Hassam

FLEET HOMOGENEITY
Master thesis on “Fleet homogeneity”
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI BERGAMO
Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering
Master’s degree program in Management Engineering
Class LM-31 - Management Engineering
Supervisor:
Prof. Paolo Malighetti
Master’s degree Thesis
Sahibzada Hassam Farooq
Matricula n. 1042365
ACADEMIC YEAR 2017 / 2018

Introduction
Airlines Selected for Research
Research Question
Research Methodology
Research Results
Conclusion
References
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
Airlines that use same aircraft has homogenous fleet.
Example of fleet homogeneity: the best example of fleet
homogeneity is low cost carriers which we
The Ryanair airline has only one kind of aircraft which
is Boeing 73H who served all the destinations.
Technically it has not possible for flag carrier airlines because
they have served short, medium and long hauls. Aircrafts that
used by airlines for short haul are not feasible to use it for long
haul.
Why homogeneity?
Low maintenance cost.
Pilot training is easy.
Buy aircrafts from secondary market.

AIRLINES SELECTED FOR RESEARCH
Airlines Type of Aircrafts Number of Aircrafts Destinations served
Emirates 6 256 140
British airline 26 273 183
Lufthansa airline 16 293 220
American airlines 26 956 350
Oman airline 12 51 30
Turkish airline 12 277 302
Qatar airline 11 212 150
Etihad airline 12 112 84
✔These airlines have been selected for the following reasons;
• Easy access to data (annual reports includes maintenance cost, fuel cost and other valuable
information)
• OAG database (all the research is based on 2017 (Jan-Dec) flights of 8 airlines)

• How homogenous the fleet of
these airlines are?
• If there is a heterogeneity in
fleet. What will be the solution
to make the fleet homogenous?

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research is based on the following variables which
helps us to understand how much the airlines fleet is
homogenous.
➢ cost per available seat kilometer
➢ Number of frequencies
➢ Average stage length
➢ HHI index
➢ Number of seats
➢ Correlations
➢ Type of aircrafts
➢ Fuel capacity
➢ Range of aircrafts
➢ Age of aircraft
➢ Gap analysis
Fleet homogeneity is based on categorization
of distances. Categorization is based on short
haul (0-1500 km), medium short haul (1501-
4000 km), medium long haul (4001-5500) and
long haul (greater than 5501) respectively.
these categories are divided so that we can
see how airlines used their aircraft for
different distances.

VARIABLE USED IN THE RESEARCH
Number of frequencies: how many times aircrafts s used for the routes in a specific range.
Available seat miles (ASM) or Available seat kilometers (ASK) airline passenger carrying
capacity. It is equal to the number of seats available multiplied by the number of miles or
kilometers flown.
ASK=DISTANCE*FREQUANCY*SEATS
“The Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) is a commonly accepted measure of market
concentration. It is calculated by squaring the market share of each firm competing in a market
and then summing the resulting numbers. It can range from close to zero to 10,000”.
Average stage length: average stage length is calculated on the basis of available seat and
distance covered by an aircraft.
Number of seats: airlines have the right o customize the aircrafts so different airlines using
same aircrafts could have different seat capacity.
Fuel capacity: possible suggestions are based on fuel efficiency and number of seats aircraft have.

Available Seat Kilometer vs Cost Per Available Seat Kilometer vs Average Stage
Length
Airline Qatar Emirates Etihad Oman American British Turkish Lufthansa
Frequencies 175,758 192,342 101,521 69,111 2,261,567 364,208 461,189 506,390
Average stage length 4348.90 4780.55 4905.19 2430.36 1789.17 2985.26 1959.26 2220.99
CPASK 0.0532714 0.06505148 0.0042233 0.0623723 0.080802639 0.0739196 0.0509094 0.217875564
ASK 1.92278E+11 3.69119E+11 1.18391E+11 28525640668 4.51062E+11 1.85788E+11 1.70028E+11 1.87407E+11
LUFTHANSA
AMERICAN
EMIRATES
BRITISH
QATAR
OMAN
ETIHAD
TURKISH
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 1E+11 2E+11 3E+11 4E+11 5E+11
Available seat kilometer vs Cost per available seat kilometer
Lufthansa
American
Emirates
British
QatarOman
Etihad
Turkish
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Average Stage Length vs CPASK

HHI-Index for Airlines with Respect to Different Ranges (1/2)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
EMIRATES Etihad QATAR OMAN TURKISH BRITISH LUFTHANSA AMERICAN
HHI index range of 0-1500 km
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
EMIRATES LUFTHANSA BRITISH OMAN QATAR Etihad AMERICAN TURKISH

HHI-Index for Airlines with Respect to Different Ranges (2/2)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
LUFTHANSA EMIRATES TURKISH BRITISH Etihad AMERICAN QATAR OMAN
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
EMIRATES TURKISH BRITISH OMAN QATAR Etihad LUFTHANSA AMERICAN
HHI index range of > 5500 km

HHI-Index's for Aircrafts (0-1500 km Range) (1/4)
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
319 320 321 32A 332 333 346 77L 77W 789
Etihad market shares of aircrafts
(0-1500 Km)
HHI index = 4276.4125
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
388 773 77L 77W
Emirates market shares of
aircrafts (0-1500 Km)
HHI index = 7213.6972
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Qatar market shares of
HHI index = 3323.1799
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
Turkish market shares of
HHI index = 2178.0578
0.00%
20000.00%
40000.00%
60000.00%
80000.00%
100000.00%
330
332
333
738
73G
73J
73L
73M
787
788
789
E75
Oman market shares of
HHI index = 2178.0578
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
318 320 32A 346 737 757 777 AR1 E70 FRJ S20
British market shares of
HHI index = 2115.8290
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
319
320
321
32A
333
343
346
738
73W
744
CR9
E90
E95
Lufthansa airline market
share of aircraft (0-1500 Km)
HHI INDEX = 1601.96801
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
319
321
332
738
757
772
788
CR7
CRJ
DH8
E90
ERD
American airline market share
of aircraft (0-1500 Km)
HHI index = 1050.81538

0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
319 320 321 332 333 346 359 77L 77W 788
Qatar market shares of aircrafts
(1500-4000 Km)
HHI index = 2560.4927
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
332 388 722 773 77L 77W
HHI index = 6437.3231
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
319
320
321
32A
333
343
346
359
738
744
74H
CR9
Lufthansa airline market
share of aircraft (1500-4000
Km)
HHI index = 4085.5643
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
319
320
321
32A
738
757
767
777
77W
788
789
E70
E90
British airline market share
HHI index = 3983.0994
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
330 332 333 738 73G 73J 73L 73M 787 788 789 E75
Oman airline market share of
aircraft (1500-4000 Km
HHI index = 3013.4296
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
319
321
332
738
757
772
77W
789
CR7
CRJ
E90
ERD
HHI index = 2027.0884
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
319
320
321
32B
332
333
343
738
73G
73H
73J
77W
Turkish airline market share
HHI index = 1724.3442
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
319
320
321
32A
332
333
345
346
388
77L
77W
789
Etihad market shares of
HHI index = 2200.006

0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
333 343 73W 744 74H
Lufthansa airline market share
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
332 333 343 738 73H 73J 77W
Turkish airline market share
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
318 388 744 777 77W 788 789
British airline market share
HHI index = 3734.7916
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
388 773 77L 77W
HHI index = 4883.9370
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
319 320 321 32B 332 333 738 752 757 763 772
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
330 332 333 787 788 789
Oman airline market share of
aircraft (4000-5500 Km)
HHI index = 1744.6221
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
Qatar market shares of
HHI index = 1773.35
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
Etihad market shares of

HHI-Index's for Aircrafts (> 5500 km Range) (4/4)
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
332 333 346 359 388 77L 77W 788
Qatar airline market shares of
aircrafts (>5500 Km)
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
388 77L 77W
Emirates airline market shares
of aircrafts (>5500 Km)
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
332 333 345 346 388 77L 77W 789
Etihad airline market shares
HHI index = 1969.55
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
332 333 752 757 763 772 777 77W 788 789
American airline market shares
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
333 343 346 359 388 73W 744 74H
Lufthansa airline market shares
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
332 333 343 77W
Turkish airline market
shares of aircrafts (>5500
Km)
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
330 332 333 787 788 789
Oman airline market shares of
HHI index = 2552.42
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
318 388 744 752 767 777 77W 788 789
British airline market shares of

Potential cost savings for Airlines
AIRLINES
Average Age of Fleet
(Years) Fuel Cost ($)
Maintenance Cost
($)
EMIRATES 5.9 5710000000 745434190
QATAR 6.1 2945305180 33414965
AMERICAN 10.6 5071000000 484000000
TURKISH 6.98 2673000000 440000000
OMAN 4.9 430864364 146738014
LUFTANSA 12.1 5140000000 1028493336
BRITISH 13.7 3315864074 1097850011
ETIHAD 6.3 3045305180 21934000
The following extract of the bullet-points which have been published in a presentation within the IATA 2nd Airline
Cost Conference (ACC) in 2014 summarize the main points of cost savings, and also show up further cost saving
potentials for an (low cost) airline.
Aircraft Costs
Fuel
Crew cost
Sales and marketing
Ground operations
Airport cost
In our case:
Correlations: (Fuel cost, Fleet age and Maintenance cost)
CORRELATION BETWEEN FLEET AGE AND FUEL = APPROX 0.45
CORRELATION BETWEEN FLEET AGE AND MAINTENANCE COST = 0.79

Gap Analysis
• The aim of gap analysis was to check how
Airlines would change their aircrafts to reach
homogeneity and what incentives will they
get in order to reach homogenous in term of
manufacturer.
• This incentives would be in term of seat
capacity and fuel consumption.
• We will also see that what is the reason of
heterogeneity?
Factors to be considered:
1. Average age of an aircraft
2. Number of seats
3. Fuel consumption (gal/hr.)

EMIRATES AIRWAYS
Current Aircraft A388
seat capacity 489
Fuel consumption (gal/hr.) 3948
Average age of aircraft 4.8
Alternatives 77W
seat capacity 412
Fuel consumption ( gal/hr.) 2566
Seat gap 77
Fuel gap (gal/hr.) 1382
Current Aircraft A388 A332
seat capacity 489
G
R
O
U
N
D
E
D
Alternatives 77W
seat capacity 412
Seat gap 77
Current Aircraft 77W
seat capacity 412
Alternatives A388
seat capacity 489
Seat gap 77
Current Aircraft A388
seat capacity 489
Alternatives 77W
seat capacity 412
Seat gap 77
1500-4000 km (Airbus = 10.2% , Boeing = 89.8%)
4000-5500 km (Airbus = 57.1% , Boeing = 42.9%) > 5500 km (Airbus = 42.4% , Boeing = 57.6%)
0-1500 km (Airbus = 3.1% , Boeing = 96.9%)

AMERICAN AIRWAYS (1/2)
0-1500 km (Airbus = 16.2% , Boeing = 10%, Embraer = 28.4%, Canadair Regional Jet = 38.9, McDonnell
Douglas = 3.6%, De Havilland Canada DHC = 0.03% )
• DH8 has been grounded by American airline.
• Because of the greater differences in seat and fuel homogeneity is not achievable.
1500-4000 km (Airbus = 42.4% , Boeing = 42.2%, Embraer = 10%, Canadair Regional Jet = 2.7, McDonnell
Douglas = 2.7% )
• For this haul this haul the shares of Boeing and airbuses are same so its not possible to achieve
homogeneity.
• More over, there is a seat gap and fuel gap between Embraer, Canadair and McDonnell with Boeing and
airbus.

AMERICAN AIRWAYS (2/2)
Current Aircraft 738 752 757 763 772
seat capacity 160 176 176 209 260
Fuel consumption (gal/hr.) 832 1092 1283 1579 2040
Average age of aircraft 8.5 18.8 18.7 19.8 13.8
Alternatives A320 A32B A32B A333 A332
seat capacity 150 178 176 216 262
Seat gap 10 2 0 7 2
Fuel gap (gal/hr.) 32 143 334 296 165
4000-5500 km (Airbus = 52.1% , Boeing = 47.9%)
> 5500 km (Airbus = 17 % , Boeing = 83 %)
seat capacity 270 291
Fuel consumption (gal/hr.) 2138 1875
Average age of aircraft 6 11
Alternatives 772 789
Fuel consumption (gal/hr.) 2000.61 1776
Seat gap 10 3
Fuel gap (gal/hr.) 138 99

ETIHAD AIRWAYS
Current Aircraft 789 77L 77W
seat capacity 235 239 412
Fuel consumption (gal/hr.) 1776 2237 2566
Average age of aircraft 1.9 4.7 7.8
Alternatives A333 A333 A388
Seat gap 4 8 57
Fuel gap (gal/hr.) 99 362 1382
4000-5500 km (Airbus = 55.4% , Boeing = 44.6%)
0-1500 km (Airbus = 92.4% , Boeing = 7.6%) 1500-4000 km (Airbus = 87.8% , Boeing = 12.2 %)
Seat gap 4 8 57
> 5500 km (Airbus = 52.7% , Boeing = 47.3%)
Seat gap 4 8 57
Seat gap 4 8 57

SUMMARY OF OTHER AIRLINES
0-1500 km:
• Qatar airways, British: No replacement
• Oman airways: there is an alternatives of A330 which is 787.
• Turkish airways have alternative of A320, A321, A322 AND A333.
their average ages are high and even the new alternatives Boeing
73H, 73J, 788 and 789 has consume less fuel and have the advantage
of more seat capacity.
• Lufthansa airways: 744 has the alternative of A346. consumes less
fuel and has 10 seats more. While CR90, E90 AND E95 a have less
seat capacity which is usually used for short hauls.
4000-5500 km:
• Oman airways, there is an alternatives of A330 which is 787.
• Turkish airways have alternative of A332 and A333 is 788 and 789
their average ages are high and even the new alternative Boeing has
consume less fuel and have the advantage of more seat capacity.
While no alternative of A343
• Lufthansa airways: 744 and 74 has the alternative of A346 and A359.
consumes less fuel and has 10 and 5 seats more respectively. So we
can totally make this haul homogenous for Lufthansa.
1500-4000 km:
• Oman airways, there is an alternatives of A330 which is 787.
• Turkish airways has an alternative of 73G. The best alternative
for this aircraft is A319, consumes less fuel and has the
advantage of having 4 more seats.
• Lufthansa airways: 744 has the alternative of A346. consumes
less fuel and has 10 seats more. While CR90, E90 AND E95 a
have less seat capacity which is usually used for short hauls.
>5500 km:
• British, Oman airways: No alternative.
• Qatar airways: there is an alternative of A332 and A346. the
alternative is Boeing 767 and 77w. Consumes 128 gal/hr. and
132 gal/hr. less fuel as compared to the A223 and A346.
• Turkish airways have alternative of A320, A321, A322 AND
A333. their average ages are high and even the new alternative
Boeing has consume less fuel and have the advantage of more
seat capacity.
• Lufthansa airways: 744 has the alternative of A346. consumes
less fuel and has 10 seats more..

QATAR AIRWAYS
Current Aircraft 788 77L 77w
Fuel consumption (gal/hr.) 1579 2237.53 2566
Average age of aircraft 6.1 5.3
Fuel consumption (gal/hr.) 1839 2698 3948.58
Seat gap 4 0 77
Fuel gap (gal/hr.) 260 461 1382
Seat gap 4 0 77
Fuel gap (gal/hr.) 260 461 1382
Seat gap 4 0 77
Fuel gap (gal/hr.) 260 461 1382
Current Aircraft A332 A346 A359 A388
seat capacity 260 372 283 517
Fuel consumption (gal/hr.) 1839 2698 1908 3948
Average age of aircraft 10.5 12.1 1.5 3.1
Alternatives 767 77W 789 77W
Seat gap 1 18 2 105
Fuel gap (gal/hr.) 128 132 132 1382
0-1500 km (Airbus = 83.5% , Boeing = 16.5%) 1500-4000 km (Airbus = 81.8% , Boeing = 18.2%)
4000-5500 km (Airbus = 52.4% , Boeing = 47.6%) > 5500 km (Airbus = 31.4% , Boeing = 68.6%)

OMAN AIRWAYS
Current Aircraft A330 A332 E75
seat capacity 289 G
R
O
U
N
D
E
D
71
Alternatives 787 73W
Seat gap 1 15
4000-5500 km (Airbus = 48% , Boeing = 52%) > 5500 km (Airbus = 81% , Boeing = 10%)
0-1500 km (Airbus = 1.9% , Boeing = 72%, Embraer = 26%) 1500-4000 km (Airbus = 4.4% , Boeing = 95%, Embraer = 0.2%)
Current Aircraft A330 A332 E75
seat capacity 289 G
R
O
U
N
D
E
D
71
Alternatives 787 73W
Seat gap 1 15
seat capacity 289 G
R
O
U
N
D
E
D
Alternatives 787
seat capacity 288
Seat gap 1
Current Aircraft 788 787 789
seat capacity 267 G
R
O
U
N
D
E
D
288
Average age of aircraft 2.1 2
Alternatives A332 A333
Seat gap 5 1

TURKISH AIRWAYS
Current Aircraft A319 A320 A321 A332 A333 A343
seat capacity 128 153 180 250 289 270
Fuel consumption (gal/hr.) 781 800 949 1839 1875 2138
Average age of aircraft 7.3 11.6 6 6 6.3 20.3
Alternatives 73G 73H 73J 788 789 77L
seat capacity 124 151 183 254 288 266
Fuel consumption (gal/hr.) 796 832 871 1579 1776 2237
Seat gap 4 2 3 4 1 4
Fuel gap (gal/hr.) 15 32 78 260 99 99
Current Aircraft 738 73G 73H 73J 77W
seat capacity 159 124 151 169 349
Average age of aircraft 3 6.9 6.9 6.9 4.5
Alternatives A320 A319 A320 A32A A346
seat capacity 162 128 150 150 359
Seat gap 3 4 1 19 10
Fuel gap (gal/hr.) 32 15 32 72 132
Current Aircraft A332 A333 A343
Average age of aircraft 6 6.3 20.3
Alternatives 788 789 77L
Seat gap 4 1 4
Current Aircraft A332 A333 A343
Average age of aircraft 6 6.3 20.3
Alternatives 788 789 77L
Seat gap 4 1 4
4000-5500 km (Airbus = 20.1% , Boeing = 79.9 %) > 5500 km (Airbus = 46.8% , Boeing = 53.2%)
0-1500 km (Airbus = 33.8 % , Boeing = 66.2 %) 1500-4000 km (Airbus = 64.8% , Boeing = 35.2 %)

LUFTHANSA AIRWAYS
Current Aircraft 738 73W 744 CR90 E90 E95
seat capacity G
R
O
U
N
D
E
D
G
R
O
U
N
D
E
D
349 90 100 120
Average age of aircraft 15.3 9.7 8.5 95
Alternatives A346 A319 A319 A319
Seat gap 10 16 6 10
Fuel gap (gal/hr.) 222 255 172 140
4000-5500 km (Airbus = 20.1% , Boeing = 79.9 %) > 5500 km (Airbus = 46.8% , Boeing = 53.2%)
0-1500 km (Airbus = 68.5 % , Boeing = 0.2 %) 1500-4000 km (Airbus = 98.2% , Boeing = 1.8 %)
Current Aircraft 738 744 74H CR90
seat capacity G
R
O
U
N
D
E
D
349 364 90
Seat gap 10 5 16
Current Aircraft 73W 744 74H
seat capacity G
R
O
U
N
D
E
D
349 364
Average age of aircraft
Seat gap 10 5
Current Aircraft 73W 744 74H
seat capacity G
R
O
U
N
D
E
D
349 364
Average age of aircraft
Seat gap 10 5

BRITISH AIRWAYS (1/2)
Current Aircraft AR1 J31 FRJ S20 737 738 757 734 E90 E70 767 777 787
seat capacity G
R
O
U
N
D
E
D
98 76 259 297 216
Alternatives A319 A318 A332 A359 A321
seat capacity 106 32 260 293 288
Seat gap 8 44 1 4 9
Fuel gap (gal/hr.) 173 237 128 132 76
0-1500 km (Airbus = 71.2 % , Boeing = 12.3 %, Avro = 0.00002%, British Aerospace Jetstream = 0.006%, Embraer = 12.7%,
Fairchild Dornier = 0.025%, Saab = 0.0063%)
1500-4000 km (Airbus = 83.2 %, Boeing = 11.2)
Current Aircraft 738 757 767 777 789 788 77W
seat capacity G
R
O
U
N
D
E
D
259 297 216 214 297
Alternatives A332 A359 A321 A321 A346
seat capacity 260 293 225 225 295
Seat gap 1 4 9 11 2
Fuel gap (gal/hr.) 128 132 76 121 123

BRITISH AIRWAYS (2/2)
Average age of aircraft 9 4.4
Alternatives 73W 77W
Seat gap 54 57
4000-5500 km (Airbus = 3.9 % , Boeing = 96.1 %)
> 5500 km (Airbus = 9.2 %, Boeing = 90.8 %)
Average age of aircraft 9 4.4
Alternatives 73W 77W
Seat gap 54 57

CONCLUSION
• Fleet homogeneity exists in airline industry. those airlines who are serving short, medium and long hauls.
for example: to serve long destinations E90 with 80 seats aircraft is not possible to serve even tough they will have
full fuel.
• Airlines are different type of aircrafts in order to reduce fuel consumption and seat capacity as our research
described (gap analysis).
• There are also many airlines who are using old aircrafts which consumes more fuel, they should replaced it by
the new one and make the system more homogenous.
• Mostly airlines from middle east used long haul aircraft like A380-8 for short hauls.
Reason: their one of the best served destinations are from Asia (Sialkot, Pakistan) and Indian regions. Emirates have
just started A380 to Pakistan because of the high load.
• American airlines are using 24 type of aircrafts for short haul and their average stage length is about 1600 km.
which chows that American airlines are connected more within American (intercity) as compared to
intercontinental.

THANK
YOU
UNIBG
PROFESSORS
UNIBG
FRIENDS
STUDENT
OFFICE
OTHER STAFF
WHO
WORKED
FOR UNIBG

Hassam

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (19)

Similar to Hassam

Similar to Hassam (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Hassam