Hand Hygiene & amp patient safety from ha is

Hand Hygiene--Its impact on Patient & Staff
Safety from Hospital Acquired Infections
Dr. Ahmed Qureshi, MS, FACS, MBA, PCIC
Head, Infection Prevention & Control Department,
Arar Central Hospital, Arar, KSA
Regional Coordinator , IP & C, North Zone , KSA

3
Hand Hygiene
Is a general term that applies to hand washing,
antiseptic hand wash, antiseptic hand rub, or surgical
hand antisepsis

4
A Hand without Hand Hygiene—
Full of Infectious Transient Flora
Culture plate showing growth of bacteria 24 hours
after a nurse placed her hand on the plate.
Hand Hygiene Resource Center

Hand Hygiene has direct Impact
....and burdens
Hospital Acquired infections on Patients lives,
Safety of Hospital Staff and Hospital resources.

Definition
Hospital Acquired infection (HAI)
■ Also known as “Nosocomial” or Health Care Acquired
Infection.
“It is an infection in a patient during the process of
care in a hospital or other health-care facility, which
was NOT present or started incubating at the time of
admission.
This also includes infections acquired in the health-
care facility but appearing after discharge, and also
occupational infections among health-care workers”

…….Hospital Acquired Infections
•The patient must have been admitted for reasons other than
the infection. He or she must also have shown no signs of
active or incubating infection.
These infections occur
•up to 48 hours after hospital admission
•up to 3 days after discharge
•up to 30 days after an operation and
•Up to 1 yr if an implant has been placed.

■ HAIs affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and
is a major global issue for patient safety.
■ In modern health-care facilities in the developed world:
5–10% of patients acquire one or more infections
■ In developing countries the risk of HAIs is 2–20 times
higher than in developed countries and the proportion
of patients affected by HAIs can exceed 25%. In intensive
care units, HAI affects about 30% of patients and the
attributable mortality may reach 44%

USA:
 There are more than 2 million Hospital Acquired Infections annually
 80,000 of them may contribute to death, and
 generate 4.5 to 5.7 billion USD additional expenses/yr (WHO figures,
2015).
UK:
 320,000 HAI annually,
 5,000 of them may contribute to death, and
 generate £1 billion additional expenses /year
(WHO figures, 2012).
GCC figures are surely quite substantial ; no definite statistics
available so far
9

The impact of HAIs
HAIs can cause:
■ more serious illness other than the illness patient was
admitted for.
■ prolongation of stay in a health-care facility
■ long-term disability
■ excess deaths
■ high additional financial burden
■ high personal costs on patients and their families

 Is generally poorly adhered to across the hospitals
by all levels of Health Care Workers.
 Hands: the most common way transporting
microorganisms & subsequently causing infection in
patients seeking medical advice/care in health care
facilities.

Prevention of spread of microorganisms in such
situations necessitates hand hygiene to be adequately
and properly performed.
HH is considered to be the single most important
practice in reducing transmission of infectious agents
during delivery of medical care.
 It is a critical component of patient and health care
workers safety.
 It is one of the elements of Standard Precautions.

Resident Flora (Commensals)
Transient Flora (Infectious)
2 Types of Flora on the Hand
1

RESIDENT HAND FLORA (commensals)
 Always present on the skin
Low in virulence, it survives & multiplies on
skin
 Protective function
Not easily removed by mechanical washing
e.g. Coag. Neg. staph., Diphtheroids, anaerobic cocci,
Types of organisms
1

TRANSIENT FLORA ---MICRO-ORGANISMS--
Bugs
Easily acquired and transferred by direct contact.
 Loosely attached to skin surface.
 Most abundant around finger tips.
 Important source of cross-infection
eg, Staph. aureus,, Streptococci, Gram-ve bacilli (E. coli,
pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella, acinetobacter, etc)
MRSA, MDRO , Clostridium Deficile
…….
1

Major patterns of transmission
of health care-associated germs (1)
How it occurs?
Mode of
transmission
Reservoir /
source Transmission dynamics
Examples of
germs
Direct Contact Patients,
health-care
workers
Direct physical contact
between the source
and the patient
(person-to-person contact);
e.g. transmission by
shaking hands, giving the
patient a bath, abdominal
palpation, blood and other
body fluids from a patient
to the
health-care worker
through skin lesions
Staphylococcus
aureus, Gram
negative rods,
respiratory
viruses,, HBV,
HCV. HIV

Major patterns of transmission
of health care-associated germs (2)
Mode of
transmission
Reservoir /
Examples of
germs
Indirect
Contact
Medical
devices,
equipment,
endoscopes,
objects
(shared toys in
paediatric
wards)
Transmission of the
infectious agent from the
source to the patient occurs
passively via an
intermediate object
(usually inanimate);
e.g. transmission by not
changing gloves between
patients, sharing
stethoscope
Salmonella spp,
Pseudomonas
spp,
Acinetobacter
spp,
S. maltophilia,
Respiratory
Syncytial Virus

Other modes of transmission are droplet and
airborne
Mode of
transmission
Reservoir /
Examples of
germs
Droplet Patients,
health-care
workers
Transmission via large
particle droplets (> 5 µm)
transferring the germ
through the air when the
source and patient are
within close proximity;
e.g. transmission by
sneezing, talking, coughing,
suctioning
Influenza virus,
mumps,
Neisseria
meningitidis,
coronavirus

Mode of
transmission
Reservoir /
Examples of
germs
Airborne Patients,
health-care
workers, dust
Propagation of germs
contained within nuclei
(< 5 µm) evaporated from
droplets or within dust
particles, through air, within
the same room or over a
long distance;
e.g. Breathing, coughing ,
sneezing of infected person
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis,
chicken pox,
measles,
corona virus
(Requires Neg
Pressure
Room, N95
masks by
attending
staff)

Hand transmission
■ Hands are the most
common vehicle to
transmit health care-
associated pathogens

21
Point of care
Point of care – is the place where three elements occur together:
 the patient
 the health care provider(STAFF)
 Pt care area
Where Hand Hygiene is to be
done ?

Transmission of hospital acquired infection from one patient
to another via health-care workers’ hands requires 5
sequential steps

Hand transmission: Step 1
Germs are present on patient skin and
surfaces in the patient surroundings
■ Germs (S. aureus, P. mirabilis, Klebsiella spp.
and Acinetobacter spp.) present on intact areas
of some patients’ skin: 100-1 million colony
forming units (CFU)/cm2
■ Nearly 1 million skin squames containing viable
germs are shed daily from normal skin
■ Patient immediate surroundings
(bed linen, furniture, objects) become
contaminated (especially by staphylococci
and enterococci) by patient germs
Pittet D et al. The Lancet Infect Dis 2006

By direct and indirect contact, patient germs contaminate
health-care workers' hands
■ Doctors & Nurses could contaminate their hands with 100–1,000 CFU
of Klebsiella spp. during “clean” activities like taking the patient's pulse,
blood pressure, or oral temperature)
■ 15% of nurses working in an isolation
unit carried a median of 10,000 CFU
of S. aureus on their hands
■ In a general health-care facility, 29%
nurses carried S. aureus on their hands
(median count: 3,800 CFU) and 17–30%
carried Gram negative bacilli
(median counts: 3,400–38,000 CFU)

Germs survive and multiply on health-care workers' hands
■ Following contact with patients and/or contaminated environment, germs can
survive on hands for differing lengths of time - (2–60 minutes)
■ In the absence of hand hygiene action, the longer the duration of care, the
higher the degree of hand contamination

Defective hand cleansing results in hands remaining contaminated
■ Insufficient amount of product
and/or insufficient duration of
hand hygiene action lead to poor
hand decontamination
■ Transient microorganisms are
still recovered on hands following
handwashing with soap and water,
whereas handrubbing with an
alcohol-based solution has been
proven significantly more effective

Germ cross-transmission between patient A and patient B
via health-care worker's hands

Manipulation of invasive devices with contaminated hands
determines transmission of patient's germs to sites at risk
of infection

H Sax, University Hospitals, Geneva 2006
1
2
3
5

Prevention of health care-associated infection and
importance of hand hygiene

How to prevent
health care-associated infection?
■ Validated and standardized prevention strategies have
been shown to reduce HAIs
■ At least 50% of HAIs could be prevented
■ Most solutions are simple and not resource-demanding
and can be implemented in developed, as well as in
transitional and developing countries

Strategies for infection control
■ General measures
■ surveillance
■ standard precautions of which HH
is one of the components
■ isolation precautions
■ Antibiotic control (Ab Stewardship)
■ Specific measures and
Bundles Specifically targeted against:
■ urinary tract infections--CAUTI
■ surgical site infections--SSI
■ respiratory infections--VAP
■ bloodstream infections--CLABSI

Most important Simple Evidence…
Hand hygiene is the single most
effective measure to reduce HCAIs

Vienna, Austria
General Hospital,
1841–1850
First implemented HH in
dealing with puerperal
fever.
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
Pioneer of hand hygiene

Semmelweis --Maternal mortality rates
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850
First
Second
Semmelweis IP, 1861
Intervention
May 15, 1847
Percentage

Impact of hand hygiene promotion
■ In the last 30 years, 20 studies demonstrated the effectiveness of HH to reduce HCAIs.
■ Some examples are listed in the table below:
Year Hospital setting
Increase of
hand hygiene
compliance Reduction of HCAI rates Follow-up Reference
1989 Adult ICU From 14% to 73%
(before pt contact)
HCAI rates: from 33% to 10% 6 years Conly et al
2000 Hospital-wide From 48% to 66% HCAI prevalence: from 16.9% to 9.5% 8 years Pittet et al
2004 NICU From 43% to 80% HCAI incidence: from 15.1 to 10.7/1000 patient-days 2 years Won et al
2005 Adult ICUs From 23.1% to 64.5% HCAI incidence: from 47.5 to 27.9/1000 patient-days 21 months Rosenthal
et al
2005 Hospital-wide From 62% to 81% Significant reduction in rotavirus infections 4 years Zerr et al
2007 Neonatal unit From 42% to 55% HCAI incidence: overall from 11 to 8.2
infections/1000 patient-days) and in very low birth
weight neonates from 15.5 to 8.8 infections /1000
patient-days
27 months Pessoa-Silva
et al
2007 Neurosurgery NA SSI rates: from 8.3% to 3.8% 2 years Thu et al
2008 1) 6 pilot health-care
facilities
2) all public health-care
facilities in Victoria (Aus)
1) from 21% to 48%
2) from 20% to 53%
MRSA bacteraemia:
1) from 0.05 to 0.02/100 patient-discharges per
month; 2) from 0.03 to 0.01/100 patient-discharges
per month
1) 2 years
2) 1 year
Grayson et al
2008 NICU NA HCAI incidence: from 4.1 to 1.2/1000 patient-days 18 months Capretti et al

Compliance with hand hygiene
in different health-care facilities
Author Year Sector Compliance
Preston 1981 General Wards
ICU
16%
30%
Albert 1981 ICU
ICU
41%
28%
Larson 1983 Hospital-wide 45%
Donowitz 1987 Neonatal ICU 30
Graham 1990 ICU 32
Dubbert 1990 ICU 81
Pettinger 1991 Surgical ICU 51
Larson 1992 Neonatal Unit 29
Doebbeling 1992 ICU 40
Zimakoff 1993 ICU 40
Meengs 1994 Emergency Room 32
Pittet 1999 Hospital-wide 48
<40%
Pittet and Boyce. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2001

Compliance and professional activity
■ At Northern Region of KSA, compliance with hand hygiene
was higher among midwives and nurses, and lower among doctors
Nurse Nurse aide
& student
Midwife Doctors Others Total
52
45
66
30
21
48
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
Infection Control Department, ACH statistics, 2014

Compliance and
health-care facility department
■ At the University Hospitals of Geneva, the lowest compliance with
hand hygiene was observed in intensive care unit (ICU), where
patients at highest risk of infection are admitted
Pediatrics Medicine Surgery Obs/Gyn ICU
59
52
47
36
%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
48
Pittet D, et al. Ann Intern Med 2014

Lack of knowledge of hand hygiene guidelines
Forgetfulness/Carelessness
Lack of awareness of the risk of cross
transmission of pathogens
(“hands don’t look dirty’)
Understaffing
insufficient time and technique of performing the
HH
Factors for Poor Hand Hygiene
4

Hurry and carelessness are
major obstacle for hand hygiene
Adequate hand washing with
water and soap requires
40-60 seconds
Average time usually adopted
by health-care workers:
<10 seconds, leading to
infections.

Other relevant obstacles for HH in some
settings
Lack of facilities (sinks) and of continuous access
to clean water, soap and paper towels at the point
of care

Adoption of alcohol-
based handrub is
the gold standard
in all other clinical
situations
Handwashing with soap and water when hands are visibly
dirty or following visible exposure to body fluids
So Handrubbing is the solution to obstacles
to improve hand hygiene compliance

Reminder! It takes only half a minute to 1
min.
Handwashing: 40-60 seconds
Alcohol-based
handrubbing: 20–30 seconds

Application time of hand hygiene and
reduction of bacterial contamination
0 15sec 30sec 1 min 2 min 3 min 4 min
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Bacterialcontamination(meanlog10reduction)
Handwashing
Handrubbing
Pittet and Boyce. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2001
Handrubbing is:
 more effective
 faster
 better tolerated
if not
contaminated
with body fluids
or visibly soiled.max
attack

47
Ability of Hand Hygiene Agents to Reduce Bacteria on
Hands
Adapted from: Hosp Epidemiol Infect Control, 2nd Edition, 1999.
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0 0 60 180 minutes
0.0
90.0
99.0
99.9
log%
BacterialReduction
Alcohol-based handrub
(70% Isopropanol)
Antimicrobial soap
(4% Chlorhexidine)
Plain soap
Time After Disinfection
Baseline
•Max Bacterial reduction

Reduces bacterial count on hands
More effective
Reduces adverse outcomes/costs associated with HAI’s
Requires less time
Less irritating
Can be readily accessible/portable/available right at the
point of care.
ABHR ADVANTAGES
4

Why, when and how you should
perform hand hygiene in health care

Are your hands clean?
SAVE LIVES
Clean Your Hands

Why should you clean your hands?
■ Any health-care worker, caregiver or person involved in
patient care needs to be concerned about hand hygiene
■ Therefore hand hygiene does concern Us!
■ We must perform hand hygiene to:
■ protect the patient against harmful germs carried on
our hands or present on his/her own skin
■ protect ourself and the health-care environment from
harmful germs

Hand hygiene must be performed exactly where you are delivering
health care to patients (at the point-of-care)
During health care delivery, there are 5 moments when it is essential
that we perform hand hygiene ("My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene"
approach)
To clean your hands, you should prefer handrubbing with an alcohol-
based formulation, if available. Why? Because it makes hand hygiene
possible right at the point-of-care, it is faster, more effective, and better
tolerated.
We must wash hands with soap and water when visibly soiled
We must perform hand hygiene using the appropriate technique and
time duration
The golden rules for hand hygiene

HEALTH-CARE ZONE
PATIENT ZONE
The geographical conceptualization
of the transmission risk
Critical site with
infectious risk
for the patient
Critical site
with body fluid
exposure risk

Definitions of patient zone
and health-care area (1)
■ Focusing on a single patient, the health-care setting is
divided into two virtual geographical areas, the patient
zone and the health-care area.
■ Patient zone: it contains a certain patient and his/her
immediate surroundings. This typically includes: the
patient's intact skin, all inanimate surfaces that are
touched by or in direct physical contact with the patient
(e.g. bed rails, bedside table, bed linen, chairs, infusion
tubing, monitors, knobs and buttons, and other medical
equipment).

Definitions of patient zone
and health-care area (2)
■ Health-care area: it contains all surfaces in the health-
care setting outside the patient zone of patient . It includes:
other patients and their patient zones and the health-care
facility environment. The health-care area is characterized
by the presence of various and numerous microbial
species, particularly multi-resistant germs.

OPTIMAL HAND HYGIENE
AT THE
POINT-OF-CARE
SHOULD BE PERFORMED

point of care
■ This requires that a hand hygiene product (e.g.
alcohol-based handrub, if available) be easily
accessible and as close as possible (e.g. within arm’s
reach), where patient care or treatment is taking place.
Point of care products should be accessible without
having to leave the patient zone.

Examples of hand hygiene products
easily accessible at the point-of-care

Proposes a unified vision:
 to facilitate education
 to minimize inter-
individual variation
 to increase adherence
Sax H et al. Journal Hospital Infection 2007
The “My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene”
approach

Your 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene
Clean your hands
before touching a
patient when
approaching him/her!
To protect the patient
against harmful germs
carried on your hands!
Clean your hands
immediately before
accessing a critical site with
infectious risk for the patient!
To protect the patient against
harmful germs, including the
patient’s own, entering
his/her body!
Clean your hands immediately
after a task involving exposure
risk to body fluids (and after
glove removal)!
To protect yourself and the
health-care environment from
harmful germs!
Clean your hands after touching
a patient and his/her immediate
surroundings, when leaving the
patient’s side!
To protect yourself and the
health-care environment from
harmful germs!
Clean your hands after touching any
object or furniture in the patient’s
immediate surroundings, when leaving
without having touched the patient!
To protect yourself and the health-care
environment from harmful germs!

To effectively reduce the
growth of germs on hands,
handrubbing must be
performed by following all of
the illustrated steps.
This takes only 20–30
seconds!
How to handrub

How to handwash
To effectively reduce the
growth of germs on hands,
handwashing
must last 40–60 secs
and should be performed by
following all of the illustrated
steps

Hand hygiene and glove use
GLOVES PLUS
HAND HYGIENE
= CLEAN HANDS
GLOVES WITHOUT
HAND HYGIENE
= GERM
TRANSMISSION

Hand hygiene and glove use
■ The use of gloves does not replace the need for cleaning
your hands!
■ You should remove gloves to perform hand hygiene, when
an indication occurs while wearing gloves
■ You should wear gloves only when indicated– otherwise
they become a major risk for germ transmission

Key points on
hand hygiene and glove use
When an indication for hand hygiene applies while gloves
are on, then gloves must be removed to perform hand
hygiene as required, and gloves changed.

How to observe hand hygiene practices
among health-care workers

Why observe hand hygiene practices?
■ The purpose of observing
hand hygiene is to determine
the degree of compliance with
hand hygiene practices by
health-care workers
■ The results of the observation
should help to identify the
most appropriate
interventions for hand
hygiene promotion, education
and training
■ The results of observation
(compliance rates) can be
reported to health-care
workers, either to explain the
current practices of hand
hygiene in their health-care
setting and to highlight the
aspects that need
improvement, or to compare
baseline with follow-up data
to show possible
improvements resulting from
the promotion efforts

Calculation of
Compliance with hand hygiene (1)
performed
hand hygiene actions (x 100)
--------------------------------------------
required hand hygiene actions
(opportunities)
COMPLIANCE

= 50%
?
The observer point of view
1 hand hygiene action x 100
-----------------------------------------
2 indications
X
X
?
X

=not 50%
But zero
?
The observer point of view
-----------------------------------------
2 indications
X
X
?
X
X
X
X
= 100%
-----------------------------------------
1 opportunity

Elements prior to start improvements
Forming the Team
All stakeholders
Setting Aims
“Increase hand hygiene compliance by 100% within one year
Change tools
■ Structure-Process- Outcome
■ PDCA, etc…
71

Human
All healthcare workers
Patients
Training and education
Posters, reminder cards,
badges
Set of policy and
procedures
Finance
Designate special budget
for infection control
Physical
-availability of washing
facilities
-availability of hand
hygiene accessories, soap,
water, alcohol hand rubs,
tissue,
Lotions, gloves
Demonstration of
proper hand hygiene
and ask for re-
demonstration
- hand hygiene flow
chart
- hand hygiene
competency check
- hand hygiene
auditing
- documentations
seek and purchase
the best quality and
low price of hand
hygiene agents
- auditing the
facilities
Increases hand
hygiene compliance
to decrease hospital
acquired infections
Feed back results of
audit to all
stakeholders
Enough supplies of
hand hygiene agents
Decrease HAIs
72
Structure Process Outcome

Hospital Hand Hygiene Improvement
Program as required by MOH
Leadership involvements
Direct and indirect observation
IPC department supervision
Education
Orientation
Hand Hygiene Awareness Days (World HH Day/ 5th May anually)
Lectures and displayed posters
Competitions
Link Nurses as Front-line managers
Engaging Patients to assert their right to ask HCW to perform HH
before and after attending him/her.
Monthly HH compliance data and ways to achieve 100%
compliance.
74

CONCLUSION
Let us understand how to constructively influence human
behavior with a solid aim to improve hand hygiene
compliance
Use of multi-faceted programs provides the best
opportunities for success in infection prevention efforts
Continuous monitoring and evaluation of improvement
to sustain good compliance
And remember Hand Hygiene is the single most effective
means to cut down Healthcare associated Infections.
75

In Conclusion
Let us become familiar with this picture of germ
contaminated hand so that we are reminded to
perform Hand Hygiene whenever we deal with our
patients and the hospital environment.
THANK YOU

Hand Hygiene & amp patient safety from ha is

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