The document provides detailed information about various herbaceous perennial plants, including their classifications, propagation methods, and climatic preferences. It covers numerous species from different families, their origins, growth requirements, and notable characteristics, such as flower colors and sizes. Additionally, it touches on the distinctive features of succulent plants, particularly those in the Cactaceae family, and their specific care needs.

2. Group of plants that can not be included in the
“Shrub” group.
The “Herbaceous Perennials” are propagated
through seeds, offsets, division or cuttings.
The “Herbaceous Perennials” have been classified
into two groups, according to their climatic
requirements:
A. “Herbaceous Perennials for the Plains”
B. “Herbaceous Perennials for the Hills”

3. Family: Scrophulariaceae
Origin: South America
 A very popular, hardy, dwarf (60cm) perennial which
bears terminal racemes of sweet scented purple or white
(VAR. alba) flowers.
 Plants grow well in rich sandy soils. The compost for pots
(25-30 cm) consists of a mixture of garden soil, peat & leaf
mould.
 Easily propagated from seeds & stem or tip cuttings.
 Variegated form is with purple and white flowers.

5. Common Name: Michaelmas Daisy
Family: Compositae
Origin: Italy
 Consists of 3 Species:
i. A.amellus
ii. A. novae-angilae (New England Aster)
iii. A. novi-belgii (New York Aster).
 A. amellus grows upto a height of 60 cm.
 Single flowers are small, 2-2.5 cm apart, daisy like, borne
in large heads (30-45 cm) of corymbose panicle and are
white, lavender, mauve, deep blue, lilac and pink.

7. Common Name: Perennial Balsam,
T Touch-Me-Not
Family: Balsaminaceae
Origin: South Sea Isles & Sri Lanka
A. I. hawkeri: A bushy plant, about 60 cm tall,
succeeding in plains & bearing deep carmine
flowers, about 7cm apart, flowers during Summers.
B. I.hookeriana: A much branched, fleshy stemmed
perennial, about 90cm tall, & leaves having long
petioles. The flowers are large & white with purple
marekings.

10. Family- Compositae
origin- U.S.A
The commonly grown perennial sp. are
a) C. grandiflora ( syn. C. longipes)
it is 30-60 cm tall, bearing right yellow
flowers
b) C. lanceolata
It is also of the same height but
sometimes branches at the base and the flower
is bright yellow

12. common name - Cup flower
Family – Solanceae
Origin- argentina
A handsome branched perennial with thin
stems which are stiffy erect and grows to a
height of 15-30 cm. flowers are about 2cm
across , numerous, bright , blue violet in
color with darker lines and yellow throat.
Flowering is from june to sept. they grow
best in moist but well drained soil.

14. Family- labiatae
origin – tropical asia including India
A herbaceous perennial 30-60 cm tall , bearing
pale lilac- lue flowers, 2.5cm across and
stamens are much extended giving the
appearance of a cats whiskers. The plants are
grown in semi shade guarded from afternoon
sun and are propagate from seeds or
cuttings of half ripe shoots

16. Common name- Geranium, Pelargonium<
Storks bill
Family- Geraniaceae
Origin- South africa
Mostly grown as potted plant for their
handsome flower borne in clusters. The
leaves are showy. c

17. a) P. zonale
Plants grow upto a height of
45cm, sparsley branches with
succulent young branches
becoming woody with age .
Characterized by horseshoe
marked darker zone on the
upper face of leaves
b) P. pellatum- Syn. Geranium
pellatum
It is known as Ivy- leaved
geranium an is shrubby in habit
with slender straggling glabrous
branches upto 90cm long. The
flowers are carmine rose or
whitish with deep purple veins
and the upper 2 petals have red
lines. Suitable for hanging
baskets an window boxes

18. Family –Porulaceae or portulacaceae
origin- Brazil
A perennial plant with light or deep rose
double flowers , is often cultivated in the
garen, propagated from seeds, division, stem
cuttings

20. Common name- Periwinkle
Vernacular name- Nayan tara
Family –Apocynaceae
Origin – Tropics
The plants are 30-60cm tall an covered with
bright smooth oblong leaves. The plants grow
like weeds in many parts of the country . The
flowers are rosy purple( V. rosea) or white ( V.
alba) latter with or without a very small
reddish eye

22. Aquilegia vulgaris :
Common Name :Columbine
Family : Ranunculaceae
Origin : Europe
There are numerous species which are cultivated in garden, but most
common is “Columbine”. There are many hybrids also involving
different species. These are pretty plants, about 60cm tall, with handsome
fern like foliage consisting of three leaflets in a leaf. Flowers are double
or single, and large,10-12cm across with long spur. Flower colour ranges
from white to red, yellow, pink, blue and lavender.
Herbaceous Perennials For Hills

25. Campanula:
Common Name : Bell Flower
Family : Campanulaceae
Origin : Europe, Asia, Africa
Plants bear cup and saucer flowers. The common perennial species of
garden are : C. burghaltii (grey-blue flowers), C. carpatica (blue & white
flowers), C. glomerata (violet-blue or white flowers). Plants are
propagated in spring via division of roots or from seeds. Flowers are
single or double.

27. Primula malacoides
Common Name : Baby Primose, Fairy Primose
Family : Primulaceae
Origin : China
Primula is 30cm tall plant with a rosette of large broad leaves at
base. The flowers, single or double are born on a long slender
stalk in trusses and the flower colour in modern horticultural
forms may be white , lavender-mauve, pale pink, deep pink,
salmon rose, mauve, rose red, crimson. A well drained rich soil
containing sufficient humus is suitable.

29. Streptocarpus:
Common Name :Cape primrose
Family : Gesneriaceae
Origin : Africa
There are several species including hybrids, that are in cultivation.
These are perennial stemless herbs, suitable for medium and high
elevations, with one leaf or a rosette of several leaves and a single leaf
may measure from 7.5cm to 15cm. Blooms are born in erect sequence
and the shades include blue, lilae, mauve, pink and white. Plants are
suitable for pots and for growing in rockeries in a semi shaded
position. Plants are shallow rooted and need a rich compost.

32. Pyrethrum roseum :
Common Name : Pyrethrum of gardens
Family : Compositae
Origin : Persia
Plants are 30-60cm tall with finely cut leaves and big flowers
resembling daisies in colours of white, lilae, rose and red. These
are innumerable horticultural varieties including hybrids with
shades of pink, salmon, red and scarlet, crimson etc. sometimes
Flowers are tipped yellow and disc is also yellow. Suitable for
growing in borders and produces flowers for cutting.

34. Heuchera sanguinea :
Common Name : Coral Bells, Crimson Bells
Family : Saxifragaceae
Origin : Mexico, Arizona(U.S.A)
A herb, 30-45cm high with heart shaped or roundish, much lobed
leaves. The flowers are small, bell-shaped and numerous born on long
stalks. These are suitable for table decoration. The var. alba, the
flowers are white and in var. rosea, the flowers are rose red. Plants
need a light soil and semi shade for proper growth. Propagated from
suckers or seeds. Flowering is from june to September.

36. Hunnemannia fumariifolia:
Common Name : Mexican Tulip Poppy
Family : Papaveraceae
Origin : Mexico
A perennial much allied to californian poppy. It grows to aheight
of 40-90cm and bears yellow flowers which are 5-7cm across.
The flowers are good for cuttings and for planting in herbaceous
border. They need a rich, well drained soil for proper growth.
Plants are raised from seeds or suckers and can be treated as an
annual. Flowering is in july.

39. Dianthus caryophyllus :
Common Name : Carnation
Family : Caryophyllaceae
Origin : Southern France
It flowering annual but in reality, it is treated as biennial and succeeds well
as such. The word “Dianthus” is a derivative from a greek word meaning the
“Divine” flower. There are several distinct types of carnation and each of
these can be grown successfully in cooler parts of plains.
It does well in a well drained soil, rich in lime and sunny situation.
Carnations are great favourites for cultivation also. Deep planting , water-
logging, and mulching with manure are harmful as these may cause stem or
collar rot.

41. The plants of cacti group have areoles while no other
succulents have these structures.
The group of plants belong to Family: Cactaceae and
many other plants belong to succulent group.
Cactaceae family plants must have all the following
chacteristics:
 Areols or spine-cushions are invariably present in all the
members, with a few exceptions, these areoles are usually
armed with spines or with fine borbed hairs (glochids ) or
with both.
 All are perennial plants.
 The plants is one celled berry.
 All belong to dicotyledones group.
 The flower petals arise frome the top of the ovary.

42. The Family Cactaceae is divided into three
tribes:
 Tribe 1: Pereskieae
 Tribe 2 : Opuntieae
 Tribe 3 : Cereeae

43. Common Name : Red-Tail-Cactus
Origin : Mexico
Family : Cactaceae
 Stem are slender, creeping or long pendent, closely
ribbed having brownish spines.
 Flowers are 7-8cm long and crimson in colour.

45. Origin : Mexico, West Texas, U.S.A.
 A star shaped rosette , the surface horny and
irregularly fissured; the flowers are lovely pink.
 To an onlooker the plant will appear to be
shrivelled and dead.

47. Origin :Mexico
Other Name:Ariocarpus trigonus
 The plants are globular or more or less depressed,
the numerous erect leaf like tubercles form a rosette,
greenish-grey in colour; flowers are pale yellow.

49. Origin : North Mexico
 The plants are low, circular, rather dome shaped,
with a star shaped depression, green but tinged
coppery with white scales and areoles are woolly,
spineless, The flowers are yelow with red markings
in throat.

51. Common Name : Old Man Cactus
Origin : Mexico
 A beautiful cactus of slender column, growing upto
12cm in natural habitat, closely ribbed, covered with
long grey hair; flowers are rose in colour.

53. Common Name : Curiosity plant
 A garden form commonly called curiosity plant.
The monstrose branches grow continuously in an
irregular fashion; bluish green and spiny.

55.  The short cylindric green stems come in clusters,
which are covered with soft white spines. The
flowers are orange – scarlet and borne very
freely, especially when grafted. There are two
other forms :
 Crested
 Variegated

57. Origin : Bolivia
 The slender columnar stem is green, clustering in
habit and covered with bristle-like white spines with
yellow tings.
 Flowers are tubular and carmine in colour .
 There is a cristate form, which is fan- shaped and
beautiful.

59. Common Name :Golden Barrel or
M Mother In Law‘s chair.
Origin – Mexico
Flowers are yellow & are borne on the apex during
day time. It is generally solitary.
This develops into a giant globe of about one meter
diameter, numerously (21-37) ribbed , which are
thin &high,light green , but covered wit Numerous
golden- yellow spine which fade with age.

61. Common Name –
Rainbow Cactus
Origin – Texas,Usa,Mexico.
 The plants are small,
cylideric,spines, are
radical.
Spreading, pinkish when
young but changing to gray,
spines of intermediate age
are variously colored,
flowers are yellow &
tinged red.

63. Common Name – Peruvian old man
Origin – Peru,Ecuador
 The flower are columnar ,2-4m high.
Stem sometimes branching 4-10cm in diameter ,
covered with cotton with cotton like white Hairs
through which the numerous spines protide out ,
flowers are pinkish.

65. Origin – Califonia,USA
 Globular large plant , broadly – ribbed numbering
8-13 spreading radial spines 8-12
 All central spines are straight , reddish except
one which is long , flattened & hooked
Flowers and fruits not known.

67. Common Name – Powder Puff.
The appearance is like a cotton ball as the small
round plant is covered with silky white.
Hairs, the fish hook spines are brown in colour.
The flower buds are rose – scented ,but flowers are
described as white.

69. Origin – South East Brazil
The species is a (8 cm high,15 cm broad) conical,
light green, with a yellowish tip with 10 broad (list)
ribs, radial spines white, cephalium white with
brown bristtles,flowers and pink.

71. Origin – North Mexico
Common Name – Bunny – ears
 The young pad like growth coming on top of older
ones and appearing like ears.
Joints are flat, oblong or roundish,velvely,areoles
close & conspicuous because of neat arrangement
& tight brown of bristles which stick .
Cospicuous because of heat arranged &light brown
tufts of bristles which stick easily If touch &
painful.

74. Aeonium
Family: Crassulaceae
 Succulent herbaceous plants with woody and more or less
snarched stems . The leaves are born in rosette at the end of
sraches. Plants like plenty of water in the summer and a rich
sandy soil . Propagation is by seeds and cuttings

75. A .arboreum (syn.sentervivum
arboretum)
Origin: Morocco
Branches few , leaves in dense
rosettes at end of branches.
A . Canariersle
(syn.sempervivum canariense )
Common name: Giant velvet rose
Origin :Canaries islands
Leaves are in large and loose
rosettes

76. Agave
Common name : Century Plant
Family : Amaryllidaceae
Very common ornamental succulent plants with typical
xerophytic looks .
Leaves are borne in rosettes which are thick , leathery and
sword like.

77. Agave americana
Origin : Mexico
Large rosettes, margins of leaves are
toothed.
Agave filifera
Origin : Mexico
Many leaves are rosette ,form offsets
Leaves are stiffed bright green , with
white lines along the margin which
splits into loose filaments

78. Aloe
Family : Liliaceae
A group of hardy succulent plants , mostly stem less or with
short stems but some species are tree like leaves in rosette,
fleshy , margins entire or toothed . Propagation is by seeds or
suckers

79. A .aculeta
Origin : Transvoal
Leaves are fleshy , broad
lanceolate bluish in colour , upto
60cm long and 12cm broad :
flower are lemon yellow
A .brevifolia
Origin : Cape province , Africa
Leaves are triangular , oblong ,
thick , pale green , flat above ,
flowers are red and in dense
racemes .

80. Bowiea volubilis
Common name : Sea onion or
Limbing onion
Family : Liliaceae
Origin : South Africa
Light green bulb , 20cm sometimes
40cm in diameter , remains above
the ground from which a twining
branched stem of green colour , with
a few fleshy baral leaves , climb
upward if supported by a trellis .
Greenish white flowers are
insignificant and are borne at end of
vine . Likes a sandy but rich soils

81. Carolluna
Plants resemble stapelias and
require similar cultural treatments
Family : Asclepidaceae
Important species ;
Stem is usually four angled and
branches at ground level
C.burchardii ; canary islands
C.europaea ; Mediterranean island
C.lutea ; South Africa
C.mamillaris ; South Africa

82. Bryophyllum
Family ; Crassulaceae
Origin ; Madagascar and tropics
Sepals are jointed , not free , not erect
flowers and the stamens inserted at the
base of corolla tube , propagation is
easy as plantlets appear in notches of
the leaves , sometimes even on the
plants or when placed in moist sand .
Plants like a rich well drained soil and
plenty of water . Flowering is in during
winter.
Important species are ; B. crenatum ,
B.daigremontianum . Leaves are
cylinder in the B . Tubifloram .
Flowers are reddish . Plantlets develop
at tip of leaves

83. Euphorbia
Family ; Euphorbiaceae
E.antiquarum
origin ; India
A thorny succulent with many branches
,the stem is 4-5 angled ; while the
branches are generally 3-angled
constricted at joints , leaves are small ;
roundish . Grow upto 3.5 m
E. mammillaris
Common name ; Comcobactus
origin ; Cape province
Main stem is cylindrical and 8-17
angled there are many lateral branches
and spines are occasionally present . In
var. variegata the column is greenish
with green markings

84. Family::Crassulaceae
A. C.barbeyi
Origin: Eritrea and south Arabia
 A succulent with large , fleshy shovel – like leaves
,which are whitish green in colour .
A. C.flanaganii
Origin: Cape Province to South Africa
 A succulent with loose rosetts of leaves , the margins of
which are irregular .
 Leaves have spatula shape and grey green in colour with
white glaucescence.

86. Family: Crassulaceae
Leaves are ornamental in various shape and sizes ,
vary fleshy spirally arranged into rosetts .
Most of the speices are beautiful and suitable for
growing indoor.
Propagation is easy by means of cuttings .
Seed also germinates easily .
Some of the beautifull species are :
- E.agavoides (syn cotyledon agavoides)
- E.crenuleta (syn. E.hoffmannii)
- E.elegans (syn. Cotyledon elegans)

88. (Syn. Fourcroya, Fourcraea, Furcroya, Furcroea.)
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Origin : Tropical America
a. F. gigantean (syn. F.joetida)
 Has upto about 50 fleshy , sword shaped leaves which are 1.2-1.8
m long , borne in a rosette .
 The leaves are shinning green and have negligible spines .
 The flowering stalk is 9-12 m high, stem is about 90-120 cm .
 The flowers are milk –white within and greenish outside.
b. F.gigantean striata
 A very showy variegated leaved variety .
 The variegation is in strips and broad bands and are ivory.

90. Family : Liliaceace
Origin : South Africa
Common name : Window plant
 The leaves are fleshy , arranged in rosettes or closely
overlapping , often covered with pearly tubercles ,flowers
are insignificant horticulturally .
 These are very attractive plants suitable for room decoration
, they are easy to cultivate and the compost consisting of
good loam ,sharp sand and leaf mould or peat in equal
proportions, suits them well.
 Propagation is by means of offshoots which are produced
freely .

94. Family: Crassulaceae
Origin: Tropical Asia & Africa.
 Plants like a rich porous soil.
 propagation is easy from cuttings and seeds.some imp.
Species.
a. K. daigremontiana
(syn.Bryophyllum daigremontiana)
 Leaves are arched ,fleshy,tricornered and brownish green in
colour.
 plantlets are produced at the margin of leaves.
b. K. eriophylla
 Leaves are thick,fleshy,ovate,green in colour but shaded
coppery-purple at the margins.
Family: Crassulaceae
Origin: Tropical Asia & Africa.
 Plants like a rich porous soil.
 propagation is easy from cuttings and seeds.some imp.
Species.
a. K. daigremontiana
(syn.Bryophyllum daigremontiana)
 Leaves are arched ,fleshy,tricornered and brownish green in
colour.
 plantlets are produced at the margin of leaves.
b. K. eriophylla
 Leaves are thick,fleshy,ovate,green in colour but shaded
coppery-purple at the margins.

96. Family: Aizoaceae
Origin: South Africa
The plants are in the forms of tufts , the shape of
bodies are abconical and the upper surface or the
apex is truncated as if cut across by a knife.
Some of the important genera in this group are :
Aloinopsis , Argyroderma , Conophyllum ,
Gibbaeum , Lithops , Pteiosprlos and Stomattum.
A large majority of these plants do not well in
theplains of india.

98. FAMILY: Geraniaceae
 These are suitable for growing in the milder climate, rich sandy soil.
 Propagation is from seeds and cuttings.
a. P. carnosum
Origin : South Africa
 A weird looking succulent with a thick stem leaves are pinnately
lobed and pinnatifically cut . Flowers are in 6-8 flowers and umbels
are creamy rose in colour.
b. P. gibbosum
Common name : Gouty geranium
Origin : South Africa
A climbing branched shrub , the branches being thin , leaves are
pinnately lobbed and ruffled while the greenish yellow flower

100. FAMILY: Liliaceae
Propagation is by “Division of suckers”
a. S. cylindrical
Origin: South Tropical Africa
 Leaves are cylindrical , rigid , leathery and arching
in tufts of 8-10 and often 1.5 m long
b. S.stuckyi
Origin : Rhodesia
A creeping rostte in which the leaves are cylindrical
and upto 90 cm in height