Hepatitis Pathophysiology unit 2nd Pathology Disease

1. HEPATITIS
Liver

2. Liver
.Weight of liver is approximately 1.36kg (3 lb).
.It is reddish brown clour and divided into four lobes of
different shape and size.
It is the largest internal organ.
It is below the diaphragm on the right in thoracic region of
the abdomen

3. HEPATITIS
. Inflammation of Liver caused by virus or bacterial infection
or continious exposure to alcohol,drugs ,or toxins.
.It is mainly of two types:-
(a)Viral hepatitis.
(b)Non-viral hepatitis.
(a)Viral hepatitis-

4. • Detoxification (from blood ,such as alcohol).
• Stores vitamin A,D,E,K &vitamin B12 (also store
minerals).
• Protein synthesis (make certain amino acids
building block of protein).
• The production of biochemical needed for
digestion,such as bile.
• Maintain blood glucose level.

5. • Produces 80% of body cholestrol.
• Store glycogen (glucose to glycogen conversion).
• Decomposition of Red blood cell.
• Synthesis of plasma protein.
• Production of hormones.
• Produces Urea (main part of urine).

6. Hepatitis
• Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. Alcohol
consumption, several health conditions, and some
medications can all cause this condition. However, viral
infections are the most common cause of hepatitis.

7. viral Hepatitis
viral hepatitis is caused by virus and can either be acute
(lasting less than six months) or chronic (lasting more than
six months). Viral hepatitis can be spread from person to
person. Some types of viral hepatitis can be spread through
sexual contact.
• types
• (1) hepatitis A
• (2) hepatitis B
• (3) hepatitis C
• (4) hepatitis D
• (5) hepatititis E

8. • (1)

13. Hepatitis B
• The virus is most commonly transmitted from an infected
pregnant person to their baby during childbirth, due to the
blood exchange that happens between mother and baby. It is
also transmitted through unsterile medical or dental equipment,
unprotected sex, or unsterile needles, or by sharing personal
items such as razors, toothbrushes, nail clippers, body jewelry.

17. Hepatitis C
• Long-term infection with the hepatitis C virus is known as
chronic hepatitis C. Chronic hepatitis C is usually a "silent"
infection for many years, until the virus damages the liver
enough to cause the signs and symptoms of liver disease.

18. • Risk factors.
• Have ever injected or inhaled illicit drugs.
• Have HIV.
• Received a piercing or tattoo in an unclean environment
using unsterile equipment.
• Received a blood transfusion or organ transplant before
1992.
• Received clotting factor concentrates before 1987.
• Received hemodialysis treatments for a long period of time
• Were born to a woman with a hepatitis C infection.
• Were ever in prison.
• Were born between 1945 and 1965, the age group with the
highest incidence of hepatitis C infection.

20. • Signs and symptoms include:
• Bleeding easily
• Bruising easily
• Fatigue
• Poor appetite
• Yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
• Dark-colored urine
• Itchy skin
• Fluid buildup in your abdomen (ascites)
• Swelling in your legs
• Weight loss
• Confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech (hepatic
encephalopathy)
• Spiderlike blood vessels on your skin (spider angiomas)

21. • Complications
• liver cirrhosis
• Liver cancer
• Hepatitis C infection that continues over many years can
cause significant complications, such as:
• Scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). After decades of hepatitis C
infection, cirrhosis may occur. Scarring in your liver makes it
difficult for your liver to function.
• Liver cancer. A small number of people with hepatitis C
infection may develop liver cancer.
• Liver failure. Advanced cirrhosis may cause your liver to stop
functioning

22. . prevention:-
• Be cautious about body piercing and tattooing. If you choose to
undergo piercing or tattooing, look for a reputable shop. Ask
questions beforehand about how the equipment is cleaned.
Make sure the employees use sterile needles. If employees
won't answer your questions, look for another shop.
• Practice safer sex. Don't engage in unprotected sex with
multiple partners or with any partner whose health status is
uncertain. Sexual transmission between monogamous couples
may occur, but the risk is low.

23. • Diagnosis:-
• MRE (magnetic resonance elastography)
• Transient elastography
• Liver biopsy
• Blood test.
• Treatment:-
• you have developed serious complications from chronic
hepatitis C infection, liver transplantation.
• Although there is no vaccine for hepatitis C, your doctor will
likely recommend that you receive vaccines against the
hepatitis A and B viruses.

24. Hepatitis D

25. Hepatitis E
• The hepatitis E virus is mainly transmitted through drinking
water contaminated with faecal matter.

30. Non-viral hepatitis
• Non-viral inflammation of the liver that can cause scarring in
the liver (cirrhosis), liver cancer, liver failure, and death. There
are three types of non-viral hepatitis:
• Alcoholic hepatitis – caused by drinking too much alcohol.
• Autoimmune hepatitis, is caused by the immune system
attacking the liver. The immune system can attack the liver for
unknown reasons, causing inflammation, liver scarring, liver
cancer, and liver failure. Some diseases and certain toxic
substances and drugs can cause this to happen.

31. • Toxic hepatitis – caused by chemicals, drugs (prescription
and over-the-counter), and nutritional supplements.
• symptoms:-
• exposure and may include:
• Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)
• Abdomina
• Nausea and vomiting
• Dark-colored ng and rash
• Fatigue

32. • Treatment:-
• Stopping exposure to the substance that caused it
• Taking medication
• Receiving a liver transplant
• To treat your symptoms, your doctor may prescribe a drug to
reduce liver inflammation or you may need treatment in a hospita