Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
Liver disorder is one of the serious health problems.
Liver disease (also called hepatic disease) is a type of damage to or disorder of the liver.
Then some types of liver disease can lead to cirrhosis which can lead to liver failure or liver cancer.
Per an estimate, about 20,000 deaths occur every year due to liver disorder
What is liver:-
The liver is located in the right upper portion of the abdominal cavity just beneath the rib cage.If the liver is swollen, through inflammation or disease, it can swell out from under the ribs and make your tummy swollen.
The liver has many functions that are vital to life. Briefly, some of the important functions of the human liver are:-
Functions of liver :-
Detoxification of blood
•Production of important clotting factors , albumin, and many other important proteins
•Metabolizing (processing) medications and nutrients
•Processing of waste products of haemoglobin and other cells
•Storing of Vitamin K, Vitamin A , Vitamin D Iron ,copper, fat, cholesterol, and bile
•Glycogen (a carbohydrate energy store), which it makes from glucose.
•Glucose, made and released into the blood from glycogen, proteins and fats.
•Many essential proteins and amino acids .
Many of the clotting factors that help your blood to clot normally.
•Plays a part in red blood cell production.
•Albumin, the main protein in your blood, which bulks out your serum and enables it to carry essential substances around the body.
• Angiotensinogen, which plays a role in blood pressure control
Role of liver:-
The role of the liver is to keep the body’s complex internal chemistry in balance. It takes raw nutrients from our digestive system (in the form of carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, etc.) and processes them so they can be stored and sent to different parts of our body in the right form and quantity.
The liver regulates the level of sugars in our blood and manufactures bile (which breaks down fats in our stomach). It also helps remove toxins, drugs and hormones from our bloodstream.
What are liver function tests :
Liver function tests (also known as a liver panel) are blood tests that measure different enzymes, proteins, and other substances made by the liver and monitor liver disease or damage. An initial step in detecting liver damage is a simple blood test to determine the level of certain liver enzymes (proteins) in the blood.
A liver function test (LFT) is a blood test that gives an indication of whether the liver is functioning properly. The test is also very useful to see if there is active damage in the liver (hepatitis) or sluggish bile flow (cholestasis).
Liver function tests measure the amount of particular chemicals in the blood. This gives a gauge of possible damage to liver cells - damage that can be caused by many things including HCV. So a more correct term for a liver test would actually be a liver dysfunction test
Your liver does all kinds of work that’s crucial for your health. It helps break down food, clean your blood, make proteins, and store energy.
Why perform LFT:-
A variety of diseases and infections can cause acute or chronic damage to the liver, causing inflammation, scarring, bile duct obstructions, clotting abnormalities, and liver dysfunction. Alcohol, drugs, some herbal supplements, and toxins can also pose a threat.
Jurisprudence 5th sem
Published by nirali publication
Please follow me
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence book
Writer
SANDEEP D.S.
DR.R.NAYAYANA CHARYULU
SHABANA S.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
Liver disorder is one of the serious health problems.
Liver disease (also called hepatic disease) is a type of damage to or disorder of the liver.
Then some types of liver disease can lead to cirrhosis which can lead to liver failure or liver cancer.
Per an estimate, about 20,000 deaths occur every year due to liver disorder
What is liver:-
The liver is located in the right upper portion of the abdominal cavity just beneath the rib cage.If the liver is swollen, through inflammation or disease, it can swell out from under the ribs and make your tummy swollen.
The liver has many functions that are vital to life. Briefly, some of the important functions of the human liver are:-
Functions of liver :-
Detoxification of blood
•Production of important clotting factors , albumin, and many other important proteins
•Metabolizing (processing) medications and nutrients
•Processing of waste products of haemoglobin and other cells
•Storing of Vitamin K, Vitamin A , Vitamin D Iron ,copper, fat, cholesterol, and bile
•Glycogen (a carbohydrate energy store), which it makes from glucose.
•Glucose, made and released into the blood from glycogen, proteins and fats.
•Many essential proteins and amino acids .
Many of the clotting factors that help your blood to clot normally.
•Plays a part in red blood cell production.
•Albumin, the main protein in your blood, which bulks out your serum and enables it to carry essential substances around the body.
• Angiotensinogen, which plays a role in blood pressure control
Role of liver:-
The role of the liver is to keep the body’s complex internal chemistry in balance. It takes raw nutrients from our digestive system (in the form of carbohydrates, protein, amino acids, etc.) and processes them so they can be stored and sent to different parts of our body in the right form and quantity.
The liver regulates the level of sugars in our blood and manufactures bile (which breaks down fats in our stomach). It also helps remove toxins, drugs and hormones from our bloodstream.
What are liver function tests :
Liver function tests (also known as a liver panel) are blood tests that measure different enzymes, proteins, and other substances made by the liver and monitor liver disease or damage. An initial step in detecting liver damage is a simple blood test to determine the level of certain liver enzymes (proteins) in the blood.
A liver function test (LFT) is a blood test that gives an indication of whether the liver is functioning properly. The test is also very useful to see if there is active damage in the liver (hepatitis) or sluggish bile flow (cholestasis).
Liver function tests measure the amount of particular chemicals in the blood. This gives a gauge of possible damage to liver cells - damage that can be caused by many things including HCV. So a more correct term for a liver test would actually be a liver dysfunction test
Your liver does all kinds of work that’s crucial for your health. It helps break down food, clean your blood, make proteins, and store energy.
Why perform LFT:-
A variety of diseases and infections can cause acute or chronic damage to the liver, causing inflammation, scarring, bile duct obstructions, clotting abnormalities, and liver dysfunction. Alcohol, drugs, some herbal supplements, and toxins can also pose a threat.
Jurisprudence 5th sem
Published by nirali publication
Please follow me
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence book
Writer
SANDEEP D.S.
DR.R.NAYAYANA CHARYULU
SHABANA S.
Please follow me for more knowledgeable slides related to pharmacy
https://www.slideshare.net/studypharm/fluconazole-255463483L
My youtube channel:- Pharma Masti
You can follow me for more knowledgeable slides related to pharmacy.
Fluconazole is an antifungal medicine. It's used to treat infections caused by different kinds of fungus. The most common cause of fungal infections is a yeast called candida.
Fluconazole interacts with 14-demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. [4] As ergosterol forms a critical part of the fungal cell membrane, fluconazole inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol to increase cellular permeability.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
liver and it's anatomy and disease
1. Liver
Indraj saini
B pharm
Alwar pharmacy college
For knowledge of Anatomy
indraj2000saini@gmail.com
ALWAR PHARMACY COLLEGE
Alwar (Rajasthan)
2. Liver
• The liver is your largest internal
organ. About the size of a football,
it's located mainly in the upper right
portion of your abdomen, beneath
the diaphragm and above your
stomach. The liver is an organ about
the size of a football. It sits just under
your rib cage on the right side of
your abdomen.
3. Faction of liver :-
• The liver is an essential organ of the body that performs over
500 vital functions.
• Here are some of its most important functions:-
Albumin Production:-
Albumin is a protein that keeps fluids in the bloodstream from
leaking into surrounding tissue.It also carries hormones, vitamins,
and enzymes through the body.
Bile Production:-
Bile is a fluid that is critical to the digestion and absorption of fats
in the small intestine.
4. Filters Blood:
• All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through
the liver, which removes toxins, byproducts, and other harmful
substances.
Regulates Amino Acids:
• The production of proteins depend on amino acids. The liver
makes sure amino acid levels in the bloodstream remain
healthy.
Regulates Blood Clotting:
• Blood clotting coagulants are created using vitamin K, which
can only be absorbed with the help of bile, a fluid the liver
produces.
Stores Vitamins and Minerals:
• The liver stores significant amounts of vitamins A, D, E, K, and
B12, as well as iron and copper.
6. Liver metabolism:-
• Most drugs must pass through the liver, which is the primary site for
drug metabolism. Once in the liver, enzymes convert prodrugs to
active metabolites or convert active drugs to inactive forms.
• The liver’s primary mechanism for metabolizing drugs is via a
specific group of cytochrome P-450 enzymes. The level of these
level of these cytochrome P-450 enzymes controls the rate at which
many drugs are metabolized
7. Liver disorders
1. Hepatitis:-
• Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by viruses like hepatitis A, B,
and C.
• Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. Alcohol consumption, several
health conditions, and some medications can all cause this condition.
However, viral infections are the most common cause of hepatitis.
• Hepatitis B virus is the type of hepatitis most commonly linked with
being sexually transmitted, as it is present in semen, body fluids, and
blood that are shared during unprotected sex.
8. 2. Cirrhosis:
• Long-term damage to the liver from any cause can lead to permanent
scarring, called cirrhosis. The liver then becomes unable to function
well.
• Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by
many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and
chronic alcoholism.
9. Liver cancer:-
• The most common type of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma,
almost always occurs after cirrhosis is present.
• The most common form of liver cancer begins in cells called
hepatocytes and is called hepatocellular carcinoma.
• Liver cancer is cancer that begins in the cells of your liver. Your liver is
a football-sized organ that sits in the upper right portion of your
abdomen, beneath your diaphragm and above your stomach.
10. Liver failure:-
• Liver failure has many causes including infection, genetic diseases, and excessive
alcohol.
Gallstones:-
• If a gallstone becomes stuck in the bile duct draining the liver, hepatitis and bile
duct infection (cholangitis) can result.
11. Liver tests
1. Blood Tests
2. Liver function panel Test
3. ALT( Alanine Aminotransferase) Test
4. AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)
5. Alkaline phosphatase Test
6. Bilirubin
7. Albumin Test
8. Ammonia Test
9. Hepatitis (A –D) tests
10.Prothrombin time
11.Ultrasound
12.CT scan
13. Liver biopsy
12. Treatment
• Doctors are treat of patients seen their Condition according to
disease .
Thanks You
