2. Hepatitis is an inflamation of the
liver.
This inflammation may be
caused by viruses,toxins or
chemicals.
There are several types of
hepatitis such as
viral,toxic,chronic and alcoholic.
3. It is the most common blood-borne
infection.
The most common of type of hepatitis
are:
Hepatitis A virus [HAV]
Hepatitis B virus [HBV]
Hepatitis C virus [HCV]
Hepatitis D virus [Delta agent]
Hepatitis E virus
4. Other agents which may cause
hepatitis;
Rubella virus,varicella virus,retro
viruses,yellow fever virus,adeno
viruses and marbug virus.
Epstein-barr virus,cytomegalo
virus,herpes simplex are other
possible causes of viral hepatitis.
5. Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis F
Hepatitis G
18. Anti HAV-IgM Positive in acute
hepatitis
IgG positive after infection
19. Hygiene
Immune globulin(possive)
Inactivated hepatitis A
vaccine-havrix & vaqta(active)
Adult1st dose 1ml IM
2nd dose 1ml IM after 6
to 12 months.
20. Hepatocytes undergo pathologic changes
induced by the body’s immune response to
the virus.
Inflammation of the liver with areas of
necrosis occurs,and the resultant damage
leads to impairment of function.
The degree of functional impairment depends
on the amount of hepatocellular damage.
21. The endoplamic reticulamis the first
cellular organelle to undergo change
and liver functions thats depends on
these processes are alters.
Kuffer cells increase In both size and
number.
Vascular and ductular tissues undergo
inflammatory changes.
32. Hygiene
Avoidance of risks
HBIG(Passive)
Recombinant hepatitis B
vaccine(active)
Hepatitis B vaccine(passive)
3 IM injection(deltoid) 0,1,6
months
33. The HBV is a DNA virus that has an
inner core and a surface envelope.
The body forms antibodies to the viral
antigens HBsAg.
The presence of resolving infection
blood denotes:
1. A previous or resolving infection with
hepatitisB
2. A Continuing,chronic infection,
3. Immunization with immunoglobulin
or HBV vaccine.
34. IV drug use accounts for 60% of HCV
transmission.
The risk ralated to injecting drug use is that
shared drug paraphenalia used to prepare or
inject the drug may have contaminated with HCV
infection.
Tattooing and body piercing tools contaminated
with small amount of blood may also contribute
to HCV infection.
The tattoo artist or piercer must use good health
practices such as hand-washing,sterized or
disposable tattoing needles,disposable gloves.
36. Similar to that
for hepatitis B
IV drug use
Intranasal
cocaine use
Body piercing
Multiple sex
partners
37. TRANSMISSION SEVERITY
Contact with Canlead to
blood and body chronic
fluids.
hepatitis.
Source of
infection
uncertain in
many clients.
Carrier state.
40. Itis also known as delta hepatitis.
Hepatitis D is transmitted only
through blood contact and thus
seen most commonly in clients
exposed to blood and blood
products,such as IV drug users
and people with hemophilia.
41. Hepatitis D virus
requires the helper
function of HBV for its
replication and
expression.
Hepatitis D virus can
either infect a person
stimultaneously with
HBV(co-infection) or
infect a person already
infected with
HBV(superinfection)
42. OCCURRENCE INCUBATION
Hepatitis D virus PERIOD AND
causes hepatitis RISK
only in FACTORS/HIGH
association with RISK GROUPS
hepatitis B virus
Same as for
and only in
presence of hepatitis B
HBsAg
43. Co infect with hepatitis B
Close personal contact
Carrier state
44. Similar to
hepatitis B
More severe if
occurs with
chronic hepatitis
B
Increased risk of
hepatocellular
carcinoma.
47. This form of hepatitis primarily affect
young adults.
It has a short incubation and there is
no evidence that it becomes chronic.
The hepatitis E virus alters
hepatocellular function in almost the
other types of hepatitis viruses.
It causes necrosis and liver cell
damage.
48. OCCURRENCE INCUBATION
Parts of PERIOD
Asia,Africa,India, 14-60
Maxico,Philipines days;mean 40
where there is
days
poor sanitation.
49. RISK TRANSMISSION
FACTORS/HIG Fecal-oral
route,food-or
H RISK water-borne.
GROUPS No carrier state
Travelling or
living in areas
where
incidence is
high.
50. Illness self-
limiting
Mortality rate
in pregnant
women 10%-
20%
51. DIAGNOSTIC PROPHYLAXIS
TESTS AND ACTIVE
Anti-HEV
OR PASSIVE
IMMUNITY
Hygiene
Sanitation
No immunity
52. Hepatits f seems to be
similar to hepatitis A
and E in its mode of
transmission.
There is no serologic
test for hepatitis F, and
diagnosis is by
electron microscopic
identification of the
virus.
53. Hepatitis G is spread through contact with
blood,blood product, and body fluids.
Most clients are asymptomatic, and chronic
infection develops in 90% to 100% of infected
individuals.
Hepatitis G virus, like HCV,is a blood borne
RNA virus.
Current data indicate that a large portion of
client infected with hepatitis G are also
infected with HCV.
54. Hepatitis G virus
does not alter
the severity of
hepatitis C, nor
is it associated
with acute or
chronic liver
injury,although
the latter finding
requires
continused
study.
55. Associated with
chronic viremia
lasting 10
years.
Rarely causes
frank hepatitis.
56. Health care workers in
hemodialysis.
IV drug users.
Hemodialysis clients.
Chronic hepatitis B or C clients.
57. TRANSMISSION
Percutaneous
SEVERITY
Does not appear to cause liver
disease.
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Anti-HGV
PROPHYLAXIS
Hygiene
