The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Effects of Continuous Cooling On Impact and Micro Structural Properties of Lo...IJMER
Some mechanical properties and microstructural analysis were conducted on shielded
metal arc weldments of low carbon steels in some simulated environments. Specimens were prepared
and subjected to welding and continuous cooling at the same time at various positions. Results obtained
for impact strength using Charpy impact testing machine showed that impact strength of water cooled
samples were higher compared to salty water cooled samples. This is due to the increased formation of
martensitic structure and finer pearlite grains. The microstructure of the samples was studied using
photographic visual metallurgical microscope. For low cooling rate as in the air cooled sample, the
austenite was observed to transform into ferrite and pearlite. Ferrite is a body-centred cubic crystal
structure of iron alloys. For higher cooling rates of water and salt water cooled samples, low
temperature transformation products like bainite (an acicular microstructure which is not a phase) or
martensite (a very hard form of steel crystalline structure) were formed. The salt water cooled samples
had more martensite regions because of the increased cooling rate
Study of some Mechanical Properties of Galvanized 4140 SteelsIJAEMSJORNAL
The effect of three different galvanizing processes on the microstructure and tensile behavior and hardness of galvanized AISI 4140 steels was investigated. The thicknesses of the galvanized layers were measured as 34 μm, 90 μm and 140 μm for the electro galvanized, zinc-rich coated and hot dip galvanized AISI 4140 steels, respectively. No significant increase in tensile strength was observed with the galvanizing process. It was even observed that there was a decrease in tensile strength compared to the samples that were not galvanized. It is concluded that galvanizing processes is not effective in improving the tensile performance of AISI 4140 steels.
Effects of Continuous Cooling On Impact and Micro Structural Properties of Lo...IJMER
Some mechanical properties and microstructural analysis were conducted on shielded
metal arc weldments of low carbon steels in some simulated environments. Specimens were prepared
and subjected to welding and continuous cooling at the same time at various positions. Results obtained
for impact strength using Charpy impact testing machine showed that impact strength of water cooled
samples were higher compared to salty water cooled samples. This is due to the increased formation of
martensitic structure and finer pearlite grains. The microstructure of the samples was studied using
photographic visual metallurgical microscope. For low cooling rate as in the air cooled sample, the
austenite was observed to transform into ferrite and pearlite. Ferrite is a body-centred cubic crystal
structure of iron alloys. For higher cooling rates of water and salt water cooled samples, low
temperature transformation products like bainite (an acicular microstructure which is not a phase) or
martensite (a very hard form of steel crystalline structure) were formed. The salt water cooled samples
had more martensite regions because of the increased cooling rate
Study of some Mechanical Properties of Galvanized 4140 SteelsIJAEMSJORNAL
The effect of three different galvanizing processes on the microstructure and tensile behavior and hardness of galvanized AISI 4140 steels was investigated. The thicknesses of the galvanized layers were measured as 34 μm, 90 μm and 140 μm for the electro galvanized, zinc-rich coated and hot dip galvanized AISI 4140 steels, respectively. No significant increase in tensile strength was observed with the galvanizing process. It was even observed that there was a decrease in tensile strength compared to the samples that were not galvanized. It is concluded that galvanizing processes is not effective in improving the tensile performance of AISI 4140 steels.
Effect of anions in seawater to corrosion attack on passive alloyseSAT Journals
Abstract Biodiesel is double sided Sword. Due to depletion of fossil diesel, the Biodiesel have taken same position in the fossil fuel category. That’s why now a day the world is taking step towards the biodiesel because the depletion of fossil diesel. Biodiesel is basically Fatty Acid methyl ester based fuel, a long chain of triglycerides and the alcohol in the presence of catalyst forms ethyl esters and the glycerol that process is known as Transesterification, if the free fatty acid content percentage in the oil is more than 2.5 % then the process by which the oil is converted to ethyl esters is known as Esterification followed by Transesterification. In this study we mostly concentrate on the physio – chemical properties; The Physio – chemical properties like Density, Kinematic Viscosity, Flash Point, Cetane Number, are having statistical correlations with the Gross Calorific Value of Karanja Oil Methyl Ester (KOME). We have also shown in the paper, the individual properties how much percent statistical correlation have with the gross calorific value, we have calculated it by Least square Approximation of Linear Regression. Keywords: Biodiesel, Transesterification, Esterification, Characterization of Biodiesel.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Machining challenges in stainless steel – a reviewIJARIIT
In today’s world AISI Stainless Steel contributes to almost half of the world’s production and consumption
for industrial purposes. Stainless Steel is most popular alloy widely used in part manufacturing due to its inherent
properties like high strength, great corrosion resistant, high ductility etc. but are hard materials to machining on base
performance criteria like metallurgical aspect, low thermal conductivity, chip formation, cutting tool wear and surface
integrity. The surface roughness and material removal rate have been identified as quality attributes and are assumed
to be directly related to performance, productivity, and production costs. In this paper study of various machining
problem discussed by different researchers and their probable solution, which helps to reduce tool wear, increase
corrosion resistance, high surface finish by reducing machining complexity.
Iron: A strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal, the chemical element of atomic number 26, much used as a material for construction and manufacturing, especially in the form of steel.
Steel: A hard, strong grey or bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon and usually other elements, used as a structural and fabricating material.
Finite Element Modeling for Effect of Fire on Steel FrameIJERA Editor
This research is intended to be preliminary study lending to the detailed behavior of steel member i.e. Plane Frame.
This paper shows the behavior of steel structures in fire the use of steel in building construction and its behavior
when exposed to fire is presented. Fire performance of structural steel at elevated temperature includes the study of
steel frame subjected to fire. Also the effect of stress strain temperature on the fire performance of structural steel
should be observed. The behavior of a steel frame in a fire depends on many factors including the properties of the
steel and the coating material on it. Computer application based on ANSYS software used to study the various
parameters affecting the overall behavior of steel structures in fire is presented. The present paper shows the effects
of stress–strain relationships on the fire performance of steel frame exposed to uniformly increasing temperature
when steel is unprotected and protected with concrete using FEM.
Stainless steels and their types, structure, properties, different applications as engineering material and advantages and disadvantages of their use..........
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Experimental study on corrosion of steel in soil mediumeSAT Journals
Abstract
There are many practical situation were steel is exposed to soil. Deterioration of steel in such case it depends upon the nature of soil, more especially the types and the concentration of ions present in the moisture within the soil, since soil vary in nature it is necessary to understand the nature of corrosion of steel in each of soil samples. This aspect was taken for the investigation and present in this paper. The weight and electrochemical methods of evaluating the corrosion rate were used in which four types of soil available around SRM university campus were utilized during the experimental work. Steel coupon of 12mm diameter and 100mm length was used, for each soil three artificial environments were created and electrochemical potential measuring was made for five weeks. The test shows that presence of chlorides ions in the soil create very severe environment and the drying of soil reduce the rate of corrosion.
Keywords, Corrosion of steel, Soil, Weight method, Electrochemical potential method
Using Steel In Solar Racking and MountingJMCSteelGroup
When it comes to solar installations, steel provides a number of advantages that you may not already know. Steel supplier Wheatland Tube and racking manufacturer Patriot Solar Group detail the latest in steel-working knowledge and how best to apply the metal in solar racking and mounting.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Effect of anions in seawater to corrosion attack on passive alloyseSAT Journals
Abstract Biodiesel is double sided Sword. Due to depletion of fossil diesel, the Biodiesel have taken same position in the fossil fuel category. That’s why now a day the world is taking step towards the biodiesel because the depletion of fossil diesel. Biodiesel is basically Fatty Acid methyl ester based fuel, a long chain of triglycerides and the alcohol in the presence of catalyst forms ethyl esters and the glycerol that process is known as Transesterification, if the free fatty acid content percentage in the oil is more than 2.5 % then the process by which the oil is converted to ethyl esters is known as Esterification followed by Transesterification. In this study we mostly concentrate on the physio – chemical properties; The Physio – chemical properties like Density, Kinematic Viscosity, Flash Point, Cetane Number, are having statistical correlations with the Gross Calorific Value of Karanja Oil Methyl Ester (KOME). We have also shown in the paper, the individual properties how much percent statistical correlation have with the gross calorific value, we have calculated it by Least square Approximation of Linear Regression. Keywords: Biodiesel, Transesterification, Esterification, Characterization of Biodiesel.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Machining challenges in stainless steel – a reviewIJARIIT
In today’s world AISI Stainless Steel contributes to almost half of the world’s production and consumption
for industrial purposes. Stainless Steel is most popular alloy widely used in part manufacturing due to its inherent
properties like high strength, great corrosion resistant, high ductility etc. but are hard materials to machining on base
performance criteria like metallurgical aspect, low thermal conductivity, chip formation, cutting tool wear and surface
integrity. The surface roughness and material removal rate have been identified as quality attributes and are assumed
to be directly related to performance, productivity, and production costs. In this paper study of various machining
problem discussed by different researchers and their probable solution, which helps to reduce tool wear, increase
corrosion resistance, high surface finish by reducing machining complexity.
Iron: A strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal, the chemical element of atomic number 26, much used as a material for construction and manufacturing, especially in the form of steel.
Steel: A hard, strong grey or bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon and usually other elements, used as a structural and fabricating material.
Finite Element Modeling for Effect of Fire on Steel FrameIJERA Editor
This research is intended to be preliminary study lending to the detailed behavior of steel member i.e. Plane Frame.
This paper shows the behavior of steel structures in fire the use of steel in building construction and its behavior
when exposed to fire is presented. Fire performance of structural steel at elevated temperature includes the study of
steel frame subjected to fire. Also the effect of stress strain temperature on the fire performance of structural steel
should be observed. The behavior of a steel frame in a fire depends on many factors including the properties of the
steel and the coating material on it. Computer application based on ANSYS software used to study the various
parameters affecting the overall behavior of steel structures in fire is presented. The present paper shows the effects
of stress–strain relationships on the fire performance of steel frame exposed to uniformly increasing temperature
when steel is unprotected and protected with concrete using FEM.
Stainless steels and their types, structure, properties, different applications as engineering material and advantages and disadvantages of their use..........
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Experimental study on corrosion of steel in soil mediumeSAT Journals
Abstract
There are many practical situation were steel is exposed to soil. Deterioration of steel in such case it depends upon the nature of soil, more especially the types and the concentration of ions present in the moisture within the soil, since soil vary in nature it is necessary to understand the nature of corrosion of steel in each of soil samples. This aspect was taken for the investigation and present in this paper. The weight and electrochemical methods of evaluating the corrosion rate were used in which four types of soil available around SRM university campus were utilized during the experimental work. Steel coupon of 12mm diameter and 100mm length was used, for each soil three artificial environments were created and electrochemical potential measuring was made for five weeks. The test shows that presence of chlorides ions in the soil create very severe environment and the drying of soil reduce the rate of corrosion.
Keywords, Corrosion of steel, Soil, Weight method, Electrochemical potential method
Using Steel In Solar Racking and MountingJMCSteelGroup
When it comes to solar installations, steel provides a number of advantages that you may not already know. Steel supplier Wheatland Tube and racking manufacturer Patriot Solar Group detail the latest in steel-working knowledge and how best to apply the metal in solar racking and mounting.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Thanx to see our report again, this time we talked every single information about steel just like properties and manufacturing, advantages and disadvantages, properties with classification of steel. So if you have any questions or you notice mistakes you can send a message to me to this email
Alirizgar234@gmail.com
Studies on Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, Na2SO...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Over the past two decades, the ammonia and urea industry have witnessed spectacular metallurgical developments for process equipment. For example, stainless steels, modified with special materials, can improve high temperature creep rupture resistance. Using duplex stainless steels and modern corrosion abatement techniques are other methods that improve plant-operating performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
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LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
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3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume|| 2 ||Issue|| 11 ||Pages|| 18-24 ||2013||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
Corrosion Properties of Plain Carbon Steels
Engr Dr A.C Uzorh
Head of Department, Mechanical Engineering Department
Federal University of Technoloy Owerri PMB 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
----------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------This paper looks at the corrosion characteristics of two grades of plain carbon steels of Ajaokuta steel company
limited, namely, DIN 35-2 (Ribbed rod) and DIN 37-2 (plain rod). In three environments: Salt solution, Tap
water and Moist soil. The company is located in Northern Nigeria. The corrosion characteristics of these two
grades of plain carbon steel were studied under cold work condition and as rolled or untreated condition in the
aforementioned media for a period of 22 days. Result obtained show that corrosion rates increases with
increasing degree of cold work. In addition, it was found that corrosion rates of these products vary in the
different corroding media with moist soil having the highest corrosive ability, followed by tap water and then
3% by weight of sodium chloride salt solution. Also the rib rod samples essentially corroded more than the
plain rod samples in these various environments.
Keywords: Corrosion, Plain Carbon Steels, Cold work,
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------Date of Submission: 11 March, 2013
Date of Acceptance: 10, November 2013
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Corrosion is recognized as a major problem both in developed and developing nations of the world.
Millions of naira are being spent every year to control tosses of corrosion. With the added interest of steel
technology and steel production in Nigeria, it is of paramount importace that thorough studies and investigations
be carried out to estimate how these steel products behave in use. In this respect, their corrosion properties are of
paramount importance.
This paper looks at the corrosion properties of steels produced by Ajaokuta Steel company limited in
different corroding environments namely: tap water, moist soil and 3% by weight of sodium chloride solution.
Three percent of sodium chloride was used because its corrosive ability had been studied and known. Also salt
solution stimulates the natural sea water in the laboratory because sea water in the laboratory does not truly
represent the natural environment. This is also a consequence of the changes that occur in it on storage. Majorly
the research will dwell on the two common known steels:
1)
2)
Plain carbon steel
Alloy steels (UHLIG+, H.H. 1963)
Experiment is carried out on plain carbon steel because they are the most common sued steels in the industries.
Plain carbon steels are divided into three groups:
1)
2)
3)
low carbon steel
medium carbon steel
high carbon steels
Steel – Carbon Steel
It is an alloy of iron and carbon, with carbon content up to maximum of 1.5 – 2.0%. The carbon occurs
in the form of iron carbide, because of its ability to increase the hardness and strength of the steel. Other certain
elements like silicon, phosphorus, sulphur and manganese are also present in greater or lesser amount to impart
certain amount of desirable properties to it. Most of the steels produced recently is the plain carbon steel or
carbon steel. A carbon steel is defined as a steel which has its properties mainly due to its carbon content and
does not contain more than 0.5% of silicon and 1.5% of manganese. (R.S Khurmi, J.K. Gupta 2005)
(DEUTCHMAN, A.D. et al 1975). The plain steels are usually classified in their carbon content, the commonest
of the range being mild steel carbon content. (W.A.J. Champion 1972).
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2. Corrosion Properties of Plain Carbon Steels...
APPLICATIONS OF CARBON STEELS (Chapman 1985)
CARBON %
Dead mild 0.1-0.125
Mild (low) 0.15-0.3
0.3-0.5 (0.05% - 0.30)
Medium carbon (0.5 – 0.7)
0.7 – 0.9 (0.3% - 0.5%)
High carbon (0.9-1.1)
1.1 – 1.4 (0.50% - 2.0%)
USES
Wire rod, thin sheets, solid drawn tubes, etc
Boiler plates, bridge work, structural sections, drop
forgings, general workshop purposes.
Axes, drop forging, high tensile tubes and wire
agricultural tools.
Springs, locomotive tyres, large forging dies, wire
ropes, hammers and snaps for riveters.
Springs, small forging dies, spear blades, cold setts,
wood chisels.
Cold chisels, press dies, punches, secrewing dies, wood
working tools axes, picks.
Razors, hand files, drills,gauges, metal-cutting tools.
This research paper is expected to help us understand how steel products of Ajaokuta Steel company
and other related steel products corrode in different environments. It will also assist in finding means of
minimizing or even preventing corrosion for it is said that “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound a pound of
cure”. Or better say “prevention is better than cure”.
Plain Carbon Steel
The two types of carbon steels are plain carbon steel and alloy steel. Plain carbon steel is one which
contains in addition to carbon and iron certain elements notably manganese, phosphorus, supphur and silicon in
small quantities. It may also contain traces of elements like: copper, boron, cobalt and so on.
Plain carbon steel is divided into three groups:
1)
low carbon steel
2)
medium carbon steel
3)
high carbon steel
(YOUNG, J.F.1982 Materials and Processes).
Hot And Cold Working Of Plain Carbon Steel
Rolling , forging, drawing, compression and extrusion and typical methods by which metals are
worked especially steels have great effects on their mechanical and metallurgical properties. Cold working
refers to the act of permanently deforming a cold metal. The term cold is relative. Even room temperature may
be hot for such metals i.e as lead. A metal is said to be cold when it is worked at a temperature below
recrystallization temperature but below the melting or boiling point is termed hot working. Metals are subjected
to mechanical working for two general purposes:
a)
To reduce the original block or slug of metal approximately to the finished dimension of the part or mill
form, thereby saving material, machining cost and time.
b) To improve the mechanical properties of the material thoroughly
Definition of Corrosion
Corrosion may be defined broadly as the destruction or deterioration of metal by direct chemical and
electro-chemical reaction with its environment. Most simply stated, metallic corrosion is the reverse of
electroplating. The metal being corroded forms the anode while the cathode is that being electroplated. Metallic
corrosion occurs because in many environment most metals are not inherently stable and tend to revert to some
more stable combination of which the metallic ores as found in nature are familiar examples.
Factors Influencing Corrosion Of Plain Carbon Steels
Generally, the factors affecting the rate of corrosion of plain carbon steels are either material dependent
or environment-dependent or a combination of both . Some of the factors which are associated mainly with
metals are:
1) Over voltage of metal on the hydrogen.
2) Chemical and physical homogeneity of the metal surface.
3) Inherent ability to form an insoluble protective film
4) Hydrogen ion Activity (PH) in the solution
5) Influence of oxygen in the solution adjancent to the metal
6) Rate of flow of solution in contact with metal
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3. Corrosion Properties of Plain Carbon Steels...
Significance of Corrosion
Corrosion has a lot of significance economically, socially and otherwise. This led J.M. West to write,
"Corrosion kills people, waste resources and cost money we can ill afford". But except for a few corrosion
reactions which are of practical importance for example, the corrosion of metallic lead, the effects of corrosion
are nothing to write home about.
Some of the disadvantage of corrosion includes:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Wastage of material, money, time and man power due to over design, because of corrosion.
Contamination of products eg damage of entire batch of soap by a corroded copper
Cost of replacing corroded structure or components
Loss of products for example oil or gas losses in corroded pipes.
II.
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the focus includes methods and techniques adopted as well as the materials used for this
study. This contains material used, working samples adopted and relevant carbon test carried out.
III.
DESCRIPTION
Ajaokuta steel company limited was visited and some relevant materials were obtained for the study
from this company. The material gotten from the company is Plain Carbon steel in the form of 16mm plain
rolled rods ( steel grade: DIN 37-2) and 16mm ribbed rods (DIN 35-2). These rods were subsequently reduced
to the required dimensions for the experiment using the lathe machine, grinding machine and hack saw. The
diagram below shows reduction procedure adopted using the lathe machine.
Mounting steel/rod on a lathe machine for reduction process
Fig 3.2: Reduction process of steel/rod on a Lathe Machine
After machining the materials they were further polished and cleaned with emery paper.The ribbed
rods were reduced to 10mm in diameter and 20mm by length, this was done to ensure that ribs were completely
removed for easier calculation of the exposed surface areas of the specimens. Then the plain rolled rods were
reduced to 13mm in diameter and 20mm in length. All these measurements were done using the vernier callipers.
These diameters were chosen in this manner wit diameter of samples being about one-half the length, to enable
us compress the sample without them experiencing buckling effects. Specimens produced were 108: 56 plain
rolled rod and 56 ribbed rod.
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4. Corrosion Properties of Plain Carbon Steels...
Cold Working Of Samples
Coldworking of samples was achieved by compression. The compressive behaviours of each of the two
different materials was determined using the 40-ion universal testing machine (UTM) in the laboratory. The
testing was done to determine the different degrees of compression to which the material could be subjected
without necessarily crushing them.
18 specimens of the ribbed rod were subjected to a compressive load of 7000kgf which compressed the
length from 20mm to 17.8mm and enlarged the diameter from 10mm to 10.6mm. Also 18 more specimens of
the ribbed rod were subjected to a compressive load of 7500kfg reducing the length of each of the 18 specimens
from 20mm to approximately 15.7mm with diameter enlarged to 11.29mm. The percentage of cold work in the
above two cases were calculated as follows:
% cold work (%CW) = Change in cross-sectional area
Original corss-sectional area
%CW : 1 = 12.36%
%CW : 2 = 27.5%
Similarly, 18 plain rolled samples were given about 16% cold work by subjecting them to a
compressive load of 7500kgf which compressed each of them from a length of 26mm to 22.4mm and increased
their diameter approximately from 13mm to 1.401mm. In addition, 18 more samples of plain rolled rod were
subjected to 9000kgf(compressive load) which gave about 30% cold work to each of them by reducing their
length from 13mm to 1.482mm.
Corrosion Tests
Preparation Of Corroding Media
Three types of corroding media were used, namely
1) Tap water – a sufficient quantity of weight 890 per bowl was used. The quantity was large enough for
complete immersion of the corrosion specimen.
2) Moist soil – sandy loam soil of the following properties was used: PH value in H20=4.2, in Kcl=3.7
3) NACL solution – 3% by weight of NACL solution was used. The solution coomprised of distilled water and
common salt(NaCl), mass of distilled water used per bowl was 790g. using the electronic weighing balance,
mass of NaCl was 24.432g
Corrosion Of Samples
Eighteen plastic bowls were provied for eighteen groups of sample products. Specimens were weighed
with electronic weighing balance, wih exposed surface area calculated. The compressed samples were again
measured to determine the changes in lengths with new diameters calculated. The samples were arranged in
three subscripts i.e tap water, salt solution and moist soil respectively. Care was taken not to allow samples to
touch one another in order not to initiate galvanic action. As corrosion of samples proceeded day after day,
distilled water was added to the salt solution or tap water solution to make up for losses due to evaporation.
Decrease in the moisture conent was noticed by occasionally filling and reweighing the bowls to determine the
loss in weight.
Determination of Weight Lost
No corrosion of sample was noticed the first day, corrosion was noticed the third day and care was
taken to remove only the corrosion products. The samples were weighed with electronic weighing balance to
determine their new weights. The weight loss of each of the samples was determined and recorded. The process
of washing,drying,weighing,deterination of weight loss and recording was repeated for the 6 th, 10th, 14th, 18th,
22nd days.
Experimental Results And Analysis
The lengths, diameter and surface areas for the three groups of each of the two grades of plain carbon
steel namely DIN 35-2(ribbed rod) and DIN37-2(plain rod) are given in the tables of three samples ( As Rolled
Samples ARS; Compressed Samples with 1st degree of cold work CDW1 and Compressed samples with second
degree of cold work CDW2) below:
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5. Corrosion Properties of Plain Carbon Steels...
Table 4.1 TYPICAL INITIAL PARAMETERS for Ribbed Rod (Din 35-2) Samples
Group
ARS
CDW1
CDW2
Diameter,D (cm)
1.000
1.060
1.129
Length,L (cm)
2.00
1.78
1.57
Total Surface Area(cm2)
7.8540
7.6925
7.5708
Table 4.2 TYPICAL INITIAL PARAMETERS for Plain Rod (DIN37-2) Samples
Group
ARS
CDW1
CDW2
Diameter,D (cm)
1.300
1.400
1.482
Length,L (cm)
2.60
2.24
2.00
Table 4.3 As Rolled Samples(ARS), Group 1
DAYS
SAMPLES
0
3
6
10
14
18
22
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Material: Ribbed Rod
INITIAL
WEIGHT
(kg)
12.110
12.115
11.987
12.105
12.082
11.985
12.110
WEIGHT LOSS
(mg)
0
4
13
24
32
37
53
Table 4.4 Compressed Samples (CDW1), Group 2
DAYS
SAMPLES
0
3
6
10
14
18
22
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
INITIAL
WEIGHT
(kg)
12.154
11.943
12.148
12.001
12.110
12.010
12.154
0
12
19
28
37
48
57
SAMPLES
0
3
6
10
14
18
22
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
INITIAL
WEIGHT
(kg)
12.000
11.997
12.090
12.011
11.989
12.003
12.000
Table 4.6 As Rolled Samples(ARS), Group 4
DAYS
SAMPLES
0
3
6
10
14
18
22
A2
B2
C2
D2
E2
F2
G2
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INITIAL
WEIGHT
(kg)
12.103
12.002
12.000
11.998
12.100
11.993
12.103
WEIGHT LOSS
(mg)
0
13
22
32
41
50
60
0
3
9
18
28
33
37
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WEIGHT
LOSS/SURFACE
AREA(mg/cm2)
0.0000
0.5093
1.6552
3.0558
4.0743
4.7109
6.7482
Medium: Tapwater
EXPOSED
SURFACE
AREA(CM2)
7.6925
7.6925
7.6925
7.6925
7.6925
7.6925
7.6925
WEIGHT
LOSS/SURFACE
AREA(mg/cm2)
0.0000
1.5600
2.4699
3.6399
4.8271
6.2398
7.4098
Material: Ribbed Rod
EXPOSED
SURFACE
AREA(CM2)
7.5708
7. 5708
7. 5708
7. 5708
7. 5708
7. 5708
7. 5708
Material: Ribbed Rod
WEIGHT LOSS
(mg)
Medium: Tap Water
EXPOSED
SURFACE
AREA(CM2)
7.854
7.854
7.854
7.854
7.854
7.854
7.854
Material: Ribbed Rod
WEIGHT LOSS
(mg)
Table 4.5 Further Compressed Samples (CDW2), Group 3
Tapwater
DAYS
Total Surface Area(cm2)
13.2732
12.9422
12.7617
Medium:
WEIGHT
LOSS/SURFACE
AREA(mg/cm2)
0.0000
1.7171
2.9059
4.2267
5.4155
6.6043
7.9252
Medium: NaCl Solution
EXPOSED
SURFACE
AREA(CM2)
7.854
7.854
7.854
7.854
7.854
7.854
7.854
WEIGHT
LOSS/SURFACE
AREA(mg/cm2)
0.0000
0.3819
1.1459
2.2918
3.5651
4.2017
4.7110
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6. Corrosion Properties of Plain Carbon Steels...
Table 4.7 Compressed Samples (CDW1), Group 5
DAYS
SAMPLES
0
3
6
10
14
18
22
H2
I2
J2
K2
L2
M2
N2
Table 4.8
DAYS
0
3
6
10
14
18
22
INITIAL
WEIGHT
(kg)
12.101
12.237
11.990
11.989
12.001
12.121
12.101
Material: Ribbed Rod
WEIGHT LOSS
(mg)
0
7
10
19
29
38
43
Medium: NaCl Solution
EXPOSED
SURFACE
AREA(CM2)
7.6925
7.6925
7.6925
7.6925
7.6925
7.6925
7.6925
WEIGHT
LOSS/SURFACE
AREA(mg/cm2)
0.0000
0.0100
1.3000
2.4699
3.7699
4.9399
5.5899
Further Compressed Samples (CDW2), Group 6 Material: Ribbed Rod
Medium: NaCl Solution
SAMPLES
INITIAL
WEIGHT LOSS EXPOSED
WEIGHT
WEIGHT
(mg)
SURFACE
LOSS/SURFACE
(kg)
AREA(CM2)
AREA(mg/cm2)
O2
12.172
0
7.5708
0.0000
P2
11.987
8
7. 5708
1.0567
Q2
11.998
13
7. 5708
1.7171
R2
12.003
21
7. 5708
2.7738
S2
11.997
31
7. 5708
4.0947
T2
12.013
40
7. 5708
5.2835
U2
12.172
46
7. 5708
6.0760
IV. OBSERVATION
After the first day, each samples were surrounded by yellowish deposits evident in the tap water than
salt solution. As days progress the deposits turned brown identified to be ferric hydroxide. Some shiny white
patches of particles were suspected to be ferrous hydroxide formed due to the presence of insufficient oxygen.
On withdrawal of specimed immersed in the moist soil, dark brown deposits of ferric hydroxide were noticed on
them.
The corroding media (tap water and salt solution) were observed to decrease continuously in volume
due to evaporation of water. The decrease in the volume of media was evident from the ringed marks on the
bowl inducating the original levels of the media. On washing of sample from salt solution and tap water, it was
observed that the deposit on them were relatively easily removed except for the dark patches of samples which
took quite some time, but samples of moist soil were not easily washed off.
Analysis Of Result
Based on the results deduced from the table, the analysis of result shows that on the whole, the ARS
have the lowest corrosion rate, followed by CDW1 and the CDW2 having the highest corrosion rate. If a graph
is plotted , the as rolled samples curve (ARS) will follow a gradual increase in corrosion attack on the first 6
days and then increase suddenly 4 days after followed by a gradual increase in the next 8 days and another
increase in the last 4 days. Curves CDW1 and CDW2, has relatively high corrosion on the first 6 days. On the
whole, the as rolled samples have the lowest corrosion rate , followed by CDW1 and with the CDW2 having the
highest corrosion rate. Sudden change in the rate of corrosion attacks of the metals mentioned could be
associated with the physical breakdown of the barrier films of the corrosion products which encourages
corrosion attacks by exposing new surface area of the metals.
In the case of moist soils the changes could be explained by the effect of making up of moisture loss
which tends to promote corrosion. The marked low corrosion rates in the initial days mentioned especially for as
rolled samples might be attributed to the effect of the surface finish of the samples. The as rolled samples have
better surface finish of the samples. The as rolled samples have etter surface finish than the compressed samples.
On the other hand the low corrosion rates experienced as the corrosion progressed after many days are likely
indications that the protective films (corrosion products) accumulated over the past days tend to lower the rates
of corrosion attack by not allowing enough contact between samples and corroding media.
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7. Corrosion Properties of Plain Carbon Steels...
The general trend obtained whereby the compressed samples corroded higher than their corresponding
as rolled samples might be as a result of the increased rate of dissolution of the higher energy (strained) grains
produced by the cold work effect by the corroding media. The fact that the samples coldworked to a higher
degree corroded more than that cold worked to a lesser degree indicated that the increased rate of dissolution of
the high energy (strained) grains is highest for them.
V. CONCLUSION
In general, the rate of corrosion of plain carbon steels is dependent on both the environmental
conditions, structural and compositional properties of the steel. Within the limits of experimental error,
conclusions drawn based on observations and result of the research are:
1) In corroding media for example, NaCl solution, tap water and moist soil , corrosion of plain carbon steel
depends on the amount of oxygen dissolved in the media.
2) Among the three corroding media used in the experiment, moist soil has the highest corrosive ability
followed by tap water and then NaCl solution.
3) The degree of cold water increases the corrosion of plain carbon steels of Ajaokuta steel company limited.
4) Plain carbon steels of Ajaokuta steel company limited as comparable to its counerparts from other places.
Suggestions For Future Work
a)
To eliminate or reduce errors in future investigations of corrosion properties of materials by weght lost
per unit area method, the following are sugested:
b)
The use of a better means of removing adherent corrosion products, say by the use of chemical means.
c)
An open building with the roof covered for better air circulation than the present laboratory should be
provided for the experiment to allow better free circulation of air and real atmospheric condition to play
their natural parts in corrosion process without rain necessarily disrupting the project set up.
d)
It is suggested that future researchers wishing to investigate
properties of materials formulate
mathematical relations existing between the extent of corrosio attack and time as well as investigation of
corrosion properties of other steel products of Ajaokuta steel company limited and other local steel
producing companies.
Limitations Of Experimental Results
The possible sources of errors are likely to be from:
1)
The instument used: such errors include errors due to low sensitivity of instruments, faulty instruments
etc
2)
The method of preparing the samples by machining , grinding and cleaning with energy paper may not
have ensured uniform surface finish and dimensions where necessary. Also in the compression process,
the stress developed in the process may not have been uniformly distriuted.
3)
The physical method of removing corrosion products can introduce errors, since the corrosion product
may not be properly and completely removed.
4)
The atmospheric condition that obtains in the laboratory may not compare favourably with that obtained
in a better open place. Hence free circulation of air and real atmospheric conditions may not be allowed
to play their natural part in the corrosion well enough.
REFERENCES
[1].
[2].
[3].
[4].
[5].
[6].
[7].
[8].
[9].
Chapman, F. A. (1985): Corrosion testing procedures 2nd Edition, Chapman and Hall Publishers, Incorporated, London.
Duetchman, A.D. et al (1975): Machine Design, Theory and Practice, Collier Macmillian Publishers, (Inc) London.
J.k Gupta. (2005) : 4th Edition, R.S. Khurmi Machine Design.
West J.M. (1980) Basic corrosion and oxidation, Ellis Hordward Publishers, Manchester.
Young, J.F. (1982): 2nd edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/products/journals/journals.htm?id=acmm
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/corrosion-d_986.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion
http://www.corrosionprevention.org.uk/
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