonoids
•Alkaloids: 8,000
-Pest Resistance
-Germination Rates,
-Drought Tolerance

5. Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defense
• Grazing Animals (tannins,
essential oils, alkaloids)
• Ultra Violet Radiation
• Bacteria, Fungi, Virus
• Defense Against Competing
Plants (walnuts)
• Vulnerable Fruits & Younger
Tissue are higher in PSM’s

6. Plant Secondary Metabolites as Attractants
Color to Attract
Pollinators
Perfume to Attract
Pollinators
Molecular Signals to
Promote Colonization
by Mycorrhizae and
Rhizobia

7. Pollinators
• Hundreds of Thousands!
– Bats, mosquitoes, mice, ants, opossums, bees, monkeys,
beetles, flies, lizards, birds, butterflies, flying foxes
– <6% are identified
– Species of Pollinators
• 1,500 Birds
• 15,000 Wasps
• 40,000 Bees
• 20,000 Butterflies
• 14,000 Flies
• 200,000 Beetles
• 165 Bats
• 300 miscellaneous mammals

8. Anti-Pest Exudates
Root Volatiles
• Attract enemies of root feeding pests
Eg: Sesquiterpene B-caryophyllene attracts nematode
(Hetero rhabditis megadis) attacks beetle larvae
(diabrotica virgifera)
Atmospheric Volatiles
• Atmospheric volatiles warn neighbors gene expression
• Produce repellents, intoxicants against enemies
• Attract seed dispersers and pollinators

9. UNIVERSTIY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
FORESTRY RESEARCH

10. Maple Leaf
Poplar Leaf
Rapid Changes in Tree Leaf Chemistry Induced
by Damage: Evidence for Communication
Between Plants
Ian Baldwin; Jack Schultz: Science, July 15, 1983, Vol. 221 pp
277-279

11. Elephant Feeding on Mopane Trees (Colophospermum mopane)

12. Giraffes Feeding on
Acacias

13. Herbivores Consume Bulk as 3-7 Plants/Meal
Herbivores “Nibble” on 50-100 Plants per Day

15. Resource Rich Environments
• Organic Matter,
Nutrients, Water,
Sunlight
• Promote Plants with
High Levels of
Primary
Compounds and
Moderate Levels of
Secondary
Compounds
• Positively Influence
the Flavor, Color,
Quality, of Meat &
Milk

16. Resource Poor Environments
(Naturally Occurring)
• Lower Levels
of Primary
Compounds
• High Levels
of Secondary
Compounds
– Deter
Feeding by
Herbivores

17. Resource Poor Environments
(Man-Made)
• Lower Levels of some/all
Primary Compounds
• Low Levels of Secondary
Compounds
• Negative Influence of
Flavor, Color, Quality of
Meat & Milk

18. •Attract Highly Specialized Herbivores
•Herbivores Attract Generalist Predators
• Predators Feed on Pests
•Hedgerows Create More Bio-Mass (a.k.a Dry Matter) For
Every Level of Livestock (microbial to ruminant)

19. British Hedgerows
2,000 years of Biodiversity
• 600 plant species
• 1500 insect species
• 65 bird species
• 20 mammal species
Micro-Climate: Transpiration by Day Dew at night
Position Hedgerows on Higher Ground
-fertility moves down hill
Australian Hedgerows: 50-100 meters wide

20. The Original Permaculturalist

21. Average Composition of Nuts & Other Foods
CARBOHYDRATES
SUGARS, FUEL
KIND OF REFUSE WATER PROTEIN STARCH, CRUDE VALUE/ #
FOOD % % % FAT % ETC. % FIBER % ASH % Calories
Acorn, fresh 17.80 34.7 4.4 4.7 50.4 4.2 1.6 1265
Almond 47.00 4.9 21.4 54.4 13.8 3.0 2.5 2895
Beechnut 69.90 6.6 21.8 49.9 18.0 3.7 2740
Brazil Nut 49.35 4.7 17.4 65.0 5.7 3.9 3.3 3120
Butternut 86.40 4.5 27.9 61.2 3.4 3.0 3370
Chestnut,
fresh 15.70 43.4 6.4 6.0 41.3 1.5 1.4 1140
Chestnut, dry 23.40 6.1 10.7 7.8 70.1 2.9 2.4 1840
Chestnut
Flour …… 7.8 4.6 3.4 80.5 3.4 1780
Filbert 52.08 5.4 16.5 64.0 11.7 2.4 3100
Hazelnut Meal …… 2.7 11.7 65.6 17.8 2.2 3185
Hickory Nut 62.20 3.7 15.4 67.4 11.4 2.1 3345
Other foods
for
Comparison ……
Beans Dried …… 12.6 22.5 1.8 55.2 4.4 3.5 1650
Potatoes 20.00 78.3 2.2 0.1 18.0 0.4 1.0 385
Apples 25.00 84.6 0.4 0.5 13.0 1.2 0.3 290

22. Copper Content in mg/kg Dry Matter in Leaves & Grass
Sycamore Maple 7.7
(Nitrogen accumulator)
Field Maple 11.2
Birch 12.2
Oak 12.0
Alder (Nitrogen accumulator) 13.6
Elder 12.0
Ash 18.2
Smooth Oat Grass 3.6
Cocksfoot 6.7
Crushed Barley 2.7

24. Gemmotherapy
• Detoxification
• Drainage

25. Biological Activity of Bee Propolis in Health & Disease
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
Volume 7, 2006, 22-31
More than 300 compounds!
Dependent Upon Geography and Time of Year
• Anti-Bacterial
• Anti-Viral
• Anti-Fungal
• Anti-Inflammatory
• Anti-Parasitical
• Anti-Tumor
• Anti-Ulcer
• Liver Protective
• Brain Protective
• Heart Protective
• Immuno-Stimulant

26. Osage Orange
Persimmon Kentucky Coffee Tree
Common Paw Paw
Filbert

27. Choke Cherry
Buffalo Berry
Nanking Cherry
Sand Cherry

28. Plum
Apricot
Apple
Pear

29. Cornelius
Dogwood
Currants
Viburnum
Elderberry

30. Persimmon
Grapes
Raspberries
Thornless
Blackberries

31. Riparian Buffers

32. Silvo Pasturing

33. Oak Savannah

36. Environmental Stress Factors
1. Average Minimum Air Temp. (Wind Chill?)
2. Average Maximum Air Temp.
3. Radiant Heat Load (Infra-red?)
4. Hours Above 89°F/29.5°C (Humidity?)

37. Temperature Thresholds
• At 72°F Milk Production Begins to Drop Slowly
• At 80°F Milk Production Begins to Drop Suddenly
Holsteins & Jerseys will seek shade at 84°F/27°C
• Each Hot (>85°F/27°C) and Muggy (humidity>45%)
Day Reduced Summer Long Steer Gains By 1 lb.
(0.45 Kg)
(Southern Plains Exp. Range, Woodward, OK)

38. Hydraulic Lift & Redistribution
“Hydraulic Lift: Consequences of Water Efflux from the Roots of Plants”
Martin Caldwell, Todd Dawson, James Richards

39. Hydraulic Lift & Redistribution
9-18 Gallons per
tree, per Night
Water Harvested @
6’(+) below & “Banked”
for Following Day
“Hydraulic Lift: Consequences of Water Efflux from the Roots of Plants”
Martin Caldwell, Todd Dawson, James Richards

40. Flax Row

41. Flax Gel

42. Poplar Row

43. Poplar Sprout

44. Fuijoa Row

45. Fuijoa Flowering

46. Nettle Curly
ALFALFA Dandelion Lamb's Qtr Chicory Comfrey Plantain Leaf Burdock Cleavers Dock
Protein 20.97% 25.00% 31.70% 19.5 23.7 19.6 25.7 29.0 11.7 32.7
Digestable Protein 14.7 18.5 14.7 20.4 23.5 7.3 26.9
Soluble Protein 4.7 2.7 2.9 4.3 3.9 1.2 1.6
Protein Solubility 50.07% 24.40% 18.10% 24.2 11.4 15.0 16.8 13.4 9.9 4.9
Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio 11:1 10:1 12:1 8:1 14:1 6:1 4:1 5:1 7:1 15:1
Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 19.20% 15.00% 32.8 29.8 34.1 22.6 25.1 40.6 19.5
Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.61% 30.00% 21.90% 46.8 42.2 45.8 34.4 36.5 49.1 44.7
Relative Feed Value 136.20% 229.00% 329.00% 126 145 127 193 177 108 153
TDN (est.) Total Digestible Nutients 63.89% 80.90% 85.60% 63.5 66.8 64.4 74.5 71.8 57.1 77.8
ME (mcal/lb) 1.33 1.41 1.04 1.10 1.06 1.22 1.18 0.94 1.28
Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt) 69.9 74.3 54.0 57.0 54.7 64 61.6 48 67.1
NE/Lact (mcal/lb) 0.65 0.85 0.9 0.65 0.69 0.66 0.77 0.75 0.58 0.81
NE/Maint (mcal/lb) 0.895 0.959 0.648 0.697 0.661 0.806 0.768 0.551 0.853
NE/Gain (mcal/lb) 0.6 0.655 0.383 0.426 0.394 0.523 0.490 0.295 0.564
Calcium 1.58% 1.04% 1.10% 0.89 2.73 1.84 4.38 2.10 1.3 0.83
Phosphorous 0.37% 0.33% 0.39% 0.31 0.20 0.26 0.41 0.34 0.39 0.37
Potassium 2.05% 4.46% 7.66% 3.59 3.94 2.97 3.01 3.28 2.46 3.53
Magnesium 0.46% 0.26% 0.55% 0.26 0.39 0.17 0.39 0.43 0.25 0.64
Sodium 759ppm 0.04 0.04 0.011 0.005 0.028 0.014 0.020
Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.41% 0.43% 0.37 0.27 0.53 0.94 0.90 0.26 0.35
ppm Iron 171 657 91 195 176 83 349 149 70 111
ppm Copper 15 15 8 14 29 12 11 26 13 13
ppm Zinc 30 34 46 43 46 44 40 32 127 38
ppm Manganese 23 35 138 36 192 30 36 47 66 36
ppm Boron 50 30 44 28 42 29 67 32 15 31

47. Day Lily Day Lily Echinacea Wild Grape Wild Rasp Willow Hazlenut Mulberry Chinese
ALFALFA Leaf Blossom Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Chstnt Lf
Protein 20.97% 20.6 23.4 15.7 22.1 15.2 19.8 14.1 26.2 21.8
Digestable Protein 15.7 18.3 11.1 17.1 10.6 14.9 9.6 20.9 16.7
Soluble Protein 5.4 14.8 1.8 1.2 0.4 1.5 0.7 3.6 14.7
Protein Solubility 50.07% 26.4 63.0 11.4 5.6 2.8 7.5 4.9 13.7 67.7
Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio 11:1 19:1 20:1 12:1 14:1 16:1 7:1 14:1 17:1 11:1
Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 28.2 17.0 20 19.5 22.6 24.9 20.2 21.5 41.2
Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.01% 35.7 23.5 29.3 34.6 43.1 37.6 42.3 34.2 70.9
Relative Feed Value 136.20% 175 299 233 198 154 172 161 197 75
TDN (est.) 63.89% 70.9 83.4 77.3 77.8 74.5 72 77.1 75.7 54.6
ME (mcal/lb) 1.16 1.37 1.27 1.28 1.22 1.18 1.27 1.24 0.9
Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt) 60.7 72.2 66.6 67.1 64 61.8 66.4 65.1 45.7
NE/Lact (mcal/lb) 0.65 0.74 0.87 0.81 0.81 0.77 0.75 0.8 0.79 0.55
NE/Maint (mcal/lb) 0.756 0.929 0.845 0.853 0.806 0.771 0.842 0.823 0.513
NE Gain (mcal/lb) 0.479 0.629 0.557 0.564 0.523 0.493 0.555 0.538 0.259
Calcium 1.58% 0.81 0.39 2.57 1.91 0.85 1.45 1.44 3.09 1.37
Phosphorous 0.37% 0.25 0.43 0.25 0.32 0.16 0.23 0.12 0.26 0.2
Potassium 2.05% 2.24 2.17 2.22 0.95 1.6 1.71 0.75 1.85 0.84
Magnesium 0.46% 0.20 0.17 0.88 0.25 0.29 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.37
Sodium 759ppm 0.025 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.011 0.04 0.016 0.015
Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.15 0.44 0.16 0.24 0.31
ppm Iron 171 203 86 131 502 100 117 118 154 120
ppm Copper 15 10 22 21 16 18 13 19 12 15
ppm Zinc 30 25 66 32 32 35 105 27 36 61
ppm Manganese 23 54 40 132 89 210 101 373 63 160
ppm Boron 50 49 16 66 31 23 34 28 36 72

48. •
•
•
•

49. Mulberry
ALFALFA Leaf
Protein 20.97% 26.2
Digestable Protein 20.9
Soluble Protein 3.6
Protein Solubility 50.07% 13.7
Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio 11:1 17:1
Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 21.5
Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.01% 34.2
Relative Feed Value 136.20% 197
TDN (est.) 63.89% 75.7
ME (mcal/lb) 1.24
Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt) 65.1
NE/Lact (mcal/lb) 0.65 0.79
NE/Maint (mcal/lb) 0.823
NE Gain (mcal/lb) 0.538
Calcium 1.58% 3.09
Phosphorous 0.37% 0.26
Potassium 2.05% 1.85
Magnesium 0.46% 0.34
Sodium 759ppm 0.016
Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.24
ppm Iron 171 154
ppm Copper 15 12
ppm Zinc 30 36
ppm Manganese 23 63
ppm Boron 50 36

50. Persimmons
•Great companion fruit to Mulberry
-Drops fruit from August- January
•Grows in all soils
•Fruit = 35% solids (apple = 13%)
•Fruit = 32% sugars (apple = 10%)
•Fruit rich in proteolytic enzymes (papain, bromelain),
potassium, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C, beta-
carotene

51. •
•

52. Honey Locust Pasture
(Gladitsia triacanthos)
Alabama Ag Experiment Station
Auburn, Alabama 1942-1945
• 48 trees per acre @ 60 lbs pods/tree =
3,000 lbs pods/acre
– Equivalent to 50 bu. Corn or 100 bu. Oats
– Pod sugar content @ 29-39% (sugar beets)
– Protein at 13%
• 2.5 tons of hay/acre as understory crop

53. •
•
•

54. ALFALFA Burdock
Protein 20.97% 29.0
Digestable Protein 23.5
Soluble Protein 3.9
Protein Solubility
Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio
50.07%
11:1
13.4
5:1
Alfalfa
Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 25.1
Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.61% 36.5
Relative Feed Value 136.20% 177
TDN (est.) Total Digestible Nutients 63.89% 71.8
ME (mcal/lb)
Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt)
1.18
61.6 Versus
NE/Lact (mcal/lb) 0.65 0.75
NE/Maint (mcal/lb) 0.768
NE/Gain (mcal/lb) 0.490
Calcium 1.58% 2.10
Phosphorous 0.37% 0.34
Potassium
Magnesium
2.05%
0.46%
3.28
0.43 Burdock
Sodium 759ppm 0.028
Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.90
ppm Iron 171 149
ppm Copper 15 26
ppm Zinc 30 32
ppm Manganese 23 47
ppm Boron 50 32

55. •Tonifying Properties
•Diuretic
•Expectorant
•Restorative
Properties for the
Liver, and
Kidneys

56. Nettle
ALFALFA Leaf
Protein 20.97% 25.7
Digestable Protein 20.4
Soluble Protein 4.3
Protein Solubility 50.07% 16.8
Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio 11:1 4:1
Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 22.6
Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.61% 34.4
Relative Feed Value 136.20% 193
TDN (est.) Total Digestible Nutients 63.89% 74.5
ME (mcal/lb) 1.22
Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt) 64
NE/Lact (mcal/lb) 0.65 0.77
NE/Maint (mcal/lb) 0.806
NE/Gain (mcal/lb) 0.523
Calcium 1.58% 4.38
Phosphorous 0.37% 0.41
Potassium 2.05% 3.01
Magnesium 0.46% 0.39
Sodium 759ppm 0.005
Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.94
ppm Iron 171 349
ppm Copper 15 11
ppm Zinc 30 40
ppm Manganese 23 36
ppm Boron 50 67

57. •Cleanses the Blood
•Excellent Diuretic
•Tonifying
Properties
•Enhances Hepatic
Function

58. ALFALFA Dandelion
Protein 20.97% 25.00%
Digestable Protein
Soluble Protein
Protein Solubility 50.07% 24.40%
Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio 11:1 10:1
Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 19.20%
Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.61% 30.00%
Relative Feed Value 136.20% 229.00%
TDN (est.) Total Digestible Nutients 63.89% 80.90%
ME (mcal/lb) 1.33
Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt) 69.9
NE/Lact (mcal/lb) 0.65 0.85
NE/Maint (mcal/lb) 0.895
NE/Gain (mcal/lb) 0.6
Calcium 1.58% 1.04%
Phosphorous 0.37% 0.33%
Potassium 2.05% 4.46%
Magnesium 0.46% 0.26%
Sodium 759ppm
Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.41%
ppm Iron 171 657
ppm Copper 15 15
ppm Zinc 30 34
ppm Manganese 23 35
ppm Boron 50 30

59. •
•
•
•
•
•

60. Willow
ALFALFA Leaf
Protein 20.97% 19.8
Digestable Protein 14.9
Soluble Protein 1.5
Protein Solubility 50.07% 7.5
Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio 11:1 7:1
Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 24.9
Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.01% 37.6
Relative Feed Value 136.20% 172
TDN (est.) 63.89% 72
ME (mcal/lb) 1.18
Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt) 61.8
NE/Lact (mcal/lb) 0.65 0.75
NE/Maint (mcal/lb) 0.771
NE Gain (mcal/lb) 0.493
Calcium 1.58% 1.45
Phosphorous 0.37% 0.23
Potassium 2.05% 1.71
Magnesium 0.46% 0.27
Sodium 759ppm 0.011
Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.44
ppm Iron 171 117
ppm Copper 15 13
ppm Zinc 30 105
ppm Manganese 23 101
ppm Boron 50 34

61. Kiwi Willow Analysis
Dry Basis As Recd Dry Basis As Recd
% MOISTURE 21.7 %NDFD 48 Hr, % NDF 39.2 30.7
% DRY MATTER 78.3 % CALCIUM 1.42 1.11
% PHOSPHORUS 0.41 0.32
% PROTEIN 20.8 16.3
% POTASSIUM 1.53 1.20
% AVAILABLE PROTEIN 20.8 16.3
% MAGNESIUM 0.16 0.13
% DIGESTIBLE PROTEIN 15.8 12.4
IRON PPM 151 119
% ACID DETERGENT COPPER PPM 11 9
FIBER 32.9 25.7
ZINC PPM 49 38
% NEUTRAL DET. FIBER 40.4 31.7
MANGANESE PPM 29 23
RFV 146
% FAT 3.1 2.5
%TDN 63.5 49.8 % ASH 7.4 5.8
ME (MCAL/LB) 1.043 0.817 % SUGAR 10.8 8.4
EST. NET ENERGY RFQ 142
(T/CWT) 53.9 42.3 % TDN- Univ. Wis. UW 62.3 48.8
NE/LACT (MCAL/LB) 0.653 0.512 NE/LACT (MCAL/LB) UW 0.639 0.501
NE/MAINT (MCAL/LB) 0.648 0.508 MILK LBS./TON OF DM 2,839
NE/GAIN (MCAL/LB) 0.383 0.300 % IVTD 74.2 58.2
NSCa 28.2 22.1
4,500 Cuttings/Ha 1,800 Cuttings/ Acre 43,000 SF/AC ÷ 1800 = (1) per 25 square feet
1.5 meter pollard height 6 tons edible dry matter/acre

62. Mean faecal egg counts (FEC) as eggs/g of faeces for
undrenched lambs on the three forage treatments.
One of three rotations in Browse block
2400 trees/acre

63. Liveweight gain (LWG; g/day) and final dag score (units).

64. Salix humboltiana
Salix matsudana
Salix tangoio
Salix kinayanagi
www.hortresearch.co.nz/index/page/549
www.hortresearch.co.nz/projects/fodder
www.hortresearch.co.nz/wprc
“Tree Grower” “Growing Today”
“The Dominion Post” (Jan. & Feb. 2007)

65. Tannins (Phenolics)
• Makes By-Pass Protein
– EAA & BCAA Reproductive Efficiency
– Reduces Rumen Ammonia (less BUN/MUN)
– Enhances Immunity
• Resistance Against Internal Parasites
• Alleviates Bloat (binds to proteins in rumen)
• Reduces Methane Production
• Meat is lighter in color
• Meat is higher in anti-oxidants
• Meat is higher in Omega 3
• Meat is lower in “gamey” flavor

66. Coping with Tannins
• Large increase by Parotid Glands (Salivary) in Monogastrics of
Proline-Rich Proteins (PRP) (Bind Tannins)
– Binds tannins provided there’s enough energy
(carbohydrate) to keep polypeptide chain adhesive to
tannins
– Humans can consume high tannin sorghum and red wine
• Endocrine adaptation occurs in ruminants
– Glycerol released from adipose tissue

67. Biodiverse Feedback Loop Systems
• Tall Fescue: Endophyte
(Alkaloid-Nitrogen Steroid) • Birdsfoot Trefoil: Condensed
Tannins Binds nitrogen in Rumen
Alfalfa: Saponins Binds Steroids in GI Tract
Okunda, T. et. al. “Effects of Interaction of Tannins and Coexisting
Substances; Formation and Solubilization of Precipitates with
Alkaloids.” J. Pharm. Soc. Japan 102:854-858

68. Sheep on Rangeland
• Prefer
Sagebrush in
Morning
• Prefer Mixed
Shrubs and
Crested
Wheatgrass
Mid-Day
• Prefer Salt
Brush in Gade & Provenza “Nutrition of sheep grazing crested
Evening wheatgrass versus wheat grass shrub pastures during
winter.” J. Range Management 39:527-530

69. Alkaloids
(Major Deterrent of Grazing)
Betalain Alkaloids (Red/Purple)
•Pokeberry (Phytolacca)
•Beets
Indole Alkaloids
• Bitter in Taste (The Bitters) •Yohimbe
• Antidote to Excessive Tannin •Cinchona: Quinone
Intake
• Synthesized in Roots
• Common Alkaloids
-Nicotine (Insecticide)
-Caffeine (Slug-o-cide)
-Morphine
-Cocaine

70. Plant Defense & Animal Response
Tropical Pastures
Stylosanthes spp. Legume
– a-pinene and sticky resin
• Cattle tick immobilized by resin, killed by a-pinene
“Insects and Plant Surface” by Sutherst, R.W. and Wilson, L.J. (1986) pp. 185-194

71. Terpenes
• Monoterpenes
– Anti-microbial
– Anti-cancer
• Essential Oils
– Peppermint
– Thyme
– Oregano
– Citrus
• Small Volatile Molecules

72. Carotenes
(Terpenes)
•Alpha, beta, delta, gamma
•Orange/yellow pigments
•Dark green plants

73. Lycopene du Jour

74. Autumn Olive
•17x Lycopene of
Tomatoes
•Nitrogen Fixing
•Leaves are Fodder
•Chelates Lead & Zinc
•Nectar for Pollinators
•Wildlife Food & Habitat

76. Who’s a Native- Who’s a Foreigner???
“It is unlikely that empirical studies, if undertaken, could show that
in randomly selected ecosystems, non-native species, especially
plants, are more important factors in extinction than are native
species and many other contributing causes and conditions.”
Mark Sagoff, PhD Senior Research Scholar
Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy at the University of Maryland
“The overall pattern almost always is that there’s some net
increase in diversity, that seems to be because these native
communities of species don’t completely fill all the niches. The
exotics can fit in there.”
Dr. James Brown, Ecologist at the University of New Mexico in “Friendly
Invaders”

77. Who’s the Invasive Species???

78. Ben Mead’s Cows
Eating Japanese
Knotweed
Ben Mead’s Cows
Eating Nettle

79. Xanthophylls
(Oxygenated Carotenes)
•Lutein (kale, collards, spinach, egg yolk)
•Capsanthin (peppers)
•Cryptoxanthin
•Zeaxanthin

80. Organic Milk’s Grass Pigments
(Danish Institute of Agricultural Research)
• 50% More Vitamin E
• 75% More Beta Carotene
• 200-300% More Lutein & Zeaxanthine

82. The Benefits of Carotenoids
• Pro-Vitamin A (beta carotene): Animals cannot synthesize Vitamin A
– Normal Development of skin, mucosa
– Vision, Reproduction, resistance to bacterial/fungal disease
• Endocrine Function
– Gonadal Development/Maturation
– Fertilization, Hatching, Growth
• Protein Stability & Enzyme Function
• Cell Membrane Permeability
• Olfactory & Chemoreception
• Oxygen Reservoirs (Oxygenation of Cells)
• Mitochondria: Cross membrane calcium transfer
• Anti-Oxidant: Absorb/reflect U.V. radiation and quench singlet oxygen
• Immune Enhancement
– N.K. Cell activity
– Generate Wound/Healing
– Slow Down Tumor Growth
• Appetite Stimulation

84. “Antibiotic Properties of Essential Oils”
International Journal of Food Microbiology 5 (1987) 165-180
Plant Essential Oils Tested for Antibacterial Properties
Almond (bitter) Caraway Fennel Melissa Rosemary
Almond (sweet) Cardamom Geranium Mint (apple) Sage
Angelica Celery Ginger Nutmeg St Johns Wort
Anise Cinnamon Laurel Orange Sassafras
Basil Citronella Lavender Orange (bitter) Spike
Bay Clove Lemon Parsley Star Anise
Bergamot Coriander Lime Pepper Thuja
Calamus Dill Lovage Peppermint Thyme
Chamomile Estragon Mandarin Pimento Valerian
Cananga Eucalyptus Marjoram Rose Verbena

85. Test Bacteria (25)
Acinetobacter calcoacetica Aeromonas hydrophila Alcaligenes faecalis
Brevibacterium linens
Bacillus subtilis Baneckea natriegens
Brocothrix thermospacta Citrobacter freundi Clostridium sporogenes
Enterobacter aerogenes Erwinia carotovora Escherichia coli
Flavobacterium suaveolens Klebsiella pneumoniae Lactobacillus plantarum
Leuconostoc cremoris Micrococcus luteus Moraxella sp
Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella pullorum
Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus faecalis
Yersinia entercolitica

86. Test Results
• All 50 Plant E.O’s inhibited at least (1)
bacterium
• 41 plant E.O.’s inhibited (5) or more
bacterium
• 33 plant E.O.’s inhibited (10) or more
bacterium
• 10 plant E.O.’s inhibited (20) or more
bacterium

87. Essential Oil Number of genera
Angelica 25
Bay 24
Cinnamon 23
Clove 23
Thyme 23
Almond (bitter) 23
Marjoram 22
Pimento 22
Geranium 21
Lovage 20

88. Effect of Various Essential Oils Isolated from
Douglas Fir Needles upon Sheep & Deer
Rumen Microbial Activity
Applied Microbiology, July 1967, p. 777-784

89. Effect of
A Essential
Oils From
Douglas Fir
Needles
TIME (HOURS)

90. A
Effect of
Essential
Oils From
Douglas Fir
Needles
Time Hours

91. Newman Turner
“Weed” Preferences to Supplement
Grasses & Legumes
Chicory 2 lbs
Burnet 4 lbs
Sheep’s Parsley 2 lbs
Kidney Vetch 1 lb
Plantain 1 lb
Dandelion 1 lb
Fennel ½ lb

92. Foraging Behavior:
Managing to Survive
in a World of Change
By Frederick D. Provenza

94. Farm as Farmacy
“We have seen the future
of medicine and the future
is food.”
Dr. Mitch Gaynor
New York Strang Center
for Cancer Prevention