This document discusses computer hardware and networking topics. It covers hardware components of PCs like the front panel, rear panel, and internal components. It also discusses memory, hard disks, input/output devices, and networking concepts like devices, protocols, topologies, and tools like ping and MAC addresses. Network topologies covered include bus, ring, star, hybrid and mesh with their advantages and disadvantages.

2. TOPICS HARDWARE &
NETWORKING
Submitted by Submitted to
KHUSHBOO KUMARI ATL FONDATION ARA

4. HARDWARE
HARDWARE COMPONENTS PC
PARTS OF FRONT PANEL, REAR PANEL AND INSIDE
MEMORY
CACHE
HARD DISK
PHYSICAL ASPECT OF HARD DISK
PARTITION
PLATTER
BOOTING
HOW TO CREATE PAN DRIVE BOOTABLE….??
INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES
WHAT IS INPUT AND OUTPUT
NETWORKING
WHAT IS NETWORKING…??
NETWORK DEVICES
ABOUT NETWORK DEVICES
INTERNET PROTOCOL
ABOUT TOPOLOGY
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OG TOPOLOGY
PING
MAC

5.  Computer hardware refers to objects that you
can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display
screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips.
 Hardware is the physical aspect of computers,
telecommunications, and other devices.

8. It is a place where our data information or programs get
stored before being processed and the result get stored.
Memory is a device can be stored the data as a volatile and
non-volatile behavior.
Types of memory------------
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Back up

9. Primary memory---its volatile behaviour
(A) RAM(RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)
-SRAM
-DRAM
-EDO RAM
-SD RAM
-DDR SDRAM
-RDRAM
-SIMM & DIMM RAM
(B) ROM(READ ONLY MEMORY)
-PROM
-EPROM
-EEPROM
Secondary memory– Its non Volatile behaviour.

11. The word cache is pronounced as cash. The
cache memory is placed in between main
memory. The processor is connected to the
cache memory through a cache controller. It is
a semi conductor memory. The capacity of
cache memory is 2-3% of that the main
memory. It access time is about 10ns.

12. It is a secondary storage device, which is used to store data or
information permanently hard disk consist of one or more

13.  All hard disk consists of thin platters with a
magnetic coating .
 They rotate quite fast inside a metal container.
 Their design causes them to ride on a microscopic
cushion of air without touching the platter. Data
are written and read by read/write heads.
 Spindale Motor:- It is bused to exhilarate the hard
disk platter. It is inside the metal container which
is rotating the magnetic disk of hard disk.

14. The magnetic disks are typically made up Aluminum. The
disks are covered with an ultra thin magnetic coating
with improved coating technologies an increasing
number of micro magnets can be placed on the disk.
Formatting of platter–
Track
sector

15. How to create the partition-----??????
The whole area of hard disks are divided into some
little parts is called partition.
1. Basic partition— its divided into 3 parts
(A) Primary partition
(B) Extended “””””
(C) Logical “””””
2. Dynamic partition Volume

16. Restarting a computer or its operating system software.
It is of two types--
(1) Cold booting: when the computer is started after
having been switched off.
(2) Warm booting: when the Operating System alone is
restarted .

17.  First of all press start button with pressing R.
 It ill open run.
Then enter following instructions ---
CMD-DISKPART-LIST DISK-SELECT DISK 1-LIST
PART SELECT PART 1-ACTIVE-EXIT-EXIT

19. An input device sends information to a computer
system for processing , and an output device
reproduces or displays the results of that
processing. Depending on the interaction, a
device can be both, referred to as an
input/output devices.

21. A group of two or more than two computer
network devices or a internet device called
computer network.
Or,
A network is a group of two or more computer
linked together.

22. Network devices are components used to connect
computers together to share files or resources.
Device used in computer networking like hub, switch
etc…
Network devices :-
1. Switch
2. Hub
3. Modem
4. Bridge
5. Repeater
6. Router

23.  Switch:- It also known as hub, bridging, Mac
A network switch is a computer networking device
that connects devices together on a computer
network.
It also can be used for packet switching to receive
and forward data to the destination device.

24. HUB:-A network hub is a device that allow multiple
computers to communicate with each other over a
network.
Each computer or device connected to the hub.

25. MODEM:- A modem is a device or program that
enables a computer to transmit data over.
For example:- telephones or cable lines

26. A device that connects two local area network
Two segments of the same local area network that
use the same protocol.

27. A Repeater is a network device that transmits a
received signal with more power.

28. A router is a device that forwards data packets
along network.
A router is connected to at least two network.

29. LOCAL AREA NETWORK:- Its known as (LAN)
It consists of a computer network at a single site. Its
very useful for sharing resources , such as data
storage and printers.
WIDE AREA NETWORK:- Its known as (WAN)
Its very large area such as an entire country or the
entire world.
A WAN can contain multiple smaller network such
as LANs and MANs.

30. The hub of informational is called internet.
Rules and regulation of network is called protocol.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol
by which data is sent from one computer to another
on the internet . Each computer (known as a host)
on the Internet has at least one IP address that
uniquely identifies it from all other computers on
the Internet.

32. The way of connectivity of network is called
topology.

33.  BUS TOPOLOGY:- A bus network is a network
topology in which nodes are directly connected to a
common linear is called bus topology.

34.  RING TOPOLOGY :-A ring network is a network
topology in which each node connects to exactly
two other nodes, forming a single continuous
pathway for signals through each node – a ring

35. STAR TOPOLOGY:- This consists of a central node, to
which all other nodes are connected; this central node
provides a common connection point for all nodes through
a hub.

36.  HYBRID TOPOLOGY:- A hybrid topology is always
produced when two different basic network topologies
are connected. Two common examples for Hybrid
network are: star ring network and star bus network.

37.  MESH TOPLOGY:- In a mesh network topology,
each of the network node, computer and other
devices, are interconnected with one another.

38. Bus topology:-
Advantages- It is easy to setup and extend bus
network.
Bus topology cost very less.
It is mostly used in small network like LAN.
Disadvantages:- There is limit on central cable
length.
Number of nodes that can be connected.
It is not suitable for network with heavy traffics.

39. Ring topology:-
Advantages:- its speed very high.
Each computer has equal access to resources.
Disadvantage:- It is lower than star topology.
Network is highly depend on the wire which
connects different components.

40. Star topology:-
Advantages:- Helps in monitoring network.
Centralized management.
Easy to connects to new nodes or device.
Disadvantages:-Its it fails when whole network goes
down.
The use of hub a router or a switch as central device.

41. Hybrid topology:-
Advantages:-
 Reliable
 Scalable
 Flexible
 Effective
Disadvantages:-
 Complexity of design
 Costly hub
 Costly infrastructure

42. Mesh topology:-
Advantages:-A broken node won’t distract the
transmission of data in a mesh network.
Each node is connected to several other nodes
which make it easier to relay data
Disadvantages:- Maintaining mesh networks can be
very hard to manage.
It requires continuous supervision because of the
redundancy present in the network.

43.  Ping is used diagnostically to ensure that
a host computer the user is trying to reach is actually
operating. Ping works by sending an Internet Control
Message Protocol Echo Request to a specified
interface on the network and waiting for a reply. Ping
can be used for troubleshooting to test connectivity
and determine response time.

44. In a local area network (LAN) or other network, the
MAC (Media Access Control) address is your
computer's unique hardware number. (On
an Ethernet LAN, it's the same as your Ethernet
address.) When you're connected to the Internet
from your computer a correspondence table
relates your IP ADDRESS to your computer's
physical (MAC) address on the LAN.