Hepatitis simple review by kufamedst
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The document provides an overview of hepatitis, focusing on hepatitis viruses A through E. It details the transmission, symptoms, testing, and treatment for acute and chronic cases of hepatitis B and C. Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through contaminated food or water, while hepatitis B and C viruses are transmitted through bodily fluids. Acute cases may show flu-like symptoms and jaundice, while chronic cases can lead to liver damage, cirrhosis, and liver cancer over many years if left untreated. Laboratory tests can identify viral antigens and antibodies to determine infection status and viral load. Treatment options aim to suppress viral replication through antiviral medications.
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This document summarizes information about hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E. It describes the sources and routes of transmission for each virus, as well as methods for prevention. Key points include that hepatitis A and E viruses are transmitted via the fecal-oral route, while hepatitis B, C and D viruses can be transmitted through blood and bodily fluids. Prevention strategies include vaccination for hepatitis A and B viruses, and screening of blood and organ donors.
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Hepatitis B is a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver. It is spread through contact with infectious blood or body fluids and can lead to both acute and chronic infections. Chronic infections are asymptomatic in many cases but can result in serious complications like liver damage, cirrhosis, and liver cancer over time. The hepatitis B virus targets liver cells and incorporates its DNA into the host cell, where it can persist for a lifetime if not cleared by the immune system. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B infection.
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This document discusses chronic hepatitis B infection, including its diagnosis and management. Some key points:
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Hepatitis B is a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver. It is spread through contact with infectious blood or body fluids and can lead to both acute and chronic infections. Chronic infections are asymptomatic in many cases but can result in serious complications like liver damage, cirrhosis, and liver cancer over time. The hepatitis B virus targets liver cells and incorporates its DNA into the host cell, where it can persist for a lifetime if not cleared by the immune system. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B infection.
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2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) testing involves detecting surface antigen (HBsAg), core antibody (anti-HBc IgM and IgG), and surface antibody (anti-HBs). Together these can indicate acute, chronic, or resolved infection. HBV is transmitted through blood and body fluids.
3. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes chronic infection in 60-85% of cases and has no vaccine. It is transmitted through blood exposure like needle sharing. Acute infection
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There are 6 known types of hepatitis viruses: hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G. Hepatitis C is a flavivirus with a plus-strand RNA genome of 9.4 kb that is primarily transmitted through blood and can be sexually transmitted. It was difficult to propagate in vitro until reverse genetics was used to produce infectious clones. Hepatitis D requires hepatitis B coinfection and substantially contributes to hepatitis B pathogenesis. Treatment options for hepatitis viruses include immune modulators, interferon, nucleoside/nucleotide analogs, and therapeutic vaccines.
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This document provides an overview of hepatitis, including:
- Definitions of acute and chronic hepatitis and their causes such as various viruses and toxins.
- Clinical features such as jaundice, fever, and complications like cirrhosis.
- Investigations including liver function tests and viral serology.
- Prevention through vaccines for hepatitis A and B.
- Treatment options for different types of hepatitis such as antiviral drugs for hepatitis B and C and steroids for autoimmune hepatitis.
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- HCV is a major cause of liver disease worldwide, with transmission primarily through blood exposure. Diagnosis involves antibody and RNA testing.
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This document discusses the prevention of hepatitis B and C. It notes that India has an overall HBsAg positivity rate of 2-4.7% among pregnant women. Hepatitis B can be transmitted through blood or body fluids, from mother to child during birth, or through sexual contact. High-risk groups include those with multiple sexual partners or intravenous drug use. The hepatitis B vaccine is effective at preventing infection and involves a 3-dose series over 6 months. For exposure, hepatitis B immune globulin and vaccination provides good protection if started within 2 weeks. Universal precautions and immunization are key to prevention in healthcare settings.
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Viral hepatitis can be diagnosed based on characteristic prodromal symptoms like nausea and abdominal pain together with elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin levels. Several viruses can cause hepatitis including hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and G viruses, which differ in their transmission routes, clinical severity, progression to chronic infection, and available treatments. Laboratory tests are important for determining the viral cause and guiding treatment, with IgM and PCR assays detecting acute infection and viral antigens and antibodies indicating chronic or past infection.
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Acute hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver that lasts less than six months. It is commonly caused by viral infections such as hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, but can also be due to other infections, toxins like alcohol, drugs, or autoimmune processes. Symptoms may include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Liver enzymes are elevated and viral markers can help identify the cause. Most cases of acute hepatitis are self-limiting, but some may lead to chronic liver disease. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, and vaccination can help prevent viral hepatitis.
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This document summarizes information about Hepatitis virus prepared by Abubakr Sdiq Sargaty. It provides an overview of different Hepatitis viruses including HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV. Key details include their nucleic acid, mode of transmission, severity and chronicity. The document also discusses viral replication, geographic distribution, clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Hepatitis B virus in more depth. It emphasizes the importance of vaccination programs in eliminating HBV transmission.
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1. Hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E can cause acute and chronic liver infection. They differ in their modes of transmission, whether they cause chronic infection, and presence of vaccines.
2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) testing involves detecting surface antigen (HBsAg), core antibody (anti-HBc IgM and IgG), and surface antibody (anti-HBs). Together these can indicate acute, chronic, or resolved infection. HBV is transmitted through blood and body fluids.
3. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes chronic infection in 60-85% of cases and has no vaccine. It is transmitted through blood exposure like needle sharing. Acute infection
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A 45-year-old woman presented with fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, and slight anemia. Liver function tests showed elevated AST, ALT, and bilirubin levels. An ultrasound found a slightly decreased liver size without nodules or cirrhosis. A liver biopsy revealed inflammation and bridging fibrosis. This suggests a probable diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C infection, which can be confirmed with a HCV RNA test. The best course of action would be to start pharmacotherapy to treat the infection according to guidelines and educate the patient on prevention measures.
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Hepatitis B is a virus that attacks the liver. It can cause both acute, short-term infections and chronic, long-term infections. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. Symptoms may include fatigue, abdominal pain, and jaundice. There is no cure for hepatitis B, but vaccination provides effective protection. Testing for hepatitis B involves detecting antigens and antibodies to determine infection status.
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This document provides an overview of hepatitis, including:
- Definitions of acute and chronic hepatitis and their causes such as various viruses and toxins.
- Clinical features such as jaundice, fever, and complications like cirrhosis.
- Investigations including liver function tests and viral serology.
- Prevention through vaccines for hepatitis A and B.
- Treatment options for different types of hepatitis such as antiviral drugs for hepatitis B and C and steroids for autoimmune hepatitis.
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Hepatitis C is a major global public health problem that infects approximately 180 million people worldwide. It is a leading cause of liver disease and death, with more than 350,000-500,000 people dying each year from hepatitis C related liver disease. The virus predominantly causes chronic infection in 70-85% of cases and can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma over time if left untreated. New direct acting antiviral regimens have revolutionized treatment and now offer cure rates over 95% with shorter, better tolerated courses of therapy.
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- HCV has a single-stranded RNA genome within the Flaviviridae family. It exists as different genotypes that determine treatment response.
- HCV is a major cause of liver disease worldwide, with transmission primarily through blood exposure. Diagnosis involves antibody and RNA testing.
- Treatment aims to eradicate HCV and involves pegylated interferon and ribavirin combinations. Response is monitored via viral load decline. Adverse effects require monitoring and management. New direct-acting antivirals are improving treatment outcomes.
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This document provides information about viral hepatitis, focusing on hepatitis A, B, and C. It discusses the transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and long-term effects of each virus. Hepatitis A and B can be prevented through vaccines, while hepatitis C has no vaccine and is transmitted through blood. Over time, untreated hepatitis C can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer, though many people have no symptoms for decades. Genotypes determine treatment options for hepatitis C.
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Hepatitis
This document provides an introduction and overview of hepatitis classification and viruses. It discusses the following key points:
1. Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver caused by viruses. There are 5 main hepatitis viruses - Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses. Hepatitis B is the only DNA virus, while the others are RNA viruses.
2. The viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid and transmitted through different routes. Hepatitis A and E are transmitted via the fecal-oral route, while Hepatitis B, C, D are blood-borne.
3. Each virus is then discussed in more detail covering features like morphology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and
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Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that is commonly caused by viral hepatitis A, B, and C. Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route or contaminated food/water while hepatitis B and C viruses are transmitted through blood or bodily fluids. The viruses infect liver cells and cause liver damage that leads to symptoms. While hepatitis often resolves on its own, chronic hepatitis B and C infections can develop and increase risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer over time without treatment. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and transmitted via airborne respiratory droplets. It commonly affects the lungs but can spread systemically, especially in immunosuppressed individuals.
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This document summarizes information about different types of viral hepatitis:
- Hepatitis A virus causes acute hepatitis that is usually self-limiting without chronic infection. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
- Hepatitis B virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis and is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids. Chronic infection can lead to liver cancer or death. There is an effective vaccine for prevention.
- Hepatitis C virus is a common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and while often asymptomatic initially, many infections progress to chronic hepatitis and complications like cirrhosis or liver cancer over decades.
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1. The document provides information about various types of viral hepatitis including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. It discusses the causative viruses, modes of transmission, clinical features of acute and chronic infection, diagnosis, and treatment.
2. Key points covered include that hepatitis A and E typically cause acute, self-limiting infections while hepatitis B and C can become chronic. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect viral antigens, antibodies, and RNA. Treatment differs between acute and chronic cases.
3. Chronic hepatitis B and C can be treated with antiviral drugs while acute cases usually only require supportive care.
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1. Viral hepatitis is inflammation of the liver caused by hepatotropic viruses, with five main types identified: HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV.
2. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and causes an acute, self-limiting infection with recovery in 3-6 weeks. Vaccination provides effective prevention.
3. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission occurs via blood and bodily fluids, putting those with multiple sex partners or intravenous drug use at high risk. HBV infection can be acute or develop into chronic liver disease. Vaccination provides effective prevention.
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Hepatitis b,c, &d
Hepatitis B, C & D Viruses
This document summarizes key information about hepatitis B, C, and D viruses. It discusses the etiology, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of each virus. Hepatitis B virus is a hepadnavirus that can cause both acute and chronic infection. Hepatitis C virus is a flavivirus that often leads to chronic infection. Hepatitis D virus can only infect those also infected with hepatitis B and increases the severity of liver disease. Vaccination and blood screening are important prevention strategies for these viral hepatitises.
Hepatitis ppt
Most cases of acute viral hepatitis are caused by five viruses - hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A and E are transmitted through the fecal-oral route while hepatitis B, C, and D can be transmitted through blood and body fluids. Laboratory diagnosis of viral hepatitis involves serological tests to detect antibodies and antigens to the hepatitis viruses as well as molecular tests to detect viral RNA. Interpretation of hepatitis serology can indicate acute or chronic infection.
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Hepatitis simple review by kufamedst
- 1. Hepatitis Simple review Based on Kufa university / medical collage – Infection & Immunity module lecture KufamedSt@gmail.com Our Website
- 2. KMS Team KUFAMEDST Kufa Medical Students © 2023 by KUFA MED.ST Hepatitis Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis.(By WHO ) There are 5 main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E. HAV is present in the faeces of infected persons and is most often transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. Lab. Tests IgM HAV : Standard for acute infection HBV Is double stranded DNA Virus HBcAg= core antigen HBsAg= Surface antigen HBeAg= nucleocapsid antigen Transmission
- 3. KMS Team KUFAMEDST Kufa Medical Students © 2023 by KUFA MED.ST Acute HBV Asymptomatic or ‘flu-like’ symptoms Jaundice: 20% of patients Recovery normally takes 6 to 12 weeks after the onset of illness Lab. Tests HBsAg ( If Positive – patient is contagious . May present in chronic ) Ant-HBcAg ( IgM antibody ) *Appear early ELISA & RIAs (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays & radioimmunoassays ) HBeAg un detectable due to presence of anit- HBeAg Note: If the surface antigen (HBsAg) and/or DNA test is positive, the carrier is contagious. Treatment Bed rest Eat a healthy diet Chronic HBV Lasting longer than 6 months 25% of HBV carriers develop liver disease Cirrhosis and Liver enlargement Can lead to Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular carcinoma) Lab. Tests ELISA & RIAs (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays & radioimmunoassays ) Real-Time PCR HBsAg ( If Positive – patient is contagious . May present in Acute ) HBeAg (indicates viral replication) Note: If the surface antigen (HBsAg) and/or DNA test is positive, the carrier is contagious.
- 4. KMS Team KUFAMEDST Kufa Medical Students © 2023 by KUFA MED.ST Treatment Antiviral therapy to inhibit steps of viral genome replication , Reduce the risk of hepatocelluar carcinoma and viral load . Viral polymerase inhibitors Lamivudine= Nucleoside analog incorporate into viral DNA. Adefovir Dipivoxil = Nucleotide analog. It works by slowing the growth of the virus. It is not a cure for hepatitis B. Pegylated interferon alpha HCV (-) SS RNA Enveloped Family Flaviviridae High replication rate Acute HCV Last for 6 months 20-30% will clear the virus and won’t develop chronic Symptoms : flu like symptoms &
- 5. KMS Team KUFAMEDST Kufa Medical Students © 2023 by KUFA MED.ST Chronic HCV Last longer than 6 months Can cause cirrhosis, liver failure & Hepatic encephalopathy Pts 20-40 are at higher risk to develop liver cancer Same acute HCV symptoms but more severity Lab. Tests Anti-HCV test: Detect antibodies. HCV-RNA test: Identifies virus in the blood. Viral Load test: Measure viral RNA in particles in the blood Viral genotyping: Determine the kind of virus present. Treatment Pegylated interferon alpha & Ribavirin (guanosine analog for Virus RNA ) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..