Gynecologic cancer staging based on ten teachers book
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This document summarizes cancer staging and management for four types of gynecological cancers: cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer. For each cancer type, it lists the stages from 0 to 4, with descriptions of the extent of cancer for each stage. It then provides recommendations for surgical procedures and/or other treatments for each stage. The goal of staging and treatment is to remove all cancer while preserving organ function depending on the extent of disease.
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Surgical Intervention In Gynaecological Cancer
1. Surgical intervention plays an important role in the management of several gynaecological cancers such as endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and vulval cancer.
2. The type of surgery depends on factors like the stage of the cancer, the patient's health, and whether the goal is curative treatment or palliation of symptoms.
3. Advanced techniques like peritonectomy allow for more extensive surgical debulking of ovarian cancer but require a multidisciplinary team and specialized postoperative care.
Uterus video
Uterine or endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy, with a lifetime risk of 2.6%. It typically affects post-menopausal women around age 61. Most cases are diagnosed at an early stage. Treatment involves surgery such as a hysterectomy along with removal of ovaries and lymph nodes, with additional radiation therapy recommended for high-risk features like deep invasion or spread. Later stage cancers may have spread to lymph nodes, requiring radiation to additional areas. Prognosis depends on stage and grade, with 5-year survival rates ranging from over 90% for early stage to under 20% for late stage. Radiation is commonly delivered through vaginal cylinders or newer techniques like tomotherapy to
Notes ca cervix pdf
1) Carcinoma cervix is the most common cancer in Indian women, with incidence rates ranging from 19-44 per 100,000 women. Diagnostic workup includes clinical history, physical exam, lab tests, pap smear, colposcopy, and biopsy. FIGO staging ranges from Stage 0 to IV.
2) Treatment depends on stage, with options including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. Early stage disease may be treated with surgery such as hysterectomy or with radiation alone. Advanced stages involve chemoradiation with cisplatin. Recurrent disease can be treated with additional surgery or radiation depending on prior treatment.
3) Radiation therapy includes external beam radiation to
A. Hassan - Cervical cancer - Guidelines and clinical case presentation (2-3 ...
A. Hassan - Cervical cancer - Guidelines and clinical case presentation (2-3 ...European School of Oncology
Nearly 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer occur worldwide each year, with the majority in developing countries. Infection with HPV is responsible for virtually all cervical cancer cases. Screening includes Pap smears and HPV testing, while vaccination may prevent up to 70% of cases but is not widely available due to cost. Diagnosis is through biopsy and histopathological examination, while staging uses the FIGO system based on tumor size and spread. Treatment depends on stage but commonly includes surgery such as hysterectomy with or without radiation or chemotherapy.Breast Conservation Treatment
Breast Conservation Surgery is defined as the complete removal of the tumour with a concentric margin of surrounding healthy tissue with maintenance of acceptable cosmesis, and should be followed by radiation therapy to achieve an acceptably low rate of local recurrence. Breast conservation treatment is BCS with radiotherapy.
Management of Early Stage Carcinoma Cervix
This presentation covers the management of early stage carcinoma cervix (FIGO stage I to IIA). A brief introuduction to different surgical procedures and the radiation treatment techninques have been described.
Ca cervix pre managment
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. Nearly 85% of cases occur in less developed regions. HPV infection causes most cervical cancers. Screening through Pap smears can detect pre-cancerous lesions but over 80% of cases in India are detected at an advanced stage. Diagnosis involves tissue biopsy. MRI is the preferred imaging method for assessing local tumor spread. Treatment depends on cancer stage but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy.
Ca cervix evaluation and staging
This document provides an overview of carcinoma of the cervix, including its anatomy, histology, risk factors, evaluation, staging, and treatment. Some key points:
- HPV infection is the main risk factor, with some high-risk HPV subtypes associated with 95% of cervical cancers. Vaccination can prevent HPV infection.
- Evaluation involves Pap smear, colposcopy if abnormal Pap, and biopsy for diagnosis. Staging includes physical exam, imaging like CT/MRI, and FIGO clinical staging.
- Early lesions are treated with LEEP or conization. Advanced invasive cancers are staged surgically with radical hysterectomy and may involve chemotherapy or radiation if disease has spread. Regular screening can
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Surgical Intervention In Gynaecological Cancer
1. Surgical intervention plays an important role in the management of several gynaecological cancers such as endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and vulval cancer.
2. The type of surgery depends on factors like the stage of the cancer, the patient's health, and whether the goal is curative treatment or palliation of symptoms.
3. Advanced techniques like peritonectomy allow for more extensive surgical debulking of ovarian cancer but require a multidisciplinary team and specialized postoperative care.
Uterus video
Uterine or endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy, with a lifetime risk of 2.6%. It typically affects post-menopausal women around age 61. Most cases are diagnosed at an early stage. Treatment involves surgery such as a hysterectomy along with removal of ovaries and lymph nodes, with additional radiation therapy recommended for high-risk features like deep invasion or spread. Later stage cancers may have spread to lymph nodes, requiring radiation to additional areas. Prognosis depends on stage and grade, with 5-year survival rates ranging from over 90% for early stage to under 20% for late stage. Radiation is commonly delivered through vaginal cylinders or newer techniques like tomotherapy to
Notes ca cervix pdf
1) Carcinoma cervix is the most common cancer in Indian women, with incidence rates ranging from 19-44 per 100,000 women. Diagnostic workup includes clinical history, physical exam, lab tests, pap smear, colposcopy, and biopsy. FIGO staging ranges from Stage 0 to IV.
2) Treatment depends on stage, with options including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. Early stage disease may be treated with surgery such as hysterectomy or with radiation alone. Advanced stages involve chemoradiation with cisplatin. Recurrent disease can be treated with additional surgery or radiation depending on prior treatment.
3) Radiation therapy includes external beam radiation to
A. Hassan - Cervical cancer - Guidelines and clinical case presentation (2-3 ...
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Nearly 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer occur worldwide each year, with the majority in developing countries. Infection with HPV is responsible for virtually all cervical cancer cases. Screening includes Pap smears and HPV testing, while vaccination may prevent up to 70% of cases but is not widely available due to cost. Diagnosis is through biopsy and histopathological examination, while staging uses the FIGO system based on tumor size and spread. Treatment depends on stage but commonly includes surgery such as hysterectomy with or without radiation or chemotherapy.Breast Conservation Treatment
Breast Conservation Surgery is defined as the complete removal of the tumour with a concentric margin of surrounding healthy tissue with maintenance of acceptable cosmesis, and should be followed by radiation therapy to achieve an acceptably low rate of local recurrence. Breast conservation treatment is BCS with radiotherapy.
Management of Early Stage Carcinoma Cervix
This presentation covers the management of early stage carcinoma cervix (FIGO stage I to IIA). A brief introuduction to different surgical procedures and the radiation treatment techninques have been described.
Ca cervix pre managment
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. Nearly 85% of cases occur in less developed regions. HPV infection causes most cervical cancers. Screening through Pap smears can detect pre-cancerous lesions but over 80% of cases in India are detected at an advanced stage. Diagnosis involves tissue biopsy. MRI is the preferred imaging method for assessing local tumor spread. Treatment depends on cancer stage but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy.
Ca cervix evaluation and staging
This document provides an overview of carcinoma of the cervix, including its anatomy, histology, risk factors, evaluation, staging, and treatment. Some key points:
- HPV infection is the main risk factor, with some high-risk HPV subtypes associated with 95% of cervical cancers. Vaccination can prevent HPV infection.
- Evaluation involves Pap smear, colposcopy if abnormal Pap, and biopsy for diagnosis. Staging includes physical exam, imaging like CT/MRI, and FIGO clinical staging.
- Early lesions are treated with LEEP or conization. Advanced invasive cancers are staged surgically with radical hysterectomy and may involve chemotherapy or radiation if disease has spread. Regular screening can
Ca cervix
Cervical cancer is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. It is the 4th most common cancer in women worldwide, with over 528,000 new cases and 266,000 deaths estimated in 2012. India accounts for 25.4% of cervical cancer cases and 26.5% of deaths. The main reasons for higher incidence and mortality in developing countries are lack of awareness, absence of screening programs, limited healthcare access, and lack of referral systems. Effective cervical cancer prevention requires primary prevention through vaccination and behavior change, as well as early detection via organized screening programs.
approach for rectal carcinoma and management
This document discusses the multidisciplinary approach to managing rectal carcinoma. It defines rectal carcinoma and provides details on incidence, risk factors, staging, diagnostic workup including various imaging modalities, and the roles of different specialists involved. It describes the prognostic factors and presents the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system. Surgical approaches like transanal local excision and total mesorectal excision are outlined. The roles of neoadjuvant therapy and advantages of pre-operative radiation are summarized. Clinical trials comparing outcomes of pre-operative versus post-operative chemoradiation are also reviewed.
Figo staging for cervix 2018 changes
The document summarizes changes to the 2018 FIGO staging system for cervical cancer. Key changes include:
1) Imaging and pathology findings can now be used in addition to clinical examination to assign the cancer stage. This allows identification of additional prognostic factors to guide treatment.
2) The pathological report is important for accurate disease assessment. The stage is assigned after reviewing all imaging and pathology.
3) Stage IB is now subdivided based on tumor size, with IB3 representing tumors 4cm or greater. Larger tumor size is a known risk factor.
4) Stage IIIC is now subdivided based on lymph node involvement, with IIIC1 representing pelvic nodes only and IIIC2 representing para-aortic
Carcinoma cervix by Dr roman
Invasive carcinoma of the cervix is caused by persistent HPV infection and early sexual activity. Symptoms include irregular bleeding and pain. Diagnosis involves cervical biopsy and imaging tests. Cancer is staged based on extent of spread from I to IV. Treatment depends on stage and includes surgery such as hysterectomy for early stages and radiation and chemotherapy for later stages. Follow up involves regular pap smears to check for recurrence or metastasis which are treated with additional radiation or chemotherapy. Complications can arise from treatment procedures.
Latest Figo Classification for Cervical Cancer
The FIGO classification for cervical cancer was revised in 2018 to incorporate imaging and pathological findings to better determine tumor size and extent of disease. Key changes include upstaging any cancer with lymph node involvement to Stage IIIc and introducing a new cutoff of 2cm for Stage Ib cancers. Surgery is recommended for early stages while concurrent chemoradiation is preferred for Stage Ib3 to IIa2 lesions. Later stages receive primary radiotherapy or chemoradiation with surgery an option for select Stage IIb to Iva cases. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may help downstage tumors but does not clearly improve prognosis. Pregnancy does not alter treatment approach before 16-20 weeks but chemotherapy and delayed surgery are options after that
management of cancer of cervix
The document discusses management dilemmas in cervical cancer. It notes that cervical cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide yet is preventable. Treatment options depend on the stage of cancer and may involve surgery such as radical hysterectomy or radiation therapy. Close follow up is important after treatment due to the risk of recurrence. Proper screening and early detection are emphasized to improve outcomes for cervical cancer patients.
Breast conservation surgery
Breast conservation surgery is an established way of treating Ca breast in early stages.
For details plz vist https://drnitinjha.com/
Intraoperative radiotherapy carcinoma breast
This document discusses intra-operative radiotherapy (IORT) for breast cancer. It provides background on breast cancer risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options. It then describes IORT specifically, noting that it allows targeted radiation to be delivered during surgery directly to the tumor bed in one session using a miniature X-ray source. The technique aims to complete local radiation treatment immediately while avoiding six weeks of daily external beam radiotherapy. Details are provided on the Intrabeam system and applicators used to deliver a uniform radiation dose in a spherical field confined to the tumor bed.
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The document discusses breast carcinoma staging according to the 8th Edition of the AJCC system. It describes the anatomy of the breast and lymphatic drainage patterns. The TNM staging system is explained in detail, defining criteria for tumor size (T), regional lymph node involvement (N), and distant metastasis (M). Finally, the stage groupings that combine T, N, and M classifications are presented.
Locally advanced breast cancer management
1) Locally advanced breast cancer is stage III breast cancer where the cancer has spread to nearby tissues but not distant sites. It is more common in developing countries due to lack of education and screening.
2) Investigations for locally advanced breast cancer include mammography, ultrasound, MRI of the breast and chest, CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis, bone scan, and PET scan to determine the extent of disease.
3) Treatment involves chemotherapy (usually followed by surgery if the tumor shrinks enough) or surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The type of surgery depends on the response to chemotherapy and may include breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy. Post-mastectomy radiation is usually recommended in several
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Ca cervix
This document provides information about a case of carcinoma cervix. It begins with an overview of epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, staging, treatment and prevention of carcinoma cervix. It then presents the history and examination findings of a 45-year-old female patient with complaints of irregular bleeding and discharge. Investigations revealed stage 2B carcinoma cervix. She was treated conservatively with antibiotics and blood transfusion to improve her general health prior to definitive treatment. The document concludes with an open discussion and review of the case.
Ca cervix—standards of care
Dr. Ankita Singh Patel is a consultant at Apex Hospital Cancer Institute with training and fellowships at Fortis Research Institute in New Delhi and Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai. The document discusses cervical cancer including risk factors, symptoms, staging, treatment options and outcomes. It emphasizes the need for chemoradiation in locally advanced cervical cancer to improve tumor control and decrease distant metastases compared to radiation alone.
Management of carcinoma cervix
This document summarizes the management of carcinoma of the cervix according to the 2018 FIGO staging system and various medical textbooks. It discusses treatment options for preinvasive disease and early stage cervical cancer (Stage IA-IIA), including conization, loop electrosurgical excision, hysterectomy, and radiotherapy. For more advanced stages (IB3-IVA), the standard of care is described as concurrent chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin. Several landmark clinical trials are summarized that demonstrated improved survival outcomes with the addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy.
Management of endometrial carcinoma
This document discusses the management of endometrial carcinoma. It covers diagnosis through clinical examinations and investigations. Surgical staging is now standard practice to better guide adjuvant therapy. Prognostic factors include stage, grade, depth of invasion and nodal involvement. Treatment involves surgery, with radiation therapy and chemotherapy used for more advanced or high risk cases. Ongoing follow up is also recommended.
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. It develops in the prostate gland. Some key risk factors include age, family history, and ethnicity. Staging of prostate cancer involves determining the extent of spread using the TNM system. Treatment options depend on staging and include active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. Common side effects of treatment include erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, and loss of sexual desire. Nursing care focuses on managing side effects, preventing infections, maintaining skin integrity, and providing psychosocial support.
Ca cervix
This document presents a case study of carcinoma cervix. It begins with an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, treatment and prevention of cervical cancer. It then discusses the specific case of a 45-year-old woman who presented with irregular bleeding, post-coital bleeding, and foul-smelling discharge. Her examination revealed a cauliflower-like growth on the cervix. Tests showed stage 2B carcinoma cervix. She was given conservative treatment including antibiotics and blood transfusion to improve her general health before definitive treatment. The document concludes with an open discussion and review of the case.
What is cancer of cervix and how it occurs?
What is cancer of cervix and how it occurs?
Cancer of the cervix, also the mouth of uterus or the lower most part of womb (where baby grows), Is easily accessible for examination by the gynecologist per vaginal examination. Cancer of cervix is probably caused by high risk strains of the human papilloma-virus (16,18,31,45 etc), a common sexually transmitted infection. In more than 90 percent of the infections, HPV clears up on its own, but in 10 percent of cases either cancer or genital warts develops. Multiple sex partners increases risk of HPV infection and the more partners the current partner has had, the higher is the risk that he will transmit HPV. Sexual and reproductive factors, socio-economic factors (education and income), viruses e.g., herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other factors like smoking, diet, oral contraceptives are other important high risk cofactors in cervical carcinogenesis. Early age of marriage and early child bearing are contributing factor in our country.
The HPV virus causes cervix cancer was established by the research work of Nobel laureate Professor Herald Har Hassen, and this led to development of a vaccine for it . The HPV vaccine can prevent 70 percent of cancer cervix and current guildlines recommend immunization all girls is adolescent age groups i.e. before sexual exposure with 3 doses of HPV vaccine. During cancer development, the HPV viral particles get integrated with DNA of human nucleus resulting in mutation and rapid cancerous proliferation. This process cervical takes a few decades, for precancerous or cancerous changes to occur in cells.
What are the aims of cervical cancer screening and the available methods for it?
Screening aims are to detect cancer cervix the precancerous or early stages , when it is treatable. The Pap smear is the most widely available and effective method for this. Efforts are going on to develop an alternative cost effective method to suite low resource setting, to cater the vast population of developing poor countries. For this VILI /VIA/Low cost HPV DNA testing are being investigated in various research trials.
What is Pap smear? For a PAP smear of vaginal secretions and spreading on slide which is then ….. in the pathology laboratory and examined under the microscope by a trained pathologist to detect precancerous changes in the cells. It is well recognized , that widespread use of Pap smear can reduce cancer rate by more than 50 percent sd precancerous lesions are picked up and treated .
For Patient Related Queries, for Cervical Cancer Treatment call at 91-11-43066353
Uterine cancer 10 2011
The document discusses uterine cancer including epidemiology, diagnosis, staging, treatment options for different stages of endometrial and uterine sarcoma, adjuvant therapies, relapse patterns, and hormone replacement therapy considerations after treatment. Staging involves assessing tumor size, depth of invasion, spread to lymph nodes or other organs, and treatment involves surgery with or without radiation and/or chemotherapy depending on stage. Relapse patterns include isolated local recurrence, solitary metastasis, or disseminated metastases which are treated with additional surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.
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3) Formulas for pharmacokinetic parameters such as loading dose, maintenance dose, and half-life.
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- Factors that regulate fluid balance like osmotic pressure, oncotic pressure, and hydrostatic pressure
- Effects of different IV fluids like normal saline, colloids, and D5W on fluid volume in compartments
- Hormones and conditions involved in fluid regulation like aldosterone, ADH, heart failure, and edema
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Ca cervix
Cervical cancer is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. It is the 4th most common cancer in women worldwide, with over 528,000 new cases and 266,000 deaths estimated in 2012. India accounts for 25.4% of cervical cancer cases and 26.5% of deaths. The main reasons for higher incidence and mortality in developing countries are lack of awareness, absence of screening programs, limited healthcare access, and lack of referral systems. Effective cervical cancer prevention requires primary prevention through vaccination and behavior change, as well as early detection via organized screening programs.
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Figo staging for cervix 2018 changes
The document summarizes changes to the 2018 FIGO staging system for cervical cancer. Key changes include:
1) Imaging and pathology findings can now be used in addition to clinical examination to assign the cancer stage. This allows identification of additional prognostic factors to guide treatment.
2) The pathological report is important for accurate disease assessment. The stage is assigned after reviewing all imaging and pathology.
3) Stage IB is now subdivided based on tumor size, with IB3 representing tumors 4cm or greater. Larger tumor size is a known risk factor.
4) Stage IIIC is now subdivided based on lymph node involvement, with IIIC1 representing pelvic nodes only and IIIC2 representing para-aortic
Carcinoma cervix by Dr roman
Invasive carcinoma of the cervix is caused by persistent HPV infection and early sexual activity. Symptoms include irregular bleeding and pain. Diagnosis involves cervical biopsy and imaging tests. Cancer is staged based on extent of spread from I to IV. Treatment depends on stage and includes surgery such as hysterectomy for early stages and radiation and chemotherapy for later stages. Follow up involves regular pap smears to check for recurrence or metastasis which are treated with additional radiation or chemotherapy. Complications can arise from treatment procedures.
Latest Figo Classification for Cervical Cancer
The FIGO classification for cervical cancer was revised in 2018 to incorporate imaging and pathological findings to better determine tumor size and extent of disease. Key changes include upstaging any cancer with lymph node involvement to Stage IIIc and introducing a new cutoff of 2cm for Stage Ib cancers. Surgery is recommended for early stages while concurrent chemoradiation is preferred for Stage Ib3 to IIa2 lesions. Later stages receive primary radiotherapy or chemoradiation with surgery an option for select Stage IIb to Iva cases. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may help downstage tumors but does not clearly improve prognosis. Pregnancy does not alter treatment approach before 16-20 weeks but chemotherapy and delayed surgery are options after that
management of cancer of cervix
The document discusses management dilemmas in cervical cancer. It notes that cervical cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide yet is preventable. Treatment options depend on the stage of cancer and may involve surgery such as radical hysterectomy or radiation therapy. Close follow up is important after treatment due to the risk of recurrence. Proper screening and early detection are emphasized to improve outcomes for cervical cancer patients.
Breast conservation surgery
Breast conservation surgery is an established way of treating Ca breast in early stages.
For details plz vist https://drnitinjha.com/
Intraoperative radiotherapy carcinoma breast
This document discusses intra-operative radiotherapy (IORT) for breast cancer. It provides background on breast cancer risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options. It then describes IORT specifically, noting that it allows targeted radiation to be delivered during surgery directly to the tumor bed in one session using a miniature X-ray source. The technique aims to complete local radiation treatment immediately while avoiding six weeks of daily external beam radiotherapy. Details are provided on the Intrabeam system and applicators used to deliver a uniform radiation dose in a spherical field confined to the tumor bed.
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Locally advanced breast cancer management
1) Locally advanced breast cancer is stage III breast cancer where the cancer has spread to nearby tissues but not distant sites. It is more common in developing countries due to lack of education and screening.
2) Investigations for locally advanced breast cancer include mammography, ultrasound, MRI of the breast and chest, CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis, bone scan, and PET scan to determine the extent of disease.
3) Treatment involves chemotherapy (usually followed by surgery if the tumor shrinks enough) or surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The type of surgery depends on the response to chemotherapy and may include breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy. Post-mastectomy radiation is usually recommended in several
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Modified Sweat gland
Lies in the deep pectoral
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Boundaries:
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the sternum medially
inframammary fold inferiorly
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Ca cervix—standards of care
Dr. Ankita Singh Patel is a consultant at Apex Hospital Cancer Institute with training and fellowships at Fortis Research Institute in New Delhi and Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai. The document discusses cervical cancer including risk factors, symptoms, staging, treatment options and outcomes. It emphasizes the need for chemoradiation in locally advanced cervical cancer to improve tumor control and decrease distant metastases compared to radiation alone.
Management of carcinoma cervix
This document summarizes the management of carcinoma of the cervix according to the 2018 FIGO staging system and various medical textbooks. It discusses treatment options for preinvasive disease and early stage cervical cancer (Stage IA-IIA), including conization, loop electrosurgical excision, hysterectomy, and radiotherapy. For more advanced stages (IB3-IVA), the standard of care is described as concurrent chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin. Several landmark clinical trials are summarized that demonstrated improved survival outcomes with the addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy.
Management of endometrial carcinoma
This document discusses the management of endometrial carcinoma. It covers diagnosis through clinical examinations and investigations. Surgical staging is now standard practice to better guide adjuvant therapy. Prognostic factors include stage, grade, depth of invasion and nodal involvement. Treatment involves surgery, with radiation therapy and chemotherapy used for more advanced or high risk cases. Ongoing follow up is also recommended.
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. It develops in the prostate gland. Some key risk factors include age, family history, and ethnicity. Staging of prostate cancer involves determining the extent of spread using the TNM system. Treatment options depend on staging and include active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. Common side effects of treatment include erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, and loss of sexual desire. Nursing care focuses on managing side effects, preventing infections, maintaining skin integrity, and providing psychosocial support.
Ca cervix
This document presents a case study of carcinoma cervix. It begins with an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, treatment and prevention of cervical cancer. It then discusses the specific case of a 45-year-old woman who presented with irregular bleeding, post-coital bleeding, and foul-smelling discharge. Her examination revealed a cauliflower-like growth on the cervix. Tests showed stage 2B carcinoma cervix. She was given conservative treatment including antibiotics and blood transfusion to improve her general health before definitive treatment. The document concludes with an open discussion and review of the case.
What is cancer of cervix and how it occurs?
What is cancer of cervix and how it occurs?
Cancer of the cervix, also the mouth of uterus or the lower most part of womb (where baby grows), Is easily accessible for examination by the gynecologist per vaginal examination. Cancer of cervix is probably caused by high risk strains of the human papilloma-virus (16,18,31,45 etc), a common sexually transmitted infection. In more than 90 percent of the infections, HPV clears up on its own, but in 10 percent of cases either cancer or genital warts develops. Multiple sex partners increases risk of HPV infection and the more partners the current partner has had, the higher is the risk that he will transmit HPV. Sexual and reproductive factors, socio-economic factors (education and income), viruses e.g., herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other factors like smoking, diet, oral contraceptives are other important high risk cofactors in cervical carcinogenesis. Early age of marriage and early child bearing are contributing factor in our country.
The HPV virus causes cervix cancer was established by the research work of Nobel laureate Professor Herald Har Hassen, and this led to development of a vaccine for it . The HPV vaccine can prevent 70 percent of cancer cervix and current guildlines recommend immunization all girls is adolescent age groups i.e. before sexual exposure with 3 doses of HPV vaccine. During cancer development, the HPV viral particles get integrated with DNA of human nucleus resulting in mutation and rapid cancerous proliferation. This process cervical takes a few decades, for precancerous or cancerous changes to occur in cells.
What are the aims of cervical cancer screening and the available methods for it?
Screening aims are to detect cancer cervix the precancerous or early stages , when it is treatable. The Pap smear is the most widely available and effective method for this. Efforts are going on to develop an alternative cost effective method to suite low resource setting, to cater the vast population of developing poor countries. For this VILI /VIA/Low cost HPV DNA testing are being investigated in various research trials.
What is Pap smear? For a PAP smear of vaginal secretions and spreading on slide which is then ….. in the pathology laboratory and examined under the microscope by a trained pathologist to detect precancerous changes in the cells. It is well recognized , that widespread use of Pap smear can reduce cancer rate by more than 50 percent sd precancerous lesions are picked up and treated .
For Patient Related Queries, for Cervical Cancer Treatment call at 91-11-43066353
Uterine cancer 10 2011
The document discusses uterine cancer including epidemiology, diagnosis, staging, treatment options for different stages of endometrial and uterine sarcoma, adjuvant therapies, relapse patterns, and hormone replacement therapy considerations after treatment. Staging involves assessing tumor size, depth of invasion, spread to lymph nodes or other organs, and treatment involves surgery with or without radiation and/or chemotherapy depending on stage. Relapse patterns include isolated local recurrence, solitary metastasis, or disseminated metastases which are treated with additional surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.
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3) Formulas for pharmacokinetic parameters such as loading dose, maintenance dose, and half-life.
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- Factors that regulate fluid balance like osmotic pressure, oncotic pressure, and hydrostatic pressure
- Effects of different IV fluids like normal saline, colloids, and D5W on fluid volume in compartments
- Hormones and conditions involved in fluid regulation like aldosterone, ADH, heart failure, and edema
- Drugs that can cause sodium retention and edema like TZDs, insulin, and dihydropyridines
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IPR Marketing | Sondaggio sulle nuove regole dei mutui | Il Sole 24 ore
Divise le risposte sulle conseguenze delle nuove regole dei mutui.
Bloccherebbero o renderebbero almeno più pensoso l’acquirente sul punto di muoversi verso l’acquisto? Per il 31% sì. Il 40% ritiene che di regole per sfrattare il mutuatario moroso già ce ne fossero, per cui inutile rovinarsi la vita per questo. Un 19% più pragmaticamente proverebbe a puntare i piedi per evitare l’inclusione della clausola di vendita “facilitata” nel contratto.
A chi ci si rivolgerebbe per l’acquisto di sempre? La maggioranza risponde che si rivolgerebbe alla propria banca di sempre, quella dove si ha il conto. Ma è un voto fortemente influenzato dalle scelte degli over 55, mentre le categorie più giovani danno risposte più sfaccettate, con una preferenza per i siti comparatori o sentendo i consigli di amici e conoscenti.
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Si potrebbe obiettare che rispetto alla tradizionale alta propensione degli italiani dell’acquisto di una casa, alla conclamata malattia per il mattone, si tratta di una percentuale persino bassa. E che anzi potrebbe rivelare piuttosto dei margini di erosione della passione per l’investimento immobiliare.
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IVMS Comprehensive -USMLE-type- Pharmacology-#1-2012 Examination-answers and ...
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Perinatal infections summary kaplan lecture notes ob/gyn
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