This OECD report, launched on January 10, 2017, systematically reviews strategies put in place by countries to limit ineffective spending and waste. Further information: http://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/tackling-wasteful-spending-on-health-9789264266414-en.htm.
A selection of key indicators from "Health at a Glance 2019: OECD Indicators", released on November 7, 2019. More info at http://www.oecd.org/health/health-at-a-glance.htm.
Advanced health technologies and budgetary implications -- Valerie Paris, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Valérie Paris, OECD Secretariat, at the 6th Meeting of the Joint OECD DELSA-GOV Network on Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems, held at the OECD Conference Centre, Paris, on 18-19 September 2017
DELSA/GOV 3rd Health meeting - Gijs VAN DER VLUGT, Camila VAMMALLE, Claudia H...OECD Governance
This presentation by Gijs VAN DER VLUGT, Camila VAMMALLE and Claudia HULBERT was made at the 3rd Joint DELSA/GOV Health Meeting, Paris 24-25 April 2014. Find out more at www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/3rdmeetingdelsagovnetworkfiscalsustainabilityofhealthsystems2014.htm
This OECD report, launched on January 10, 2017, systematically reviews strategies put in place by countries to limit ineffective spending and waste. Further information: http://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/tackling-wasteful-spending-on-health-9789264266414-en.htm.
A selection of key indicators from "Health at a Glance 2019: OECD Indicators", released on November 7, 2019. More info at http://www.oecd.org/health/health-at-a-glance.htm.
Advanced health technologies and budgetary implications -- Valerie Paris, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Valérie Paris, OECD Secretariat, at the 6th Meeting of the Joint OECD DELSA-GOV Network on Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems, held at the OECD Conference Centre, Paris, on 18-19 September 2017
DELSA/GOV 3rd Health meeting - Gijs VAN DER VLUGT, Camila VAMMALLE, Claudia H...OECD Governance
This presentation by Gijs VAN DER VLUGT, Camila VAMMALLE and Claudia HULBERT was made at the 3rd Joint DELSA/GOV Health Meeting, Paris 24-25 April 2014. Find out more at www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/3rdmeetingdelsagovnetworkfiscalsustainabilityofhealthsystems2014.htm
Productivity in the health sector -- Peter Smith, United KingdomOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Peter Smith, United Kingdom, at the 6th Meeting of the Joint OECD DELSA-GOV Network on Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems, held at the OECD Conference Centre, Paris, on 18-19 September 2017
This fourth edition of Health at a Glance: Europe presents key indicators of health and health systems in the 28 EU countries, 5 candidate countries to the EU and 3 EFTA countries. This 2016 edition contains two main new features: two thematic chapters analyse the links between population health and labour market outcomes, and the important challenge of strengthening primary care systems in European countries; and a new chapter on the resilience, efficiency and sustainability of health systems in Europe, in order to align the content of this publication more closely with the 2014 European Commission Communication on effective, accessible and resilient health systems. This publication is the result of a renewed collaboration between the OECD and the European Commission under the broader "State of Health in the EU" initiative, designed to support EU member states in their evidence-based policy making.
Using International Comparisons to Guide Performance ImprovementThe Commonwealth Fund
Slides deck used during Dr. Eric C. Schneider's keynote presentation at the Institute for Governance of Private and Public Organizations (IGOPP) conference in Quebec on 10/27/2017.
Eric Schneider, MD, MSc, FACP is the Senior Vice President for Policy and Research at The Commonwealth Fund.
SILS 2015 - Future Longevity and Population Health Improvements: An Economic ...Sherbrooke Innopole
By: Pierre-Carl Michaud, Industrial Alliance Research Chair on the Economics of Demographic Change
At Sherbrooke International Life Sciences Summit - 2nd edition | September 28/29/30 2015
www.sils-sherbrooke.com
Long-term care: Integrating health and social care -- Tim Muir, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Tim Muir, OECD Secretariat, at the 6th Meeting of the Joint OECD DELSA-GOV Network on Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems, held at the OECD Conference Centre, Paris, on 18-19 September 2017
Health Informatics - Transforming healthcare delivery in Hong Kong. Presented by Dr Ngai-Tseung Cheung, Head of Information Technology and Health Informatics/Chief Medical Informatics Officer, Hong Kong Hospital Authority, at HINZ 2014, 11 November 2014, 9.15am, Plenary Room
This third edition of Health at a Glance: Europe presents key indicators of health and health systems in the 28 European Union member states, four candidate countries and three EFTA countries. The selection of indicators is based largely on the European Core Health Indicators (ECHI), a set of indicators that has been developed to guide the reporting of health statistics in the European Union. This is complemented by additional indicators on quality of care, access to care and health expenditure, building on the OECD expertise in these areas.
Compared with the previous edition, this third edition includes a greater number of ECHI indicators. It also includes a new chapter on access to care, including indicators related to financial access, geographic access and timely access.
This seventh edition of Health at a Glance provides the latest comparable data on different aspects of the performance of health systems in OECD countries. It provides striking evidence of large variations across countries in the costs, activities and results of health systems. Key indicators provide information on health status, the determinants of health, health care activities and health expenditure and financing in OECD countries. Each indicator in the book is presented in a user-friendly format, consisting of charts illustrating variations across countries and over time, brief descriptive analyses highlighting the major findings conveyed by the data, and a methodological box on the definition of the indicator and any limitations in data comparability.
Fiscal sustainability of health systems - Chris James & Camila Vammalle, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Chris James and Camila Vammalle, OECD, at the 4th meeting of the Joint DELSA/GOV-SBO Network on Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems held in Paris, on 16-17 February 2015.
Budgeting for healthcare - Camila Vammalle, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Camila Vammalle, OECD, at the 11th Annual Meeting of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Senior Budget Officials (CESEE SBO) held in Warsaw, Poland, on 21-22 May 2015.
Productivity in the health sector -- Peter Smith, United KingdomOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Peter Smith, United Kingdom, at the 6th Meeting of the Joint OECD DELSA-GOV Network on Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems, held at the OECD Conference Centre, Paris, on 18-19 September 2017
This fourth edition of Health at a Glance: Europe presents key indicators of health and health systems in the 28 EU countries, 5 candidate countries to the EU and 3 EFTA countries. This 2016 edition contains two main new features: two thematic chapters analyse the links between population health and labour market outcomes, and the important challenge of strengthening primary care systems in European countries; and a new chapter on the resilience, efficiency and sustainability of health systems in Europe, in order to align the content of this publication more closely with the 2014 European Commission Communication on effective, accessible and resilient health systems. This publication is the result of a renewed collaboration between the OECD and the European Commission under the broader "State of Health in the EU" initiative, designed to support EU member states in their evidence-based policy making.
Using International Comparisons to Guide Performance ImprovementThe Commonwealth Fund
Slides deck used during Dr. Eric C. Schneider's keynote presentation at the Institute for Governance of Private and Public Organizations (IGOPP) conference in Quebec on 10/27/2017.
Eric Schneider, MD, MSc, FACP is the Senior Vice President for Policy and Research at The Commonwealth Fund.
SILS 2015 - Future Longevity and Population Health Improvements: An Economic ...Sherbrooke Innopole
By: Pierre-Carl Michaud, Industrial Alliance Research Chair on the Economics of Demographic Change
At Sherbrooke International Life Sciences Summit - 2nd edition | September 28/29/30 2015
www.sils-sherbrooke.com
Long-term care: Integrating health and social care -- Tim Muir, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Tim Muir, OECD Secretariat, at the 6th Meeting of the Joint OECD DELSA-GOV Network on Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems, held at the OECD Conference Centre, Paris, on 18-19 September 2017
Health Informatics - Transforming healthcare delivery in Hong Kong. Presented by Dr Ngai-Tseung Cheung, Head of Information Technology and Health Informatics/Chief Medical Informatics Officer, Hong Kong Hospital Authority, at HINZ 2014, 11 November 2014, 9.15am, Plenary Room
This third edition of Health at a Glance: Europe presents key indicators of health and health systems in the 28 European Union member states, four candidate countries and three EFTA countries. The selection of indicators is based largely on the European Core Health Indicators (ECHI), a set of indicators that has been developed to guide the reporting of health statistics in the European Union. This is complemented by additional indicators on quality of care, access to care and health expenditure, building on the OECD expertise in these areas.
Compared with the previous edition, this third edition includes a greater number of ECHI indicators. It also includes a new chapter on access to care, including indicators related to financial access, geographic access and timely access.
This seventh edition of Health at a Glance provides the latest comparable data on different aspects of the performance of health systems in OECD countries. It provides striking evidence of large variations across countries in the costs, activities and results of health systems. Key indicators provide information on health status, the determinants of health, health care activities and health expenditure and financing in OECD countries. Each indicator in the book is presented in a user-friendly format, consisting of charts illustrating variations across countries and over time, brief descriptive analyses highlighting the major findings conveyed by the data, and a methodological box on the definition of the indicator and any limitations in data comparability.
Fiscal sustainability of health systems - Chris James & Camila Vammalle, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Chris James and Camila Vammalle, OECD, at the 4th meeting of the Joint DELSA/GOV-SBO Network on Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems held in Paris, on 16-17 February 2015.
Budgeting for healthcare - Camila Vammalle, OECDOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Camila Vammalle, OECD, at the 11th Annual Meeting of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Senior Budget Officials (CESEE SBO) held in Warsaw, Poland, on 21-22 May 2015.
Structure and governance of financing - Tamas Evetovits, WHOOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Tamas Evetovits, WHO, at the 2nd Health Systems joint Network Meeting for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European Countries held in Tallinn, Estonia, on 1-2 December 2016
European Journal of Internal Medicine 32 (2016) e13–e14ConBetseyCalderon89
European Journal of Internal Medicine 32 (2016) e13–e14
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
European Journal of Internal Medicine
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ejim
Letter to the Editor
No correlation between health care expenditure
and mortality in the European Union
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Fig. 1. Trends of aggregate health care expenditures and mortality in the European Union
from the year 2000 to the year 2013 (Fig. 1a), and correlation between variation of health
care expenditures and mortality over the same period normalized for data of the year 2000
(Fig. 1b).
Keywords:
Health care expenditure
Health care costs
Mortality
Deaths
There is ongoing debate about the impact of aggregate health care
expenditure on health outcomes, and it also remains quite uncertain
whether increasing health spending may be a significant factor for
decreasing death rates. In 1991, Mackenbach published an interesting
analysis to establish whether a higher national level of health care
expenditure could be associated with a larger degree of success in
decreasing mortality within the European Community [1], concluding
that no association existed between deaths and health care funding.
Interestingly, no other comprehensive evidence has been published
so far in Europe. Therefore, in order to establish whether or not any
relationship exists between aggregate health care expenditure and
mortality in the European Union in recent years, we analyzed data of
overall mortality in the 28 European countries from the year 2000 to
the year 2013, combined with those of the concomitant expenditure
for health care (all functions). Health care costs were reported as per
capita expenditure, including all financing agencies and all health care
providers (i.e., both private and public). Mortality data were extracted
from the official website of the European Union [2], whereas health
care costs were retrieved from the Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD) [3]. For each year after the 2000,
a ratio was calculated for both mortality and health care expenditure
to normalize the data.
The results of our analysis are shown in Fig. 1. From the year 2000
to the year 2013, health care costs have constantly increased in the
countries of the European Union, nearly doubling at the end of the
observational period (Fig. 1a). At variance, the mortality trend did not
follow a consistent trend from the year 2000 to the year 2013, exhibiting
peaks (e.g., in the year 2003) and troughs (e.g., in the year 2004)
(Fig. 1a). When the ratio of health care expenditures and mortality of
each single y ...
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
This presentation by Ankit KUMAR was made at the 3rd Joint DELSA/GOV Health Meeting, Paris 24-25 April 2014. Find out more at www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/3rdmeetingdelsagovnetworkfiscalsustainabilityofhealthsystems2014.htm
An updated introduction to the PaRIS project, why it matters, how it works, its timeline, and the key issues it addresses. Contact us at paris_survey@oecd.org to learn more.
Une sélection d'indicateurs clés provenant de la publication "Panorama de la santé 2019 : Les indicateurs de l'OCDE", parue le 20 décembre 2019. Plus d'informations sur http://www.oecd.org/fr/sante/panorama-de-la-sante.htm.
Health in the 21st Century - Putting Data to Work for Stronger Health Systems.
This report explores how data and digital technology can help achieve policy objectives and drive positive transformation in the health sector while managing new risks such as privacy, equity and implementation costs. It examines the following topics: improving service delivery models; empowering people to take an active role in their health and their care; improving public health; managing biomedical technologies; enabling better collaboration across borders; and improving health system governance and stewardship. It also examines how health workforces should be equipped to make the most of digital technology. The report contains findings from surveys of OECD countries and shares a range of examples that illustrate the potential benefits as well as challenges of the digital transformation in the health sector. Findings and recommendations are relevant for policymakers, health care providers, payers, industry as well as patients, citizens and civil society.
A broken social elevator? How to promote social mobility.
Presentation by Stefano Scarpetta, Director for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, OECD
Webinar 15 June 2018.
Le rapport Health at a Glance: Europe 2016 présente les dernières tendances relatives à la santé et
aux systèmes de santé dans les 28 États membres de l’UE, cinq pays candidats et trois pays de
l’Association européenne de libre‑échange. Cette publication est le fruit d’une collaboration renforcée
entre l'OCDE et la Commission européenne pour améliorer les connaissances sur les défis en matière de
santé à la fois au plan national et à l’échelle de l’UE dans son ensemble, dans le cadre de la nouvelle
stratégie de la Commission sur l’état de santé dans l’UE (voir http://ec.europa.eu/health/state ).
This 2016 edition of the OECD Employment Outlook provides an in-depth review of recent labour market trends and short-term prospects in OECD countries.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Health at a Glance: Europe 2018 - State of Health in the EU Cycle - CHARTSET
1. Health at a Glance:
Europe 2018
-
State of Health
in the EU Cycle
Joint publication of the OECD
and the European Commission
Released on November 22, 2018
http://www.oecd.org/health/health-at-a-glance-europe-23056088.htm
2. Table of Contents
1. Promoting mental health in Europe: Why and how?
2. Strategies to reduce wasteful spending: Turning the
lens to hospitals and pharmaceuticals
3. Health status
4. Risk factors
5. Health expenditure and financing
6. Effectiveness: Quality of care and patient experience
7. Accessibility: Affordability, availability and use of
services
8. Resilience: Innovation, efficiency and fiscal
sustainability
Note by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both
Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within
the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus” issue.
Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the
exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
3. • Costs of mental health problems
• Actions to promote mental health and
prevent mental illness
1. PROMOTING MENTAL HEALTH
IN EUROPE: WHY AND HOW?
Note: The definition of mental health draws on the WHO definition of mental health as a state of well-being in
which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work
productively, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. On the other hand, mental health
problems are defined as the loss of mental health due to a mental illness or disorder.
4. The total costs of mental health problems are more than 4%
of GDP across EU countries, ranging from 2% to 5%
Source: OECD estimates based on Eurostat Database and other data sources.
Estimated direct and indirect costs related to mental health problems across EU countries, as a % of GDP, 2015
5. More than one in six people in EU countries
have a mental health problem in any given year
Source: IHME, 2018 (these estimates refer to 2016).
18.8%
18.6%
18.5%
18.5%
18.4%
18.3%
18.3%
18.3%
18.0%
17.9%
17.9%
17.7%
17.7%
17.7%
17.6%
17.3%
17.3%
17.0%
17.0%
16.9%
16.9%
15.7%
15.5%
15.4%
15.2%
15.1%
14.9%
14.8%
14.3%
18.5%
17.5%
16.7%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Anxiety disorders Depressive disorders Alcohol and drug use disorders
Bipolar disorders and schizophrenia Others
6. People reporting chronic depression are much
less likely to work in all EU countries…
Note: Due to missing data, the assumption has been made that the situation in Ireland is the same as the EU average.
Source: Eurostat Database, based on the European Health Interview Survey (2014).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% of working age pop. aged 25-64 With depression Without depression
% of working age population aged 25-64
Employment rate of people aged 25 to 64 years old
…and when they work, people with depression or other
mental health problems are often less productive
about 6% less productive
7. Actions to promote mental health are uneven across the life course:
fewer programmes target the unemployed and older people
Source: McDaid, Hewlett and Park (2017); EU Compass for Action on Mental Health and Wellbeing (2017); WHO
(2018); EU Compass for Action on Mental Health and Wellbeing, 2018 (2018).
Number of countries reporting at least one promotion or prevention action, out of the 31 EU and EFTA countries
0
5
10
15
20
25
Pre-natal period to age 2 Children aged 2-10 Young people aged 11-25 Workplace mental health Mental health of the
unemployed
Older people
Number of countries reporting at least one action
8. • Addressing wasteful spending in hospitals
• Addressing wasteful spending on pharmaceuticals
2. STRATEGIES TO REDUCE
WASTEFUL SPENDING
Note: Wasteful spending includes patients who receive unnecessary or low-value care that makes little or no
difference to their health outcomes or for whom the same health benefits could be obtained with fewer
resources.
9. Strategies to reduce hospital costs
Increase efficiency
and safety to
reduce the use of
hospital resources
Reduce
unnecessary
hospital
admissions
Ensure patients
leave hospital as
early as possible
Improve community care for
chronic diseases
Tackle hospital
services overuse
Deploy
day surgery
Curb delayed
discharges
10. Potentially avoidable hospital admissions for chronic
conditions consume over 37 million bed days each year
Source: OECD Health Statistics and Eurostat Database.
Diabetes Hypertension
Heart
failure
COPD &
bronchiectasis
Asthma
Total (five
conditions)
Admissions/discharges 800 303 665 396 1 749 384 1 109 865 328 976 4 653 924
% of all admissions 1.0% 0.8% 2.1% 1.3% 0.4% 5.6%
Average length of stay
(days)
8.5 6.9 9.5 8.9 6.6 8.1 (avg.)
Total bed days 6 794 572 4 597 886 16 619 148 9 855 601 2 177 821 37 603 706
Proportion of all bed days 1.1% 0.7% 2.7% 1.6% 0.4% 6.5%
Hospital admissions and bed days for five chronic conditions, EU countries, 2015
11. C-section rates are much higher than the EU average in Romania,
Bulgaria, Poland and Hungary, and have increased over time
Note: The annual growth rate for Luxembourg only covers the period 2011 to 2016 due to a break in the series in 2011.
Source: Eurostat, except Netherlands: Perinatal registry (www.perined.nl/).
Netherlands
Finland
Sweden
Lithuania
Estonia
Denmark
Slovenia
France
Belgium
Latvia
Croatia
Spain
Czech
Republic
UK
EU
Average
Austria
Slovak
Republic
Germany
Malta
Luxembourg
Ireland
Portugal
Italy
Hungary
Poland
Bulgaria
Romania
-2%
-1%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Number of C-sections per 1 000 live births
AverageannualgrowthrateofC-sections,past10years
C-section rates in 2016 and their annual growth rate between 2006 and 2016
12. Several countries are lagging behind in exploiting
the potential cost-saving of generic medicines
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Volume Value
%
Generic market share by volume and value, 2016 (or latest year)
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2018.
13. Reducing the over-prescription of antibiotics and
other medicines can also help reduce waste
Note: Cyprus and Romania provide data on overall consumption, including in hospital.
Source: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2017).
Consumption of antibiotics in the community, EU/EEA countries, 2016 (DDDs per 1 000 population per day)
14. • Trends and inequalities in life expectancy
• Inequalities in self-reported health
3. HEALTH STATUS
15. Life expectancy exceeds 81 years in a majority of EU countries, but
the gap between the highest and lowest countries is still over 8 years
1. Three-year average (2014-16).
Source: Eurostat Database.
83.5
83.4
82.7
82.5
82.4
82.3
82.2
81.8
81.8
81.7
81.5
81.5
81.5
81.3
81.2
81.2
81.0
81.0
80.9
79.1
78.2
78.0
78.0
77.3
76.2
75.3
74.9
74.9
74.9
83.7
82.5
82.5
78.5
78.1
76.5
75.7
75.4
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Years
Total Women Men
Life expectancy at birth, by gender, 2016
16. Source: Eurostat Database.
Gains in life expectancy have slowed down
in many Western European countries since 2011,
with reductions registered in 2015
Trends in life expectancy, 2005-16
75
77
79
81
83
85
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Years
Life expectancy at birth
10
11
12
13
14
15
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Years
Life expectancy at 75
EU28 Germany France Italy United Kingdom
17. Note: Data refer to 2012 for France and Austria and to 2011 for Latvia, Belgium and the United Kingdom (England).
Source: Eurostat Database; national sources or OECD calculations using national data for Austria, Belgium, France,
Latvia, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (England).
There are large gaps in life expectancy by education level:
people with low education at age 30 can expect to live six years less than
the most educated (eight years for men, four years for women)
Slovak Republic
Hungary
Poland
Czech Republic
Latvia
Romania
Estonia
EU21
Bulgaria
France
Slovenia
Austria
Greece
Netherlands
Belgium
Finland
Denmark
Portugal
Croatia
Italy
United Kingdom
Sweden
Norway
Women Men
6.9
6.4
5.1
3.0
8.0
3.8
5.4
4.1
4.5
2.6
2.8
3.0
2.4
4.6
4.4
3.5
3.9
2.8
1.6
2.9
4.0
2.9
3.4
05101520
Years
14.4
12.6
12.0
11.1
11.0
9.7
8.5
7.7
6.9
6.5
6.2
6.2
6.0
5.8
5.8
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.2
4.5
4.4
4.1
5.0
0 5 10 15 20
Years
Gap in life expectancy at age 30 between people with the lowest and highest level of education,
2016 (or nearest year)
18. Source: Eurostat Database, based on EU-SILC.
There are also large gaps in self-reported health by income level:
60% of people with the lowest income report being in good health
compared with 80% for those with the highest income
83 79 76 75 74 74 73 73 71 71 71 70 70 69 69 68 67 66 66 65 65 60 60 59 59 53 48 47 43 78 78 77 76 70 57
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% of population aged 16 years and over
Total population Low income High income
Health status perceived as good or very good, by income quintile, 2016 (or nearest year)
19. • Smoking
• Alcohol consumption
• Overweight and obesity
• Air pollution
4. RISK FACTORS
20. Source: OECD Health Statistics 2018 (based on national health interview surveys), complemented with Eurostat
(EHIS 2014) for Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Malta, and Romania, and with WHO Europe Health for All database
for Albania, Serbia and Montenegro.
Changes in daily smoking rates among adults, 2006 and 2016 (or latest year)
Smoking among adults has declined across EU
countries, but still one-fifth of adults smoke daily
28 27
26 26 25 25 24 23 23 23 22 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 16 15
11
38
31
29
27
18
11 10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2006 2016
% reporting to smoke daily
21. The proportion of adolescents reporting “binge drinking” has come
down slightly in recent years, but still nearly 40% report regular
“binge drinking” on average across the EU
Note: “Binge drinking” is defined as drinking five or more alcoholic drinks in a single occasion. The EU average is not
weighted by country population size.
Source: ESPAD.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015
%
Boys
Girls
Boys Girls
%
Changes between 1995 and 2015 in the proportion of 15-16 year old boys and girls reporting heavy episodic
drinking in the past 30 days, average across EU countries and Norway
22. Obesity among adults is rising:
one in six adults are obese across EU countries
Source: Eurostat (EHIS 2008 and 2014) complemented with OECD Health Statistics 2018 for 2000 data and data
for non-EU countries.
25
21
20 20 19 19 19 18 18 18
17 17 17 17 17 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 14 14 14 13
12
10 9
20 19
12
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2000 2008 2014
%
Changes in self-reported obesity rates among adults, 2000 to 2014 (or nearest year)
23. Exposure to serious air pollution is estimated to have caused the
death of 238 000 people across EU countries in 2016; mortality rates
are highest in Central and Eastern Europe
Source: IHME (Global Burden of Disease, 2016).
Deaths due to exposure to outdoor PM2.5 and ozone, 2016
24. • Health expenditure per capita and as a
share of GDP
• Financing mix (government schemes, out-
of-pocket and voluntary health insurance)
5. HEALTH EXPENDITURE AND
FINANCING
25. Source: OECD Health Statistics 2018; Eurostat Database; WHO Global Health Expenditure Database.
Health spending per capita is highest in Luxembourg, Germany and
Sweden, and lowest in Romania, Bulgaria and Latvia
Health expenditure per capita, 2017 (or nearest year)
4713
4160
4019
3945
3930
3885
3831
3572
3493
3045
3013
2773
2568
2551
2446
2066
2023
1873
1722
1678
1625
1551
1473
1463
1409
1367
1252
1234
983
5799
4653
3309
987
824
728
638
583
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
EUR PPP
26. Health spending accounts for nearly 10% of GDP in the EU; France and
Germany allocate more than 11% of their GDP to health spending
Health expenditure as a share of GDP, 2017 (or nearest year)
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2018; Eurostat Database; WHO Global Health Expenditure Database.
11.5
11.3
10.9
10.3
10.2
10.1
10.0
9.6
9.6
9.2
9.0
8.9
8.9
8.8
8.4
8.4
8.0
7.5
7.2
7.1
7.1
7.1
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.3
6.3
6.1
5.2
12.3
10.4
9.4
8.5
6.8
6.1
5.9
4.2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
% GDP
27. Health expenditure has grown in line with GDP growth in recent years,
so the share of GDP allocated to health has stabilised
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2018; Eurostat Database.
Source : OECD Health Statistics 2018; Eurostat Database. Source : OECD Health Statistics 2018; Eurostat Database.
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
%
5.4. Annual average growth (real terms) in per capita
health expenditure and GDP, EU28, 2005 to 2017
Health expenditure GDP
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
% GDP
5.5. Health expenditure as a share of GDP, EU28 and
selected countries, 2005 to 2017
France Germany Italy
Spain EU28
Annual average growth (real terms) in per capita
health expenditure and GDP,
EU28, 2005 to 2017
Health expenditure as a share of GDP,
EU28 and selected countries, 2005 to 2017
28. Note: Countries are ranked by government schemes and compulsory health insurance as a share of health expenditure.
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2018; Eurostat Database; WHO Global Health Expenditure Database.
Over 75% of health spending is financed through government and
compulsory insurance across EU countries. Out-of-pocket payments
account for 18%, but represent a much greater share in some countries
Health expenditure by type of financing, 2016 (or nearest year)
7
84 84
5
12
6 9 4
79
18
13
2
36
11
62
74
30
4
72
66
10 10
65
8
63
31
55
9
42
74
82
23
1 6
21
4
9
78 78
70
75 72 76
61
65
75
41
65
13
44
69
5
60 57 58
30
41
11
56
66 58
42
55
34
12 14 15
10 15
11 11
18
15 16 21
15 18 23
20 23
19
12 13
24 23 32
28 30 35 34 45 48
45
15
17
16
32 36
30 41
57
7 6 5 3 5 8 4 5
14 12
5 5 5 4
6
76 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
Government schemes Compulsory health insurance Out-of-pocket
Voluntary health insurance Other
29. • Avoidable mortality (preventable and
amenable)
• Vaccination
• Patient experience with ambulatory care
• Acute care for cancers and heart attacks
6. EFFECTIVENESS: QUALITY OF
CARE & PATIENT EXPERIENCE
30. Note: Preventable mortality is defined as deaths that could be avoided through public health and prevention interventions, whereas
amenable (or treatable) mortality is defined as deaths that could be avoided through effective and timely health care. A number of causes
of death are included in both preventable and amenable mortality resulting in double-counting; this explains why the total number of
avoidable deaths is lower than the sum of the two parts.
Source: Eurostat Database.
More than 1.2 million deaths could be avoided through better public
health and prevention policies and more effective and timely health care
Leading causes of preventable and amenable mortality in the European Union, 2015
Amenable mortality
(570 791 deaths in 2015)
Preventable mortality
(1 003 027 deaths in 2015)
Hypertension,
5%
Colorectal
cancer, 12%
Breast cancer,
9%
Hypertension,
5%
Ischaemic heart
diseases, 32%
Cerebrovascular
diseases, 16%
Influenza and
pneumonia, 5%
Others, 22%
Colorectal
cancer, 7%
Lung cancer,
17%
Alcohol, 7%
Ischaemic heart
diseases, 18%
Accidents, 16%
Suicide, 7%
Others, 29%
31. Source: WHO/UNICEF.
Many children are not vaccinated against
infectious diseases in several countries
Vaccination against measles and hepatitis B, children aged 1, 2017 (or nearest year)
Note: Hepatitis B data for Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Iceland
and Norway are not available because national infant
vaccination programmes do not cover Hepatitis B. Data is not
available for the United Kingdom.
32. Over 85% of patients report positive experiences
with doctors in ambulatory care in most countries
1. National sources. 2. Data refer to patient experiences with GP.
Note: 95% confidence intervals have been calculated for all countries, represented by grey areas.
Source: Commonwealth Fund International Health Policy Survey 2016 and other national sources.
Doctor spending enough time
with patient in consultation,
2010 and 2016 (or nearest year)
Doctor involving patient
in decisions about care and treatment,
2010 and 2016 (or nearest year)
33. In terms of acute care, fewer people are dying
following acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Thirty-day mortality after admission to hospital for AMI (based on unlinked data), 2005 and 2015 (or nearest years)
1. Three-year average.
Note: 95% confidence intervals for the latest year are represented by grey areas. The EU average is unweighted and only
includes countries with data covering the whole time period.
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2018.
34. • Unmet health care needs
• Financial protection
• Supply of doctors
• Timely access (waiting times)
7. ACCESSIBILITY: AFFORDABILITY,
AVAILABILITY AND USE OF SERVICES
35. Source: Eurostat Database, based on EU-SILC.
Poor people are more likely to report unmet needs for medical care,
and even more so for dental care
Unmet need for medical examination
for financial, geographic or waiting times reasons,
by income quintile, 2016 (or nearest year)
Unmet need for dental examination
for financial, geographic or waiting times reasons,
by income quintile, 2016 (or nearest year)
Estonia
Greece
Latvia
Poland
Romania
Italy
Finland
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Ireland
EU28
Belgium
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Croatia
Sweden
France
Hungary
Denmark
Malta
United Kingdom
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Spain
Luxembourg
Slovenia
Germany
Netherlands
Austria
Montenegro
Turkey
Serbia
Iceland
FYR of Macedonia
Norway
Switzerland
0 10 20 30
%
High income Low incomeTotal population
Portugal
Greece
Latvia
Estonia
Italy
Romania
Finland
Spain
Lithuania
EU28
Belgium
Denmark
Poland
Cyprus
Sweden
Bulgaria
Ireland
France
Slovak Republic
Hungary
United Kingdom
Croatia
Malta
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Slovenia
Germany
Austria
Netherlands
Iceland
Serbia
Montenegro
Turkey
Norway
Switzerland
FYR of Macedonia
0 10 20 30
%
High income Low incomeTotal population
36. Direct out-of-pocket spending by households
can restrict access to care
48
45 45
35 34
32
30
28
24 23 23 23
21 20
19 18 18
16 15 15 15 15 14 13 12 12 11 11
10
57
41
36
32
30
17 16
15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
%
Share of total health spending financed by out-of-pocket payments, 2016 (or latest year)
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2018.
37. 1. Data refer to all doctors licensed to practice, resulting in a large over-estimation of the number of practising doctors (e.g.
of around 30% in Portugal).
2. Data include not only doctors providing direct care to patients, but also those working in the health sector as managers,
educators, researchers, etc. (adding another 5-10% of doctors).
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2018; Eurostat Database.
The number of doctors per capita has increased
in nearly all EU countries since 2000…
Practising doctors per 1 000 population, 2000 and 2016 (or nearest year)
6.6
5.1
4.8
4.5 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5
3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8
2.4
4.5
4.3
3.9
3.0 3.0
2.6
1.8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2000 2016
Per 1 000 population
38. …but general practitioners (family doctors) make
up less than 25% of all doctors on average
Share of different categories of doctors, 2016 (or nearest year)
1. Other generalists include non-specialist doctors working in hospital and recent medical graduates who have not started yet
their post-graduate specialty training.
2. In Portugal, only about 30% of doctors employed by the public sector (NHS) are working as GPs in primary care, with the
other 70% working in hospital.
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2018; Eurostat Database.
46
38 37 37
30 27 24 24 24 23 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 17 17 15 15 15 9 5
33 32 27 24 18 17 16
0
20
40
60
80
100
%
General practitioners Other generalists¹ Specialists Other doctors (not further defined)
39. Note: On the right panel, data relate to median waiting times, except for the Netherlands and Spain (average waiting times).
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2018.
Waiting times for hip replacement vary widely across countries, and
has started to rise again in some countries since 2010
Waiting times of patients for hip replacement, 2016 and trends since 2005
n.a.
37
51
75
84
90
64
105
130
211
276
110
45
52
80
82
104
104
120
133
158
326
444
134
0
100
200
300
400
500
Days
Median Average
0
50
100
150
200
250
Days
Denmark Estonia
Netherlands Portugal
Spain United Kingdom
40. • eHealth and ePrescription
• Hospital efficiency
• Fiscal sustainability of public spending on
health and long-term care
8. RESILIENCE: INNOVATION,
EFFICIENCY AND FISCAL
SUSTAINABILITY
41. Note: Greece and the Netherlands are implementing ePrescribing but the percentage was not reported.
Source: Pharmaceutical Group of the European Union (PGEU).
ePresribing is now widely used in Nordic countries and some Southern
European countries, but hasn’t been implemented yet in several countries
Percentage of ePrescriptions in community pharmacies, 2018
42. 1. Data refer to average length of stay for curative (acute) care only (resulting in an under-estimation).
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2018; Eurostat Database.
In hospital, the average length of stay of patients has fallen
in nearly all EU countries, reflecting efficiency gains
Average length of stay in hospital, 2000 and 2016 (or nearest year)
10.1
9.5
9.3 9.1 9.0 8.9 8.8 8.5 8.3 8.2 7.9 7.9
7.8
7.7 7.7 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.1 7.1 7.0 6.8
6.0 6.0 5.8
5.4 5.3 5.0
10.2
8.8
8.3
6.9
6.2
5.8
4.0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2000 2016
Days
43. Source: EC and EPC (2018).
Public spending on health care as a share of GDP is projected
to grow in all countries over the coming decades
Public spending on health care as a percentage of GDP, 2016 to 2070,
Ageing Working Group reference scenario
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
% GDP
2016 Change 2016-70
44. Public spending on long-term care as a share of GDP is projected to
grow even more than health care due to population ageing
Public spending on long-term care as a percentage of GDP, 2016 to 2070,
Ageing Working Group reference scenario
Source: EC and EPC (2018).
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
% GDP
2016 Change 2016-70